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PUBLICATION 


OF    THE 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM 


ZOOLOGICAL  SERIES 
VOL.   IV.     PART  I. 


CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 
1904 


.•///  rig/its  reserved 


THE 


OF 


MIDDLE  AMERICA  AND  THE 
WEST  INDIES 


BY 


DANIEL  GIRAUD  ELLIOT,  F.R.S.E.,  ETC. 
Curator  of  Department. 


ZOOLOGICAL  SERIES 
VOL.  IV.     PART  I. 


CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 
1904 


v  i  /.  M  '  •' 


PREFACE. 

In  my  previous  volume,  the  "Synopsis  of  the  Mammals  of  North 
America  and  the  Adjacent  Seas,"  the  field  covered  was  from  the 
northern  boundary  of  Mexico  to  and  including  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
The  present  work  is  supposed  to  contain  all  the  Mammals  of  the 
remaining  portion  of  the  North  American  continent  and  the  con- 
tiguous seas,  from  the  northern  boundary  of  Mexico  to  the  Province 
of  Cauca,  South  America,  including  the  coast  islands,  as  well  as  those 
of  the  Bahamas  and  the  West  Indies  whose  fauna  is  not  completely 
related  to  that  of  South  America.  In  the  general  treatment  of  the 
named  forms  the  method  adopted  in  the  previous  work  has  been 
slightly  elaborated,  and  brief  statements  of  the  habits  of  the  animals 
contained  in  the  various  families,  and  sometimes  in  the  genera,  have 
been  given,  together  with  the  English  name  for  each  species  or  race, 
and  keys  for  genera,  subgenera,  species,  and  races  whenever  these 
were  sufficiently  numerous  to  make  such  analytical  tables  desirable. 
For  a  very  large  number  of  the  species  and  races  it  is  well  understood 
that  no  English  names  exist,  and  these  had  to  be  manufactured  for  the 
occasion,  and  are  practically  of  little  assistance  for  the  recognition 
of  the  different  animals;  but  Latin  names  appear  to  be  distasteful  to 
a  small  number  of  the  laity,  and  only  those  in  the  vernacular  are 
satisfactory,  and  it  is  to  aid  these  that  this  departure  from  the  pre- 
vious plan  has  been  made.  Numerous  named  species  of  many  genera 
of  Mammals  have  so  close  a  resemblance  to  each  other,  both  in  their 
outward  covering  and  cranial  characters,  that  often  it  is  very  difficult 
to  distinguish  one  from  the  other,  and  for  them  Keys  are  probably 
less  satisfactory  as  a  means  of  determining  the  various  forms  than  for 
any  other  class  of  animals ;  but  it  seems  that  there  is  a  desire  for  such 
aids,  which  to  many  have  become  necessary,  and  therefore  an  effort 
has  been  made  to  meet  this  need,  which  it  is  hoped  will  serve  the  pur- 
pose intended.  The  illustrations  throughout  the  volume  comprise 
not  only  various  representations  of  the  cranium  of  some  selected 
species  of  nearly  every  genus  and  subgenus,  as  in  the  "Synopsis,"  but 
in  addition  a  figure  is  given  of  some  species  either  of  a  family  or 
genus,  or  possibly  both,  as  the  peculiarities  of  the  animals  seemed 
to  require  for  a  better  comprehension  of  their  appearance  in  life.  To 
those  unfamiliar  with  the  diversified  forms  of  the  many  mammals 
dwelling  within  the  limits  embraced  in  this  volume,  these  figures 
may  be  of  assistance,  and  enable  them  more  easily  to  recognize  the 
animals  whose  descriptions  are  given  in  the  text. 

V 

Io2 1 29 


vi  PREFACE. 

The  remarks  made  in  the  Preface  of  the  "Synopsis,"  upon  the 
excessive  and  probably  unwarranted  multiplications  of  species  and 
races  (made  easy  by  the  too  liberal  application  of-  the  trinominal 
system),  may  be  repeated  here  with  equal  force  as  regards  the  mam- 
malian fauna  of  Middle  America  and  the  various  islands. 

In  the  examination  of  the  many  specimens  rendered  necessary 
during  the  progress  of  the  present  work,  the  author  has  been  im- 
pressed by  the  fact  that  the  "characters"  of  a  very  large  number  of 
the  named  forms  are  merely  comparative  and  not  distinctive.  By 
which  is  meant,  characters  that  in  themselves  are  not  sufficient  to 
identify  the  specimens,  but  render  necessary  the  presence  of  exam- 
ples of  the  typical  form  before  any  determination  is  possible,  unless 
the  locality  is  deemed  all-sufficient  to  fix  the  status.  The  possession 
of  topotypes  of  described  forms  for  the  majority  of  naturalists  is 
impracticable  except  to  a  very  limited  degree,  and  therefore,  without 
such  aids,  to  accurately  name  specimens  is,  in  many  instances,  quite 
impossible  (for  even  "locality"  is  not  always  to  be  depended  upon), 
and  the  effort  often  then  degenerates  into  something  very  like  guess- 
work. Every  Mammalogist  must  at  some  time  have  been  confronted 
with  this  difficulty  and  regretted  his  inability  to  determine  his  exam- 
ples; and  one  naturally  questions  the  value  of  a  system  that  makes 
such  a  condition  possible,  and  doubts  if  the  giving  of  names  to  speci- 
mens on  minute  differences,  which  magnify  slight  comparative 
characters  (for  often  there  are  no  others,  and  some  of  these  are 
undoubtedly  due  to  individual  variation),  is  scientifically  war- 
rantable or  even  desirable.  Many  specimens  have  been  named  whose 
cranial  characters  consist  altogether  in  being  "longer  or  shorter," 
"broader  or  narrower"  than  corresponding  parts  of  some  other 
example,  and  it  is  easily  comprehended  how  slight  is  the  probability 
that  any  specimen  can  be  accurately  determined  whose  characters 
are  such  as  those  given  (the  color  of  the  pelage  also  being  nearly  the 
same),  no  topotypes  of  the  forms  with  which  these  are  compared  by 
their  describer  being  available,  and  in  many  instances  no  measure- 
ments of  the  crania  having  been  given. 

It  is,  of  course,  not  to  be  conceived  that  every  infinitesimal 
difference  that  an  animal  may  possess  can  be  intelligently  demon- 
strated, or  that  the  mere  bestowal  of  a  name  upon  a  specimen  would 
make  it  recognizable;  and  the  act  of  naming  examples  that  are 
separated  from  their  fellows  on  account  of  these  minute  variations 
cannot  fairly  be  regarded  as  an  "accurate  statement  of  the  results  of 
organic  evolution."  That  it  is  desirable  that  all  differences  observed, 
the  results  of  any  cause  whatever,  should  be  mentioned,  and  in  many 
instances  dwelt  upon,  would  not  be  disputed  by  any  one,  but  it  may 


PREFACE.  vii 


well  be  questioned  if  the  only  wise  or  proper  course  to  emphasize 
these  slight  variations  is  to  bestow  a  name  upon  the  specimen  pos- 
sessing them.  Much  confusion  has  been  created  by  the  multiplicity 
of  names  that  burden  our  nomenclature,  and  our  difficulties  are  by 
no  means  brushed  away  when  one  is  bestowed  upon  some  specimen, 
any  more  than  are  these  difficulties  ignored  if  none  is  given;  for 
names  are  often  not  only  no  panacea  for  scientific  woes,  but  on  the 
contrary  are  frequently  the  cause  of  much  trouble  and  perplexity. 
They  are  useful  for  the  recognition  of  specimens  possessing  indepen- 
dent distinctive  characters,  but  if  an  example  has  none  of  these  its 
appellation  is  of  little  assistance.  It  is  the  extreme  to  which  the 
bestowal  of  names  has  been  carried  that  is  to  be  deprecated,  not 
the  announcement  of  differences  observed,  however  slight,  and 
against  the  former  custom  the  Author  has  always  protested,  while 
advocating  the  latter. 

It  is  to  be  expected  that  countries  like  Mexico  would  contain  a 
large  number  of  animals  that  differ  from  each  other  in  a  greater  or 
less  degree ;  for  that  land  probably  possesses  more  varieties  of  climate 
within  a  certain  number  of  miles  square  than  almost  any  other  known 
of  an  equal  extent.  The  transition  from  a  torrid  to  a  temperate  zone, 
and  again  to  an  alpine,  is  accomplished  in  a  comparatively  brief 
journey,  and  the  several  environments  affect  materially  in  certain 
ways  the  animals  influenced  by  them.  So  in  a  small  extent  of 
country  a  number  of  forms  allied  to,  but  differentiated  from  each 
other  would  be  expected  to  occur;  but  whether  the  extreme  length 
to  which  the  recognition  of  these  variations  has  been  carried  by  the 
bestowal  of  names  is  either  wise  or  necessary,  may  well  be  doubted. 

The  arrangement  of  the  Orders  and  Families  is  the  same  as  that 
in  the  "Synopsis";  but  names  have  in  some  instances  been  changed 
since  that  work  was  published,  those  heretofore  employed  having 
been  ascertained  to  be  either  antedated  by  others,  or  previously  used 
in  this  or  some  other  branch  of  Zoology.  Changes  are  continually 
occurring  in  Mammalian  nomenclature,  and  it  will  probably  be  a 
long  time  before  permanence  in  names  is  reached,  as  discoveries  are 
being  made  that  overturn  some  that  are  constantly  employed  and 
have  become  familiar  by  long  use.  But  these  changes  will  of  neces- 
sity become  less  in  time  and  a  nomenclature  that  at  least  will  approach 
stability  may,  in  the  distant  future,  be  expected  to  be  reached.  By 
inserting  the  names  of  the  described  forms  in  this  work  the  Author 
does  not  indorse  their  specific  or  subspecific  value,  and  in  all  cases 
where  an  opinion  is  expressed,  it  will  be  found  in  a  footnote  on  the 
page  containing  the  form  discussed.  A  critical  review  of  all  the 
species  and  races  contained  in  this  volume  and  their  relations  to 


viii 


PREFACE. 


each  other  would  be  a  very  great  undertaking  and  cannot  be  prop- 
erly attempted  at  this  time.  Much  additional  knowledge,  and  in 
many  cases  a  greater  amount  of  material  must  be  acquired  before 
any  considerable  success  in  accurately  determining  the  proper 
status  of  the  numerously  named  forms  can  be  obtained. 

The  following  is  the  arrangement  adopted  for  the  Orders  and 
Families  of  the  Mammalia  comprised  in  this  work,  beginning  with 
the  lowest  in  degree: 

VOLUME  IV.— PART  I. 
ORDER          I.     MARSUPIALIA — MARSUPIALS. 

Fam.  i.     Didelphyidae — Opossums. 
ORDER        II.     EDENTATA — EDENTATES. 

Fam.  i.     Bradypodidae — Sloths. 

Fam.  2.     Myrmecophagidae — Ant-eaters. 

Fam.  3.     Dasypodidae — Armadillos. 

ORDER         III.        SlRENIA— SlRENIANS. 

Fam.  i.     Trichechidae — Manatees. 
ORDER       IV.     CETACEA — CETACEANS. 

Fam.  i.     Balaenidae — Baleen  Whales. 

Fam.  2.     Physeteridae — Sperm  Whales. 

Fam.  3.      Delphinidae — Dolphins,  Porpoises,  etc. 
ORDER        V.     UNGULATA — HOOFED  QUADRUPEDS. 

Fam.  i.     Tagassuidae — Peccaries. 

Fam.  2.     Cervidae — Deer. 

Fam.  3.     Antilocapridae — Prong-horn  Antelopes. 

Fam.  4.     Bovidae — Cattle,  Sheep,  etc. 

Fam.  5.     Tapiridae — Tapirs. 
ORDER      VI.     RODENTIA— RODENTS. 

Fam.  i.     Sciuridae — Squirrels. 

Fam.  2.     Castoridae — Beavers. 

Fam.  3.     Muridae — Rats,  Mice,  Voles. 

Fam.  4.     Geomyidae — Pouched  Rats. 

Fam.  5.     Heteromyidae — Kangaroo  Rats,  Pocket  Mice. 

Fam.  6.     Octodontidae — The  Octodonts. 

Fam.  7.     Erethizontidae — Porcupines. 

Fam.  8.     Agoutidae — Agoutis,  Pacas. 

Fam.  9.     Leporidae — Hares,  Rabbits. 

VOLUME  IV.— PART  II. 
ORDER     VII.     CARNIVORA — CARNIVORES. 

Fam.  i.     Felidae — Cats. 

Fam.  2.     Viverridae — Mungoose,  Civets,  etc. 

Fam.  3.     Canidae — Dogs,  Wolves,  Foxes. 

Fam.  4.     Ursidae — Bears. 

Fam.  5.     Procyonidae — Raccoons. 

Fam.  6.     Mustelidae — Badgers,  Weasels,  Otters,  etc. 
ORDER  VIII.     PINNIPEDIA— PINNIPEDS. 

Fam.  i.     Otariidae — Sea-lions. 

Fam.  2.     Phocidae — Seals. 


PREFACE.  ix 

ORDER      IX.     INSECTIVORA — INSECTIVORES. 
Fam.  i.     Soricida; — Shrews. 
Fam.  2.     Talpidae — Moles. 
Fam.  3.     Solenodontidce — Solenodonts. 

ORDER        X.     CHIROPTERA— BATS. 

Fam.  i.     Vespertilionidae — Common  Bats. 
Fam.  2.     Noctilionidse — Large-eared  Bats. 
Fam.  3.     Molossidae — Free- tailed  Bats. 
Fam.  4.     Natalidae — Funnel-eared  Bats. 
Fam.  5.     Phyllostomatidae — Vampire  Bats. 

ORDER      XI.     PRIMATES— PRIMATES. 

Fam.  i.     Callitrichida? — Marmosets. 

Fam.  2.     Cebidae — Prehensile-tailed  Monkeys. 

The  measurements  of  the  species  and  races,  unless  otherwise 
stated,  are  given  in  millimeters,  and  usually  from  some  selected 
specimen,  although  occasionally  an  average  of  several  examples  is 
recorded.  But  it  must  always  be  remembered  that  the  dimensions 
of  animals,  even  of  adults  belonging  to  the  same  species,  vary 
greatly,  and  there  is  no  hard  and  fast  rule  by  which  the  exact  size  of 
any  species  or  race  of  Mammals  can  be  fixed,  and  allowance  must  be 
made  for  this  variability  when  a  comparison  is  instituted  between  the 
measurements  given  and  some  specimen  in  hand.  It  is  really  not 
easy  to  find  two  mammals  exactly  alike  in  all  their  dimensions.  This 
fact  was  emphasized  in  the  Preface  of  the  "Synopsis,"  but  it  seems 
necessary  to  repeat  it  here. 

The  illustrations  of  the  Crania  exhibit  the  characteristics  of 
every  genus  and  subgenus  contained  in  the  work,  with  but  few  excep- 
tions, and  the  Institution  to  which  each  specimen  belongs  and  the 
catalogue  number  is  given  in  every  instance.  The  reason  for  an 
exception  in  the  list  is  that  it  was  not  possible  to  obtain  the  cranium 
when  desired,  as  no  example  was  procurable  from  any  collection  in 
this  country.  These  illustrations  in  half-tone  of  crania,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  kindly  furnished  by  the  Director  of  the  National 
Museum,  were  made  from  photographs  taken  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Carpenter, 
the  Head  of  the  Photographic  Department  of  this  Institution,  and  as 
faithful  representations  of  the  subjects  exhibited  with  often  minute 
and  intricate  details  they  will,  it  is  believed,  compare  favorably  with 
any  heretofore  published.  The  tooth-rows  were  photographed  by 
means  of  an  especial  photomicrographic  lens  which  causes  the  most 
minute  enamel  folds  to  be  clearly  visible. 

The  geographical  distribution  of  many  of  the  species  and  races 
included  in  this  work  is  very  imperfectly  known,  as  a  considerable 
number  have  been  described  only  within  a  comparatively  short  time, 
and  consequently  but  little  information  has  been  received  regarding 


PREFACE. 


them.  The  extent  of  the  dispersion  of  each  named  form  has,  how- 
ever, been  given  so  far  as  our  present  knowledge  permits. 

In  the  Synopsis  and  its  Supplement  997  species  and  subspecies 
were  enumerated,  and  of  these  789  were  restricted  to  the  regions 
north  of  the  boundary  of  Mexico,  leaving  208  that  were  found  on 
both  sides  of  the  line.  Of  genera  there  were  120  of  which  only  42 
were  not  represented  in  Mexico.  In  the  present  work  the  species 
and  subspecies  number  i,oi8,of  which  809  are  restricted  to  Mexico 
and  the  countries  and  islands  embraced  in  the  volume,  leaving  209 
also  to  be  met  with  in  the  United  States.  The  genera  number  178, 
of  which  78  are  found  north  of  the  line,  leaving  too  peculiar  to  the 
Southern  lands,  the  major  portion  of  the  excess  over  the  northern 
genera  being  found  in  the  Chiroptera.  The  Land  Mammals  in  the 
Synopsis  numbered  933,  and  the  Sea  Mammals  63;  in  the  present 
volume  the  Land  Mammals  number  989  and  the  Sea  Mammals  29, 
and  but  two  of  the  latter  are  not  found  in  northern  waters  so  far 
as  known,  Megaptera  n.  bellicosa  and  Prodelphinus  longirostris , 
although  the  first  named  probably  does  go  into  the  northern  portions 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  genera  that  are  represented  on 
both  sides  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Mexico,  with  their  species  and 
subspecies,  showing  the  number  of  those  that  are  restricted  to  each 
region,  and  also  how  many  are  common  to  both: 


Number  of 
Species  and  Sub- 
species North  of 
Mexican  Line 

Number  of 
Species  and  Sub- 
species South  of 
Mexican  Line 

Number  of 
Species  and  Sub- 
species Common 
to  Both  Regions 

Antilocapra 

i 

2? 

j? 

Antrozous 

2 

2 

Balaenoptera  

8 

•3 

Bassariscus  

4. 

6 

2 

Blarina  

7 

16 

I 

Canis  

Q 

1  1 

Castor  

i 

I 

Citellus  

C7 

2  I 

1  1 

Cogia  

I 

I 

I 

Conepatus  

I 

8 

2 

Corvnorhinus   

2 

2 

Cratogeomys  

I 

8 

I 

Cynomys  

4 

Dasypterus  

I 

I 

Delphinus  

I 

i 

I 

Didelphys  

4 

2 

Dipodomys  

14. 

1  1 

6 

Erethizon  

c 

i 

I 

Felis  

IO 

8 

Fiber  

g 

Geomys  

I  c 

i 

i 

Globicephalus  

Heteromys  

I 

2  C 

o 

Lasiurus    . 

4 

? 

i 

PREFACE. 


xi 


Number  of 
Species  and  Sub- 
species North  of 
Mexican  Line 

Number  of 
Species  and  Sub- 
species South  of 
Mexican  Line 

Number  of 
Species  and  Sub- 
species Common 
to  Both  Regions 

Latax               

I 

i 

i 

Lepus  

56 

43 

IQ 

Lutra  

6 

2 

i 

Megaptera     

7 

2 

i 

Mephitis  

I  I 

5 

2 

Microtus              

66 

7 

O 

Mirounga                         .         .  . 

i 

I 

I 

Mormops 

i 

4 

I 

Mus  

4 

5 

4 

Mvotis  

14 

20 

10 

Neotoma  

24 

20 

8 

Notiosorex                 

i 

•l 

i 

Nycticeius 

i 

2 

i 

Xvctinomus 

e: 

i 

Nyctinomops 

i 

I 

i 

Odontoccelus  

1  1 

17 

4 

Onychomvs  

I  2 

7 

6 

Orcinus  

2 

I 

i 

Oryzomys         .    . 

c 

42 

o 

Otopterus  

I 

t 

i 

Ovis  

6 

2 

i 

Perodipus  

10 

C 

•z 

Perognathus     

42 

77 

I  C 

Peromyscus        

7O 

108 

IQ 

Phoca    ... 

6 

i 

I 

Phocaena   

2 

i 

I 

Physeter  

I 

i 

I 

Pipistrellus   

•7 

6 

I 

Procyon  

e 

c 

I 

Prodelphinus  

4 

7 

2 

Promops  

I 

e 

O 

Pseudorca  

i 

i 

I 

Putorius  

3.4 

7 

2 

Rhachianectes  

I 

I 

I 

Rhithrodontornys  

16 

41 

4 

Scapanus  

7 

I 

o 

Sciuropterus     

I  7 

I 

i 

Sciurus  

•1  t 

CI 

4 

Sigmodon  .  . 

8 

24 

4 

0  6 
Sorex  

77 

I  2 

o 

Spilogale  

I  2 

7 

i 

Tagassu  

I 

9 

2 

Tamias  

-1C 

6 

7 

Tatu  

I 

i 

I 

Taxidea  

2 

I 

Thomomys  

7.O 

17 

4 

Trichechus  

I 

I 

I 

Tursiops  

2 

2 

2 

Urocvon  

8 

6 

7 

Urus"  

I  2 

2 

I 

Vespertilio  

I 

I 

Vulpes  

17 

I 

I 

Zalophus  

I 

I 

I 

Ziohius  .  . 

2 

I 

I 

Much  care  has  been  given  that  all  the  forms  that  have  received 
names  before  this  work  was  sent  to  the  press  should  be  included, 
and  it  is  hoped  that  few,  if  any,  have  been  omitted. 


xii  PREFACE. 

Descriptions  of  all  species  and  races  known  to  the  Author,  which 
were  published  prior  to  July  i,  1904,  are  given  in  this  work.  No 
attempt  has  been  made  to  add  to  the  List  after  that  date,  as  the  press 
work  was  then  too  far  advanced  to  permit  of  any  additions. 

In  the  Appendix  at  the  end  of  Part  II.  will  be  found  descriptions 
of  all  those  Mammals  that  were  published  too  late,  as  the  pages 
passed  through  the  press,  to  be  included  in  their  proper  position  in 
the  volume. 

A  work  like  the  present  could  not  be  brought  to  a  successful  issue 
without  material  assistance  from  various  quarters,  as  no  Museum 
possesses  collections  of  such  extent  as  to  render  it  independent  of  all 
others,  and  the  Author  is  under  many  obligations  to  his  colleagues 
in  different  Institutions  for  the  loan  of  material  and  for  all  other  aid 
requested  toward  the  successful  completion  of  his  labors.  It  gives 
him,  therefore,  much  pleasure  to  name  the  following  to  whom  he 
feels  much  indebted:  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen,  Curator  of  Vertebrate  Zoology 
in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  and  F.  M. 
Chapman,  Esq.,  Assistant  Curator;  Dr.  C.  H.  Merriam,  Chief  of  the  Bio- 
logical Survey,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  and  his  able 
assistants,  Dr.  A.  K.  Fisher,  V.  Bailey,  W.  H.  Osgood,  A.  H.  Howell, 
and  E.  A.  Preble,  Esqs. ;  R.  Rathbun,  Esq.,  Director  of  the  National 
Museum,  Washington;  Dr.  F.  W.  True,  Curator  of  Biology  in  the 
National  Museum,  and  G.  S.  Miller,  Jr.  Assistant  Curator,  and  M.  W. 
Lyon,  Esq.,  of  the  Department  of  Mammals;  Witmer  Stone,  Esq., 
Curator  of  Ornithology  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia;  Outram  Bangs,  Esq.,  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology,  Cambridge,  Mass.;  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  Army;  and  Old- 
field  Thomas,  Esq.,  of  the  British  Museum.  To  all  these  the  Author 
desires  to  express  his  thanks  for  having  in  many  instances  helped 
to  make  the  "rough  places  smooth,"  and  the  completion  of  this  work 
in  its  present  form  a  possibility. 

D.  G.  E. 

i$th  July,  1904. 


CONTENTS. 


VOLUME  IV.     PART  I. 

No.  PAGE. 

ORDER  I.     MARSUPIALIA— MARSUPIALS. 

1 .  Didelphyidae — Opossums i 

ORDER  II.     EDENTATA— EDENTATES. 

2.  Bradypodidae — Sloths 19 

3.  Myrmecophagidas — Ant-eaters 24 

4.  Dasypodidae — Armadillos 31 

ORDER  III.     SIRENIA— SIRENIANS. 

5.  Manatidas — Manatees 36 

ORDER  IV.     CETACEA— CETACEANS. 

6.  Balaenidae — Baleen  Whales 39 

7.  Physeteridae — Sperm  Whales 44 

8.  Delphinidae — Dolphins,  Porpoises,  etc   48 

ORDER  V.     UNGULATA — HOOFED  QUADRUPEDS. 

9.  Tagassuidas — Peccaries 61 

10.     Cervidaa — Deer 68 

n.     Antilocapridae — Prong-horn  Antelope 81 

1 2.  Bovidse — Cattle,  Sheep,  etc   83 

13.  Tapirida? — Tapirs 87 

ORDER  VI.     RODENTIA— RODENTS. 

14.  Sciurida3 — Squirrels 90 

15.  Castoridas — Beavers 159 

1 6.  Muridae — Rats,  Mice,  Voles 162 

17.  Geomyidae — Pouched  Rats 309 

1 8.  Heteromyidae — Kangaroo  Rats,  Pocket  Mice 341 

19.  Octodontidae — The  Octodonts 382 

20.  Erethizontidae — Porcupines 397 

21.  Dasyproctidae — Agoutis,  Pacas 403 

22.  Leporidae — Hares,  Rabbits 411 


xiii 


LIST  OF  PLATES. 


VOLUME  IV.     PART  I. 

To  FACE 
PLATE.  PAGE 

I.  Caluromys  alstoni 9 

II.  Didelphys  mesamericana 14 

ITI  Cabassous  centralis 31 

IV,  V.  Trichechus  manatus 37 

VI,  VII,  VIII.  Rachianectes  glaucus 40 

IX,  X,  XI.  Megaptera  n.  bellicosa 41 

XI!,  XIII,  XIV  Balaenoptera  davidsoni 42 

XV,  XVI,  XVII.  Cogia  breviceps 46 

XVIII,  XIX,  XX.  Ziphius  cavirostris  47 

XXI.  Phocacna  phocagna 48 

XXII.  Orcinus  orca  &  Pseudorca  crassidens 50 

XXIII  Globicephalus  melas  &  Prodelphinus  euphrosinae  .  .  52 

XXIV.  Delphinus  delphis  &  Tursiops  tursio 54 

XXV,  XXVI.  Tagassu  ungulatum   62 

XXVII,  XXVIII.  Tagassu  pecan 66 

XXIX,  XXX.  Odontoccelus  a.  texensis.  .                                            ..  68 

XXXI.  Mazama  sartori 79 

XXXII,  XXXIII.  Antilocapra  a.  mexicana     82 

XXXIV,  XXXV.  Ovis  c.  mexicana 84 

XXXVI,  XXXVII.  Tapirella  bairdi 87 

XXXVIII,  XXXIX.  Agouti  p.  virgata .  .  408 

XL.  Lepus  a.  attwateri 414 

XLI.  Lepus  t.  eremicus 431 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  CRANIA  IN  THE  TEXT. 


VOLUME  IV.     PART  I. 
FIG.  PAGE. 

1.  Chironcctes  minimus 2 

2.  Marmosa  chapmani 4 

3.  Metachirus  fuscogriseus 1 1 

4.  Choloepus  hoffmanni 20 

5.  Bradypus  infuscatus 22 

6.  Cyclopes  dorsalis 25 

7.  Tamandua  tetradactyla   27 

8.  Myrmecophaga  tridactyla 29 

9.  Tatu  novemcinctum   33 

10.  Balaena  glacialis 39 

1 1 .  Physeter  macrocephalus 44 

12.  Synthetosciurus  brochus 92 

13.  Sciurus  (Microsciurus)  browni 99 

14.  Sciurus  (Baiosciurus)  deppii 101 

15.  Sciurus  (Guerlinguetus)  &.  hoflfmanni 103 

16.  Sciurus  (Araeosciurus)  nayaritensis 106 

17.  Sciurus  (Parasciurus)  r.  texensis 1 1 1 

1 8.  Sciurus  (Otosciurus)  durangi 112 

19.  Sciurus  (Echinosciurus)  aureigaster 113 

20.  Sciurus  (Hesperosciurus)  griseus 131 

2 1 .  Sciurus  (Tamiasciurus)  d.   mearnsi 132 

22.  Tamias  obscurus 134 

23.  Citellus  (Ammospermophilus)  h.  saxicola 139 

24.  Citellus  (Ammospermophilus)  1.  peninsula; 141 

25.  Citellus  (Xerospermophilus)  microspilotus   144 

26.  Citellus  (Callospermophilus  )madrensis 147 

27.  Citellus  (Otospermophilus)  variegatus 148 

28.  Cynomys  ludovicianus 154 

29.  Sciuropterus  volans 157 

30.  Castor  c.  frondator 160 

3 1 .  Mus  rattus 163 

32.  Onychomys  torridus 166 

33.  Peromyscus  furvus 171 

34.  Megadontomys  thomasi   213 

35.  Nyctomys  sumichrasti 215 

36.  Tylomys  nudicaudus 218 

37.  Ototylomys  phyllotis 220 

38.  Sigmodon  h.  borucae   223 

39.  Oryzomys  costaricensis 233 

40.  Oryzomys  (Oligoryzomys)  vegetus 249 

41.  Moschophoromys  desmaresti 251 

42.  Zygodontomys  cherrii 252 

43.  Rhithrodontomys  megalotis 256 

44.  Acodon  teguina 273 

xvii 


xviii  LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FIG.  PAGE. 

45.  Neotoma  micropus 276 

46.  Nelsonia  neotomodon   289 

47.  Xenomys  nelsoni 291 

48.  Neotomodon  alstoni 293 

49.  Teanopus  phenax 295 

50.  Hodomys  alleni   296 

51.  Microtus  c.  hyperythrus 300 

52.  Microtus  (Pitymys)  quasiater 303 

53.  Microtus  (Orthriomys)  umbrosus 304 

54.  Microtus  (Herpetomys)  guatemalensis 305 

55.  Fiber  z.  pallidus 307 

56.  Geomys  arenarius 311 

57.  Cratogeomys  castanops 312 

58.  Platygeomys  gymnurus 317 

59.  Pappogeomys  bulleri 321 

60.  Orthogeomys  scalops 323 

61.  Heterogeomys  torridus 325 

62.  Macrogeomys  cherrii 327 

63.  Zygogeomys  trichopus 331 

64.  Thomomys  atrovarius 333 

65.  Dipodomys  phillipsi 342 

66.  Perodipus  chapmani 349 

67.  Perognathus  merriami 353 

68.  Perognathus  (Chaetodipus)  f.  mesopolius 356 

69.  Heteromys  gaumeri 368 

70.  Heteromys  (Liomys)  albolimbatus 374 

7 1 .  Loncheres  labilis 383 

72.  Proechinomys  centralis 386 

73.  Capromys  pilorides   389 

74.  Capromys  (Geocapromys)  browni 393 

75.  Plagiodontia  aedium 395 

76.  Erethizon  epixanthum    398 

77.  Coendu  mexicanum 400 

78.  Dasyprocta  mexicana 404 

79.  Romerolagus  nelsoni 412 

80.  Lepus  (Silvilagus)  subcinctus 416 

81.  Lepus  (Tapeti)  gabbi 427 

82.  Lepus  (Microlagus)  cinerascens 430 


LIST  OF  FIGURES  IN  THE  TEXT. 


VOLUME  IV.     PART  I. 

FIG.  PAGE. 

I.     Chironectes  minimus   3 

1 1 .     Marmosa  cinerea 7 

III.  Caluromys  derbianus 10 

IV.  Mctachirus  fuscogriseus 12 

V.     Didelphys  mesamericana 15 

VI.     Choloepus  hoffmanni 21 

VII.     Bradypus  castaneiceps 23 

VIII.     Cyclopes  dorsalis 26 

IX.     Tamandua  tetradactyla,  adult 28 

X.     Tamandua  tetradactyla,  young 28 

XI.     Myrmecophaga  tridactyla 30 

XII.     Cabassous  centralis 31 

XIII.  Tatu  novemcinctum 34 

XIV.  Trichechus  manatus 36 

XV.     Baleen  Whale  attacked  by  Killer  Whales 40 

XVI.     Physeter  macrocephalus   45 

XVII.     Phocaena  phocaena 49 

XVIII.     Orcinus  orca 50 

XIX.     Globicephalus  melas 53 

XX.     Tursiops  truncatus 56 

XXI.      Prodelphinus  plagiodon 57 

XXII.     Tagassu  pecari 65 

XXIII.  Odontococlus  a.  couesi 71 

XXIV.  Mazama  sartori 79 

XXV.     Antilocapra  a.  mexicana 81 

XXVI.  Ovis  c.  cremnobates,  Old  Ram 84 

XXVII.  Ovis  c.  cremnobates,  Old  Ewe  and  Young  Ram 85 

XXVIII.  Tapirella  dowi 88 

XXIX.  Sciurus  aureigaster 115 

,  XXX.  Tamias  obscurus 135 

XXXI.  Citellus  (Otospermophilus)  variegatus 149 

XXXII.  Cynomys  ludovicianus 155 

XXXIII.  Sciuropterus  volans     158 

XXXIV.  Castor  c.  frondator 161 

XXXV.     Mus  rattus 164 

XXXVI.     Onychomys  torridus 167 

XXXVII.     Peromyscus  1.  sonoriensis 182 

XXXVIII.      Sigmodon  h.  inexoratus 229 

XXXIX.     Oryzomys  molestus 240 

XL.     Zygodontomys  cherrii   253 

XLI.     Rhithrodontomys  megalotis 260 

XLII.     Acodon  teguina 274 

XLIII.     Neotoma  micropus 281 

XLIV.     Hodomys  alleni 297 

xix 


LIST  OF  FIGURES  IN  THE  TEXT. 

FIG.  PAGE. 

XLV.     Microtus  c.  hyperythrus 302 

XLVI.     Cratogeomys  castanops 315 

XLVII.     Thomomys  fulvus 334 

XLVIII.     Dipodomys  merriami 346 

XLIX.     Perognathus  merriami   354 

L.     Heteromys  alleni 376 

LI.     Lonchercs  labilis 384 

LI  I.     Capromys  pilorides 390 

LIII.     Plagiodontia  aedium 396 

LIV.     Erethizon  epixanthum 399 

LV.     Coendu  mexicanum 401 

LVI.     Dasyprocta  isthmica 406 

LVII.     Agouti  paca  virgata 409 

LVII1.     Lepus  alleni 434 


ERRATA. 

VOLUME  IV.     PART  I. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 
Plates  xxxvi  and  xxxvn,  for  Tapirclla  dowi,  read  Tapirella  bairdi. 

TEXT. 

Page     74,  8th  line  from  bottom,  for  98 .  5  read  985. 

Page  104,  1 2th  line  from  top,  for  Hoffman's  Squirrel,  read  Hoffmann's  Squirrel. 

Page  105,  9th  line  from  top,  for  5.  ce.  hoffmani,  read  5.  ce.  hoffmanni. 

Page  130,  1 4th  line  from  bottom,  for  parieta,  read  parietal. 

Page  152,  1 8th  line  from  bottom,  for  announed,  read  announced. 
*Page  177,  i gth  line  from  top,  for  a.-mcsomelas,  read  texensis  mesomelas. 
*Page  177,  nth  line  from  bottom,  for  b.-castaneus,  read  texensis  castaneus. 

Page  205,  nth  line  from  bottom,  for  felepensis,  read  felipensis. 

Page  270,  3d  line  from  bottom,  for  oranze,  read  orange. 

Page  350,    loth  line  from  bottom,  for  Forte  Verde,  read  Fort  Verde. 

Page  351,  2oth  line  from  bottom,  for  hermanni,  read  heermanni. 

Page  357,  i7th  line  from  top,  for  P.  h.  zacalecas,  read  P.  h.  zacaleca. 

Page  357,  2oth  line  from  top,  for  rhydinohris,  read  rhydinorkis. 

Page  369,  2d  line  from  bottom  (Footnote),  for  instances,  read  instances. 

Page  414,  icth  line  from  top,  for  foreman,  read  foramen. 


*These  were  inserted  after  the  pages  were  set  up,  and  inadvertently  were 
placed  under  the  wrong  species.  They  should  have  gone  on  page  188,  after 
e.-deserticola. 


xxi 


3 


CLASS  MAMMALIA. 


Order  I.    Marsupialia,    Marsupials. 

The  Marsupials  or  Pouched  Mammals  have  at  the  present  time  a 
most  restricted  distribution,  all  the  families  of  the  order  but  one 
being  found  in  the  Australian  region,  viz.,  Australia,  Tasmania, 
New  Guinea,  Celebes,  and  smaller  contiguous  islands.  The  one 
family,  Didelphyidae,  foreign  to  this  portion  of  the  world  is  confined 
to  the  more  southern  parts  of  North  America,  and  to  South  America. 
Marsupials  are  peculiar  in  the  majority  of  cases,  for  having  a  fold  of 
skin  about  the  milk  glands  which  forms  a  pouch,  and  in  which  the 
undeveloped  young  are  placed  and  nourished.  The  species  vary  greatly 
in  size,  from  the  giant  kangaroo,  taller  than  many  men,  to  little 
creatures  not  much  larger  than  a  mouse.  One,  Chironectes  minimus,  an 
opossum  from  Central  America,  Guiana,  and  Brazil,  is  aquatic  in 
its  habits,  with  large  webbed  hind  feet,  and  it  feeds  on  fish  and  other 
marine  creatures  which  it  secures  in  the  manner  of  the  otter.  Some 
opossums,  however,  are  not  provided  with  a  pouch,  but  the  young 
are  nevertheless  fastened  to  the  teats  of  the  mother  in  a  similar  man- 
ner as  are  those  whose  parents  possess  this  sac,  and  when  they  are 
sufficiently  grown  to  leave  the  teats,  they  are  transferred  to  their 
mother's  back,  where  they  maintain  their  position  by  wrapping  their 
tails  around  that  of  the  female,  which  is  elevated  over  her  back  and 
carried  there  for  this  purpose. 


Fam.  I.     IMdelpliyidK*.     Opossum*. 

Limbs  rather  short;  feet  with  five  distinct  toes;  tail  prehensile. 
Pouch  sometimes  present.     Habits  arboreal. 

O.  Thomas.     Catalogue  of  the  Marsupials  and  Monotremata  in  the 
collection  of  the  British  Museum,  1888. 


CHIRONECTES. 

1.    Chiroiiectes. 


Chironectes  Illig.,  Prodr.  Syst.  Mamm.  et  Av.,  1811,  p.  76.      Type 
Latra!  minima  Zimmermann. 


FIG.  1.    CHIRONECTES  MINIMUS. 

No.  16072  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     Nat.  size. 

Skull  similar  to  Didelphys;  nasals  expanded  posteriorly;  post- 
orbital  processes  prominent;  temporal  ridges  forming  a  crest  in 
adults;  broad  interorbital  space  with  square  edges;  zygomata  later- 
ally expanded.  Single  pair  only  of  large  vacuities  opposite  molars 
on  palate  posteriorly,  no  smaller  pairs.  Enlarged  pisiform  bone  on 
fore  feet,  forming  a  prominent  tubercle;  hind  feet  webbed  to  end  of 
toes;  toe  pads  protruding  beyond  web. 


CHIRONECTES.  3 

1.  minimus  (Latra,  sic),  Zimm.,  Geog.  Gesch.,  n,  1780,  p.  317. 

paraguensis  and  guianensis  Kerr,  Linn.  Anim.  King.,  1792,  pp. 

172,  174. 

memina  Cuv.,  Tabl.  El^m.,  1798,  p.  125. 
sarcovienna  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  i,  1800,  pt.  n,  p.  447. 
variegatus  Illig.,  Abh.  Ak.  Wiss.,  Berl.,  1811,  p.  107. 
palmata  Cuv.,  Regn.  Anim.,  i,  1817,  p.  174. 
yapock  Desm.,  Mamm.,  i,  1820,  p.  261. 


FIG.  I.    CHIRONECTES  MINIMUS.    WATER  OPOSSUM. 


WATER  OPOSSUM,  YAPOCK.  Zarro  de  Aguain.  Costa  Rica;  Tlacuazin 
de  Agua  in  Guatemala. 

Type  locality.     Guiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Guatemala  south  through  Central  America  to 
southern  Brazil. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  ears  large,  rounded,  metatragus  very 
small;  tufts  of  facial  bristles  above  eyes,  on  cheeks  in  front  of  ears, 
and  on  the  throat  between  jaws;  whiskers  on  side  of  muzzle  long;  fur 
thick,  woolly. 

Color.  Grayish  white,  mixed  with  light  brown;  band  through  eye 
and  crown  blackish  brown;  grayish  white  crescentic  band  between 
ears  above  the  eyes;  line  from  crown  to  base  of  tail,  and  transverse 
lines  over  shoulders,  middle  of  back,  loins  and  rump,  black;  ground 
hue  between  these  slaty  gray;  chin,  chest  and  belly  white;  outside  of 
arms  and  legs  grayish,  the  inner  side  white;  tail  furred  at  base 
only,  remainder  scaly,  proximally  black  grading  into  yellowish  at 
the  tip. 


CHIRONECTES. 


MARMOSA. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  720;  tail,  395;  hind  foot,  72.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  53;  Hensel,  48;  zygomatic  width,  30;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  7 ;  palatal  length  (palatal  arch  to  alveoli  of  incis- 
ors), 31;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  19;  length  of  mandible  to  tips 
of  incisors  from  angle,  43. 

2.    Marmosa. 

I.JEJ:  C.jEj;  Pj=f:  M.£  =  5°. 

Marmosa    Gray,    Lond.     Med.     Repos.,    xv,    1821,    p.    308.     Type 
Didelphis!  murina,  Linnaeus. 


FIG.  2.    MARMOSA  CHAPMANI.    TRINIDAD. 

No.  5499  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     Enlarged 


MARMOSA.  5 

Micoureus  Less.,  Tabl.  Regn.  Anim.,  1842,  p.  186. 

Asagis  and  Notagogus  Glog.,  Handb.  Naturg.,  i,  1841,  p.  82. 

Thylamys  (sic)  Gray,  List  Mamm.  Brit.  Mus.,  1843,  p.  101. 

Grymatomys  Burm.,  Thiere  Bras.,  i,  1854,  p.  135. 

Cnica    Liais,  Climats,  Geol.,  Faun,  et  Geog.    Botanique,    Bresil, 

1872,  p.  427. 

Size  small;  pouch  absent;  fifth  hind  toe  sometimes  not  longer 
than  the  second;  tail  long;  body  slender;  teeth  large,  strong. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Size  small ;  face  without  dark  central  streak. 

a.  Under  parts  yellowish  white.  PAGE 

a/  Upper  parts  rufous M.  murina  5 

b.'  Upper  parts  cinnamon M.  mexicana  6 

c.'  Upper  parts  ashy  brown;  skull,  35  x  20.  .  .M.  canescens  6 

d.'  Upper  parts  brown;  skull,  31  x  16.5 M.  sinaloa  6 

e.'  Upper  parts  gray M.  cinerea  7 

b.  Under  parts  buffy  yellow  or  buff. 

a/  Upper  parts  drab  brown M.  insularis  7 

b.'  Upper  parts  dark  sepia  brown M.  oaxaca  8 

c.'  Upper  parts  cinnamon  or  tawny  ochraceous 

M.  fulviventer  8 

2.  murina   (Didclphis!),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  55. 
MURINE  OPOSSUM.     Tlacnazin  Raton  in  Guatemala. 

Type  locality.     Unknown.  ("In  Asia;  America.")  Brazil? 

Geogr.  Distr.     Central  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  furry  at  base;  ear  large,  rounded,  naked,  basal 
projection  long,  pointed.  Skull:  nasals  long,  of  nearly  equal  width 
throughout  their  length;  supraorbital  ridges  present,  tips  forming 
postorbital  processes ;  temporal  ridges  not  meeting  in  center  of  brain- 
case. 

Color.  General  hue  above  deep  rufous,  sides  paler;  cheeks,  throat, 
chin,  and  lips  buff;  orbital  ring  and  space  between  eyes  and  nose 
black;  under  parts  and  inner  side  of  limbs  yellowish  white  or  buffy; 
outside  of  limbs  like  back;  hands  and  feet  flesh  color;  tail  covered 
with  rufous  hair  at  base,  remainder  pale  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  395;  tail  vertebras,  218;  hind  foot, 
26;  ear,  29.  Skull:  basal  length,  33;  length  of  nasals,  15;  across 
postorbital  processes,  7.2;  palatal  length,  20;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  6.4. 


6  MARMOSA. 

\ 

a. — mexicana  (Marmosa),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xi,  1897, 

P-  44- 
MEXICAN  MURINE  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Juquila,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     States  of  Oaxaca  and  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Paler  than  M.  murina,  interparietal  broader  and 
shorter. 

Color.  Above  cinnamon  rufous,  graduating  into  ochraceous  buff 
on  belly;  orbital  ring  black;  end  of  nose  to  between  eyes  buffy;  tail 
above  brown,  beneath  paler.  Some  individuals  have  unicolor  tails. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  330;  tail  vertebrae,  186 ;  hind  foot,  20. 

3.  canescens  (Micoureus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y., 

1893,  p.  235. 
ASHY  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.  Santo  Domingo  de  Guzman,  Isthmus  of  Tehuan- 
tepec,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  northwesterly  through 
States  of  Oaxaca,  Guerrero  and  Michoacan  to  the  Hacienda  Magda- 
lena  in  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  M.  murina.  Tail  furred  at  base. 
Skull:  nasals  less  expanded  posteriorly  than  in  M.  murina,  and  the 
small  posterior  palatal  vacuities  absent. 

Color.  Above  ashy  brown  tinged  with  rufous,  beneath  white 
tinged  with  yellow;  orbital  ring  black,  reaching  nearly  to  the  nose; 
sides  of  face,  neck,  and  between  eyes  yellowish  gray;  ears  pale  brown; 
tail  pale  brown  spotted  with  flesh  color,  furred  at  base,  rest  naked, 
terminal  portion  often  white;  feet  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  266-288;  tail  vertebras,  142-150; 
hind  foot,  60-70;  ear,  65.  Skull:  total  length,  35.5;  basal  length, 
33.8;  zygomatic  breadth,  20.8;  length  of  nasals,  16.3;  anterior  border 
of  premaxillae  to  posterior  border  of  palatal  floor,  18.8;  length  of 
mandible,  26;  height  at  condyle,  7.6;  at  coronoid  process,  11.7. 

4.  sinaloa;  (Marmosa),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  1898, 

P-  US- 
SINALOA  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Tatemales,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico.- 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  M .  canescens  in  color,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  rufous  brown,  darkest  on  dorsal  regions,  paler  on 
sides ;  beneath  pale  yellow  washed  with  sooty ;  orbital  ring  black ;  ears 
and  tail  pale  reddish  brown;  cheeks  and  throat  pale  yellow;  feet  and 
hands  sparsely  covered  with  yellowish  hairs. 


MARMOSA.  7 

Measurements.  Total  length,  205-242;  tail  vertebrae,  115-122; 
hind  foot,  16-18;  ear,  22-25.  Skull:  total  length,  31;  basal  length, 
29;  zygomatic  width,  16.5;  length  of  nasals,  13.7;  across  postorbital 
processes,  6.2;  width  of  braincase,  11.2;  tips  of  premaxillae  to  palatal 
arch,  17;  length  of  mandible,  22;  height  at  condyle,  3;  at  coronoid 
process,  7. 


FIG.  II.    MARMOSA  CINEREA.    GRAY  OPOSSUM. 
No.  7052  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll. 

5.  cinerea    (Didclphis /) ,  Temm.,  Monog.  Mamm.,  i,  1827,  p.  46. 
GRAY  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Brazil. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica  to  Brazil. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ear  large,  rounded,  naked.  Skull  strong, 
with  nasals  expanded  posteriorly;  zygomata  widely  spread;  inter- 
orbital  region  flat;  postorbital  processes  conical;  temporal  ridges 
rather  prominent;  canines  thick,  short. 

Color.  General  hue  gray;  sides  washed  with  yellow,  sometimes 
with  rufous;  black  band  inclosing  the  eye;  under  parts  yellowish 
white;  arms  and  legs  gray;  feet  pale  brown;  tail  furred  at  base,  rest 
naked,  scaly,  slaty  gray  grading  into  yellow  or  yellowish  white  at  tip; 
ears  naked,  flesh  color. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  425;  tail,  248;  hind  foot,  24;  ear,  21. 
Skull:  basal  length,  41;  greatest  width,  26;  length  of  nasals,  18.5; 
across  postorbital  processes,  10;  palatal  length,  23.7;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  7.1. 

6.  insularis  (Marmosa),  Merr.,Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p.  14. 
MARIA  MADRE  ISLAND  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Maria  Madre  Island,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 


8  MARMOSA. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Tres  Marias  Islands,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  M.  canescens,  but  ears  and  tail  longer, 
color  more  fulvous.  Skull  narrower  and  more  slender. 

Color.  Upper  parts  drab  brown,  suffused  with  pale  fulvous; 
orbital  ring  broad,  black;  median  face  stripe  buffy  fulvous;  under 
parts  buffy  yellow,  darkest  on  throat  and  breast;  tail  brown,  no 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  270;  tail  vertebrae,  170;  hind 
foot,  20. 

7.  oaxacae  (Marmosa),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xi,  1897,  P-  43- 
OAXACA  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     City  of  Oaxaca,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Range  unknown.  "Sonoran  fauna  of  highlands  of 
the  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico." 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  darker  than  M.  canescens;  feet  and  ears 
smaller. 

Color.  Above  dark  sepia  brown,  reaching  wrists  and  ankles; 
beneath  buffy  yellow;  nose  on  top  to  behind  eyes  pale  brown;  orbital 
ring  black;  tail  brown  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  263;  tail  vertebras,  144;  hind  foot, 
1 8.  Skull:  basal  length,  29;  zygomatic  breadth,  18.5;  palatal  length, 
17 ;  interorbital  constriction,  4.8;  breadth  of  frontals,  8.  (ex  Type.) 

8.  fulviventer  (Marmosa],   Bangs,  Amer.    Nat.,  xxxv,  1901,  p.  632. 
FULVOUS-BELLIED  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     San  Miguel  Island,  Bay  of  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  M.  mitis  Bangs  ex  Colombia,  but  smaller 
in  size  and  under  parts  fulvous  instead  of  yellowish  white. 

Color.  Black  facial  markings  as  usual  in  species  of  this  genus; 
upper  parts  cinnamon  or  tawny  ochraceous;  upper  surface  of  arms, 
sides  of  neck  and  of  body  ochraceous  rufous ;  under  parts  buff  shading 
into  ochraceous  buff  on  lower  sides,  and  on  inner  surface  of  arms  and 
legs;  tail  dusky  above,  paler  beneath;  feet  and  hands  grayish  white. 

Measurements .  Total  length,  325-340;  tail  vertebras,  175-180; 
hind  foot,  23-25;  ear  from  notch,  20-22.  Skull:  basal  length,  34.4; 
occipito-nasal  length,  37.4;  zygomatic  width,  20.4;  interorbital  con- 
striction, 6.2;  length  of  nasals,  17.6;  width  of  nasals,  5;  palatal  length, 
18.8;  upper  tooth  row  from  anterior  edge  of  canine  to  posterior  edge 
of  last  molar,  15.2;  length  of  single  half  mandible,  27.8. 


IBRARY 

ILLINOIS. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  I,  ZOOLOGY. 


CALUROMYS  ALSTONI. 

No.  IOOSQ  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 


CALUROMYS.  9 

3.     t'aliiroiuys. 

i£J:  c.S;  P£f;  M.J=J  =  50. 

Caluromys  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1900,   p.   189.     Type 

Didelphis!  philander  Linnaeus. 

Size  medium;  pouch  rudimentary;  second  hind  toe  shortest, fourth 
longest,  third  and  fifth  equal;  fur  thick,  woolly.  Skull  with  post- 
orbital  processes  well  developed;  median  crest  absent;  palate  without 
large  vacuities  posteriorly. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

PAG  n. 

A.  Under  parts  yellowish C.  alstoni         9 

B.  Under  parts  grayish  white. 

a.  Upper  parts  rusty C.  derbianus         9 

b.  Upper  parts  pale  rufous C.  lanigera  pallidus       10 

9.  alstoni    (Caluromys},   Allen,    Bull.   Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    xm, 

1900,  p.  189. 

cinerea  Alston,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Mamm.,  1880,  p.  199,  pi.  xxi. 

(nee  Temm.) 
ALSTON'S  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Tres  Rios,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Color.  Above  sooty,  the  hairs  tipped  with  deep  chestnut  brown; 
under  parts  yellowish;  space  from  nose  to  crown  between  eyes  buff, 
inclined  to  reddish  on  top  of  nose;  two  blackish  streaks  on  side  of 
nose  to  and  encircling  eyes;  cheeks  and  upper  part  of  throat  buff; 
ears  naked,  brown;  hands  reddish  brown;  feet  yellowish;  tail  covered 
with  hairs  colored  like  back  at  base  for  about  37  mm.,  naked  and 
yellowish  for  the  rest  of  its  length. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  430;  tail,  250;  hind  foot  to  claws,  25. 
Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  43;  Hensel,  42;  zygomatic  width,  23.5; 
interorbital  constriction,  7;  length  of  nasals,  11.5. 

10.  'derbianus  (Didelphys},  Waterh.,  Jard.,  Nat.  Libr.,  Mamm.,  xi, 

1841,  p.  97. 

EARL  OF  DERBY'S  OPOSSUM.     Native  name  Chucha  Rata. 
Type  locality.     Unknown. 

*  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  markings  of  this  species,  the  dorsal 
stripe  being  much  more  restricted  in  some  specimens  than  in  others,  and  one 
example.  No.  11,788,  Collection  of  the  New  York  Museum,  is  almost  uniform 
sooty  above  tinged  with  reddish,  and  the  tips  of  the  hairs  whitish.  The  gray 
between  the  shoulders  is  indistinct  and  mixed  with  the  general  color,  and  not  in 
a  stripe,  while  the  head  above  is  sooty  in  the  center,  and  reddish  brown  on 
sides  of  occiput  and  also  on  the  neck.  There  is  none  of  the  rust  color,  so  con- 
spicuous on  the  typical  style,  anywhere  visible. 


I 


10  CALUROMYS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Nicaragua  in  Central  America  to  Peru  in  South 
America. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body,  furred  for  one- 
third  of  its  length. 

Color.  Upper  parts,  sides,  and  outer  side  of  limbs  brownish  rust 
color;  under  parts  soiled  white;  head  brownish  gray  with  a  median 
dusky  stripe  from  forehead  to  nose ;  orbital  region  brown ;  gray  dorsal 
stripe  from  between  shoulders  to  root  of  tail;  gray  line  behind  fore- 
arms and  one  on  leg  from  knee  upward;  lower  part  of  arms  and 


FIG.  III.    CALUROMYS  DERBIANUS.    EARL  OF  DERBY'S  OPOSSUM. 


hands  white;  feet  dusky;  tail  brown  on  basal  portion,  naked  part 
pinkish  spotted  with  dark  brown;  ears  pale  brown,  naked. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  765;  tail,  425;  hind  foot,  47.5; 
ear,  30. 

Jajiiger  pallidus  (Philander},  Thomas,  Ann.   Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th 

Ser.,  iv,  1899,  p.  286. 
PALE  WOOLLY  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.  Bogava,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  Altitude,  about  750 
feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southeastern  Central  America. 

Color.  Above  pale  gray  or  pale  rufous;  face  brownish;  forearms, 
shoulders,  and  sides  of  hips  pale  gray;  hind  legs  whitish  or  tinged 
with  rufous;  tail  whitish  gray,  naked  part  mottled. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  587  ;  tail,  398;  hind  foot,  43 ;  ear,  32. 
Skull:  "Greatest  length,  61;  greatest  breadth,  35;  length  of  upper 
molars,  9." 


METACHIRUS. 

4.     Metat'hirus. 


11 


50. 


Metachirus  Burm.,  Thier.  Bras.,  i,   1854,  p.   135.     Type   Didelphys 
nudicaudata  E.  Geoffrey. 

Size  medium;  pouch  rudimentary  or  well  developed;  three  cen- 
tral hind  toes  subequal,  longer  than  fifth:  fur  without  bristles.  Skull 
with  temporal  crests  well  developed. 


FIQ.  3.    METACHIRUS  FUSCOGRISEUS. 
No.  8252  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nat.  size.    Type. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Under  parts  yellowish  white.  PAGE 

a.  Upper  parts  grayish  brown M.  nudicaudatus  12 

b.  Upper  parts  blackish,  washed  with  gray.  .M.  juscogriseus  12 

c.  Upper  parts  much  paler,  orbital  ring  larger.  .M.  f.  pallidus  13 


12 


METACHIRUS. 


11.  *nudicaudatus  (Didelphys),  E.  Geoff,  Cat.  Mus.,  Paris,  1803,  p.  42. 
RAT-TAILED  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Cayenne,  French  Guiana.     (Allen.) 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica?  to  Brazil. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  about  equaling  M.  opossum  but  more  slender; 
ears  large,  brown,  rounded,  naked.  Skull:  postorbital  processes 
barely  apparent;  interorbital  space  broad. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown  suffused  on  sides  with  yellowish, 
sometimes  rufous;  face  rufous  brown  with  a  white  or  yellowish 
white  spot  over  eye;  under  parts  yellowish  white;  front  of  arms  and 
outside  of  legs  pale  brown;  indistinct  yellow  lateral  line;  tail  furred 
at  base,  rest  naked,  scaly,  brown  grading  to  white  at  tip;  hands  and 
feet  pale  brown ;  ears  slaty  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  540;  tail,  300;  hind  foot,  43;  ear,  25. 
Skull:  basal  length,  61;  greatest  breadth,  36;  length  of  nasals,  30; 
across  postorbital  processes,  n;  palatal  length,  36;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  10.5. 


FIG   IV.    METACHIRUS  FUSCOGRISEUS.    ALLEN'S  OPOSSUM. 

No.  8252  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Type. 


12.  fuscogriseus   (Mctachirus),    Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

N.  Y.,  1900,  p.  194. 

quica  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vn,  1885,  p.  587.  (nee 
Temminck.)  Alston,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  i,  1881,  p.  198. 
(Part.) 


*  Thomas.  Cat.  Marsupials,  p.  333,  gives  this  species  from  Costa  Rica. 


MET/CHIRUS.  D1DELPHYS.  13 

ALLEN'S  OPOSSUM.     Tlacuazin  in  Guatemala. 

Type  locality.     Unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  Mexico  to  Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  ears 
large. 

Color.  Above  blackish  washed  with  gray;  top  of  head  and 
median  line  black;  flanks  gray;  under  parts  yellowish  white;  a  band 
above  and  a  broader  one  below  ears,  and  spots  above  eyes,  yellowish 
white ;  outer  surface  of  limbs  paler  than  sides  of  body ;  inner  surface 
yellowish  white ;  tail  dark  brown  at  base,  grading  into  light  brown  or 
flesh  color  at  tip,  heavily  furred  at  base,  remainder  naked;  feet 
brownish,  naked;  ears  flesh  color  broadly  edged  with  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  534;  tail,  283;  hind  foot  and  claws, 
39.  Skull:  basal  length,  62;  nasals,  32;  canine  to  posterior  edge  of 
last  molar,  25.5;  palatal  length,  38;  zygomatic  breadth,  32;  mastoid 
breadth,  19;  interorbital  constriction,  8.5.  (Type.) 

a.  —  }>ulti(lus  (Metachirus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1901, 

p.  215. 
ORIZABA  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Orizaba,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Vera  Cruz,  Puebla,  and  Tabasco,  south- 
eastern Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  M.  fuscogriseus,  but  lighter;  orbital  spots 
larger. 

Color.  Head  black  above  with  two  large  spots  above  eyes,  and  a 
brownish  white  stripe  on  each  side  of  nose ;  rest  of  upper  parts  black- 
ish gray,  darkest  on  dorsal  line;  side  of  body  gray,  paler  than  back; 
side  of  head,  throat,  hands,  feet,  and  entire  under  parts  yellowish 
white ;  tail  at  base  furred  like  the  back ;  naked  portion  black  for  two- 
thirds  the  length,  spotted  with  flesh  color,  remaining  part  all  flesh 
color. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  475-627;  tail,  240-315;  tarsus, 
38-47.  Skull:  total  length,  77;  basal  length,  69;  length  of  nasals,  37; 
zygomatic  width,  39;  across  postorbital  processes,  14.3;  interorbital 
constriction,  9;  mastoid  width,  25;  palatal  length,  42;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  15.  (ex  Type.) 

5.     Didt'lphys. 

T  5—5.   p  Ir2 .   P  2i^ .   \f  tl4  —    ro 
L'4-4'    UI-I«    FM-3'    M'4-4    -    5°' 

J.  A.  Allen.  .4  Preliminary  study  of  the  North  American  Opos- 
sums of  the  genus  Didd phis!,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1901,  p.  149. 


14  DIDELPHYS. 

J.  A.  Allen.     A  Preliminary  study  of  the  South  American  Opos- 
sums of  the  genus  Didelphis!  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1902,  p.  249. 
Didelphis   (sic)   Linn.,    Syst.  Nat.,  i,   1758,  p.  54.     Type  Didelphis! 
marsupialis  Linnaeus. 

Size  very  variable;  ears  large;  hind  feet  short;  feet  with  five  dis- 
tinct toes,  all  provided  with  nails  except  the  first  toe  of  the  hind  foot, 
which  is  large,  opposed  to  the  others  in  grasping,  and  is  without  a 
nail.  Tail  long,  prehensile,  partly  naked;  pouch  complete;  long, 
bristle-like  hairs  mingled  with  the  fur;  incisors  small  and  pointed; 
canines  large;  premolars  with  compressed  pointed  crowns;  molars 
with  sharp  cusps. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Size  medium.  PAGE 

a.  Tail  black  only  at  base D.  yucatanensis       14 

b.  Tail  black  for  two-thirds  its  length D,  y.  cozumelce       15 

B.  Size  large. 

a.  Under  fur  white  at  base. 

a/  Under  parts  grayish  white. 

a."  Posterior  end  of  nasals  rounded .  .  .  .D.  mesamericana  15 

b."  Posterior  end  of  nasals  acute   D.  m.  texensis  16 

b/  Under  parts  yellowish D.  m.  tabascensis  16 

b.  Under  fur  orange  buff  at  base D.  richmondi  16 

c.  Under  fur  yellowish  white  at  base. 

a/  Head  yellowish  white  to  nape D.  m.  insularis  17 

b/  Head  dark,  spotted  with  white D.  m.  battyi  17 

c/  Middle  of  head  between  eyes  posteriorly, 

blackish D.  m.  etensis  1 8 

13.  yucatanensis  (Didelphis!),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. ,1901, 

p.  178. 
YUCATAN  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Campeche,  and  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  color  to  D.  m.  caucce  (Allen,  from  southwest- 
ern Columbia)  but  smaller.  Black  and  gray  phase  equally  represented. 

Color.  Male,  upper  parts  black,  base  of  hairs  white;  beneath 
grayish  white;  limbs,  hands,  and  feet  black;  tail  black  at  base; 
remainder  flesh  color;  ears  black.  Female  similar  to  the  male,  but 
covered  with  long  yellowish  white  hairs,  causing  her  to  appear  much 
lighter,  and  the  black  at  base  of  tail  is  more  extensive;  under  parts 
yellowish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  634-756;  tail,  312-393;  tarsus, 
54-60.  Skull:  total  length,  100;  basal  length,  90;  zygomatic  width, 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  II,  ZOOLOGY. 


DlDELPHYS  MESAMERICANA. 
No.  8723  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     %  nut.  size. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

of  ILLINOIS, 


DIDELPHYS.  15 

48;  length  of  nasals,  46;  mastoid  breadth,  29.4;  palatal  length,  52; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  19. 

a-  cozuiiH'/tr   (DiJelpliis!),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901, 

p.  101. 
ISLAND  OF  COZUMEL  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Cozumel  Island,  Yucatan. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  D.  yucatancnsis  but  larger;  tail  shorter; 
rostrum  and  nasals  broader;  ears  large,  broad. 

Color.  Upper  parts  black,  many  long  white  hairs  protruding; 
beneath  dusky  with  white  hairs  intermingled;  hands  and  feet  black; 
tail  black  for  two-thirds  the  length,  remainder  flesh  color;  ears  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  703;  tail  vertebras,  324;  hind  foot, 
59.  (ex  Type.) 


FIG.  V.    DIDELPHYS  MESAMERICANA.    LINNEAN  OPOSSUM. 
No.  8725  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll. 

14.  mesamericana,  Oken,  Lehrb.  der  Zool.,  n,  1816,  p.  1152. 

californica   (Didelphis!)   Bennett,   Proc.   Zool.   Soc.,    1833,   p.  40. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  3. 
LIXNEAN.  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     "Northwestern  Mexico,  adjacent  to  California." 

Geogr.  Distr.     Oklahoma  Territory,  through  Mexico  generally  into 
Gautemala. 

Genl.  Char.     Black;  toes  reddish  half  way  from  claws. 


16  DIDELPHYS. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  black,  with  occasional  long  white 
hairs,  mostly  on  dorsal  region;  face  and  forehead  whitish;  around  the 
eyes  and  line  in  the  center  of  the  crown,  black;  under  parts  white 
shaded  with  dusky;  legs  and  feet  black,  digits  reddish,  half  way  from 
claws  on  hands,  only  at  base  of  claws  on  feet;  tail  black  at  base, 
remainder  flesh  color. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  640-940;  tail  vertebras,  250-535; 
tarsus,  56-80.  Skull:  total  length,  91;  Hensel,  80;  zygomatic  width, 
47;  mastoid  width,  27;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  palatal  length, 
palatal  arch  to  alveoli  of  incisors,  53  ;  length  of  upper  molars,  20. 

a.^texensis  (Didelphisf),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1901, p.  172. 
TEXAS  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Brownsville,  Cameron  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  Texas  from  Nueces  Bay  southward, 
and  the  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  as  far  at  least  as  Del  Rio,  Val  Verde 
County,  sporadically  northward  to  San  Antonio;  Matamoros,  State 
of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  D.  mesamericana,  but  tail  relatively  longer; 
nasals  longer,  usually  terminating  posteriorly  in  an  acute  angle. 

Color.     Like  D.  mesamericana. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  698-820;  tail,  255-410;  tarsus, 
58-73.  Skull:  total  length,  95-128;  basal  length,  87-117;  zygomatic 
width,  46-70;  length  of  nasals,  41-57  ;  palatal  length,  53-70;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  19-21. 

b. — tabascensis  (Didelphis!},  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1901, 

P-  *73- 
TABASCO  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.   Teapa,  State  of  Tabasco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Vera  Cruz  to  that  of  Tabasco,  and  across 
State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  to  northern  Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.  Nasals  long,  terminating  posteriorly  in  a  pointed 
angle;  color  similar  to  D.  mesamericana;  tail  long. 

Color.  Apparently  not  different  from  the  typical  form,  except 
that  the  under  parts  are  yellowish.  A  black  and  gray  phase  exists. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  684-1017;  tail,  318-463;  tarsus, 
57-75.  Skull:  total  length,  90-139;  basal  length,  82-122;  zygo- 
matic width,  45-62.5;  length  of  nasals,  43.5-60;  across  postorbital 
processes,  21-26;  interorbital  constriction,  10.5-13.3 ;  mastoid  breadth, 
26-42;  palatal  length,  53-76.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  19-20.6. 

15.  richmondi   (Didelphis!},  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1901, 
P-  i?5- 


DIDELPHYS.  17 

aurita   (Didelphys),  Alston,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  Mamm.,  i,  1881, 

p.  197.     (nee  Wied.) 
RICHMOND'S  OPOSSUM.     Zorro  in  Costa  Rica. 

Type  locality.     Greytown,  Nicaragua. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.  Base  of  under  fur  orange  buff;  tail  long.  Skull: 
long,  narrow;  nasals  long. 

Color.  Sides  of  head  to  base  of  ears  pale  buffy  white;  median 
stripe  black;  black  band  from  ear  to  whiskers;  cheeks  buffy  white; 
nape  and  shoulders  black;  the  long  hairs  black  on  anterior  part  of 
body,  white  on  posterior  part;  under  fur  with  black  tip,  then  yellow- 
ish white,  and  orange  buff  at  base;  under  parts  buffy,  base  of  hair 
brownish  yellow;  legs,  hands,  and  feet  black,  nails  yellowish  white; 
tail  black  on  basal  half,  remainder  flesh  color;  ears  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  948;  tail,  477;  tarsus,  70.  Skull: 
total  length,  114;  nasals,  54;  zygomatic  width,  55;  across  postorbital 
processes,  25;  interorbital  constriction,  11.5;  mastoid  breadth,  32.5; 
palatal  length,  65;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  37.4. 


inxulni-ift   (Didelphis!),  Allen,   Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1902,  p.  259. 
ISLAND  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Caparo,  Island  of  Trinidad. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Islands  of  Dominica,  Grenada,  and  St.  Vincent, 
West  Indies.  Trinidad. 

Genl.  Char.  Lighter  in  color  than  true  D.  mesamcricana,  and 
larger  in  size. 

Color.  Head  yellowish  white  to  nape,  orbital  ring  brownish;  long 
hairs  of  top  of  head  tipped  with  dusky;  under  fur  yellowish  white, 
the  coarser  hair  tipped  with  blackish  ;  at  base  over  nape  and  shoulders 
brownish  ochraceous;  long  stiff  overhair  wholly  white,  or  wholly 
black,  or  mixed  black  and  white,  evidently  an  individual  peculiarity. 
Under  parts  yellow  or  yellowish  white,  tips  of  some  hairs  blackish; 
arms  from  elbows  and  legs  from  knees,  blackish  brown;  tail  naked, 
proximal  third  blackish  brown,  apical  two-thirds  flesh  color  or 
whitish;  ears  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  810-955;  tail,  425-465;  hind  foot, 
55-66;  ear,  55-65.  Skull:  total  length,  101-110;  basal  length,  91-101  ; 
zygomatic  breadth,  61-63.5;  postorbital  breadth,  21-24;  occipital 
breadth,  30-32;  length  of  nasals,  47-50;  breadth  at  canines,  19-20; 
upper  tooth  row,  33-36. 

Ixittiji    (Didelphis!),  Thomas,  Novitat.  Zool.,  ix,  1902, 


18  DIDELPHYS. 

BATTY'S  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Coiba  Island,  West  Coast  of  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  D.  m.  caucce,  but  face  dark  with  white, 
spots  about  the  supraorbital  and  malar  tufts  of  bristles. 

Color.  Like  D.  m.  caucce.  Face  dark,  spotted  with  white;  tail 
white  for  less  than  half  the  length,  the  basal  fifth  being  like  the 
body;  rest  of  pelage  like  that  of  D.  m.  caucce,  but  without  light 
dorsal  bristles. 

Measurements.  Head  and  body,  430;  tail,  390;  hind  foot,  57,  to 
end  of  claws,  63;  ear,  50  (skin).  Skull:  greatest  median  length,  108; 
basal  length,  100;  greatest  breadth,  52.5;  length  of  three  upper 
molariform  teeth,  18.4. 

jtiarsupialis  etensis  (Didelphis!},  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1902,    p.   262. 
carcinophaga  caucce,   Bangs,    Amer.    Nat.,    xxxv,   1901,    p.  633. 

(nee  Allen.) 
ETEX  OPOSSUM. 

Type  locality.     Eten,  Piura,  Peru.     Altitude,  50  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Low  coast  belt  of  Ecuador  and  Peru,  bordering  the 
Gulf  of  Guayaquil  and  probably  northward  near  the  coast  to  Chiriqui, 
Panama;  San  Miguel  Island,  Bay  of  Panama. 

Color.  Similar  to  D.  m.  caucce,  but  larger  and  blacker.  Rostral 
region  to  the  eyes,  dingy  brownish  white,  hairs  tipped  with  blackish; 
whitish  streak  over  ears  meeting  in  front;  middle  of  head  from  eyes 
posteriorly  blackish;  orbital  ring  blackish;  ears  and  feet  black;  tail 
black  for  basal  third;  remainder  yellowish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  730-930;  tail,  330-450;  hind  foot, 
56-67;ear,  52-60;  Skull:  totallength,  102-122;  basal  length,  92-118; 
nasals,  45-57.5 ;  zygomatic  breadth,  58-64;  postorbital  breadth,  23-28 ; 
postorbital  constriction,  11-12;  occipital  breadth,  31-35.5;  breadth 
at  canines,  19-25;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  34.5-36;  length  of 
molar  series,  19-20. 


Order  II.    Edentata.    Edentates. 

The  Order  EDENTATA  contains  certain  mammals  of  an  inferior 
organization,  and  with  various  forms  of  body  covering  beside  that 
of  hair.  The  designation,  Toothless,  is  not  altogether  correct  as 
applied  to  the  various  species,  for,  while  some,  like  the  Anteaters  and 
Pangolins,  are  destitute  of  teeth,  others,  as  the  Sloths,  Armadillos, 
etc.,  are  provided  with  them,  although  the  incisors  are  wanting  in 
all.  The  Sloths,  so-called  on  account  of  their  slow  movement,  have 
a  thick  covering  of  coarse,  bristly  hair,  and  the  fingers  and  toes  of 
the  different  species  are  armed  with  long  prehensile  claws,  by  means 
of  which  the  animals  maintain  their  position  suspended  from  the 
limbs  of  trees.  While  the  color  of  the  Sloth's  coat  is  generally  some 
shade  of  gray,  it  is  not  infrequently  tinged  with  green  caused  by  a 
growth  upon  the  hair  of  an  algous  plant  whose  vitality  is  stimulated 
by  the  dampness  of  the  forest  in  which  the  animals  dwell,  and  is  a 
means  of  harmonizing  them  with  the  leaves  and  so  affording  conceal- 
ment from  all  enemies,  as  creatures  without  recognizable  form, 
suspended  amid  the  branches.  Although  very  helpless  when  upon 
the  ground,  Sloths  make  an  attempt  to  defend  themselves  by  trying 
to  seize  and  strangle  their  enemies,  and  sometimes  they  succeed  in 
doing  this,  or  inflict  serious  wounds  with  their  sharp,  hook-like  claws. 
Their  food  is  composed  of  leaves,  buds,  and  young  shoots  of  various 
trees,  some  species  exhibiting  a  desire  for  certain  kinds  only.  Among 
the  branches  the  Sloths  frequently  move  with  considerable  rapidity, 
but  on  the  ground  their  progress  is  slow  and  performed  with  difficulty. 
These  animals  rarely  emit  any  sound,  but  on  provocation  will  make 
a  curious  grunting  noise,  or  at  other  times  disturb  the  stillness  of  the 
forest  by  a  long-drawn,  shrill,  wail-like  cry,  expressive  of  the  loneli- 
ness of  their  monotonous  life. 

Fam.  I.     llra<l.v|HMli<l;r.     Sloths. 

Head  rounded;  neck  short;  fore  limbs  very  long,  exceeding  hind 
limbs  in  length;  tail  short  or  absent;  hand  with  two  or  three  claws, 
feet  always  with  three  claws;  teeth  subcylindrical ;  ears  inconspic- 
uous ;  body  clothed  with  long  crisp  hair. 

6.     Cholocpus. 

Teeth,  ^  =  18. 

4 — 4 

Choloepus  Illiger,  Prodr.  Syst.  Mamm.  et  Av.,  1811,  p.  108.     Type 
Brady  pus  didactyhis  Linnaeus. 

19 


20 


CHOLOEPUS. 


Two  digits  with  strong  claws  on  hand,  three  toes  on  foot;  anterior 
teeth  in  both  jaws  large,  separated  from  the  others  by  a  diastema, 
the  upper  teeth  passing  in  front  of  the  lower  when  the  jaws  are 
closed;  cervical  vertebrae,  six;  pterygoid  swollen. 


FIG.  4.    CHOLOEPUS  HOFFMANNI. 

No   112  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     ^  nat.  size. 


16.  hoffmanni    (Choloepus),  Peters,    Monatsb.   K.   Preuss.  Ak.  Wiss. 

Berlin,  1858,  p.  128. 
HOFFMANN'S  SLOTH.     Perico  Lijero  in  Costa  Rica. 

Type  locality.     Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.     Those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Face  and  top  pf  head  yellowish  white,  grading  into 
yellowish  brown  on  the  body  above;  arms  and  legs  dark  brown; 
under  parts  pale  brown. 


CHOLOEPUS. 


BRADYPUS. 


21 


Measurements.  Total  length  about  700  (mounted  specimen). 
Skull:  total  length,  101.5;  palatal  arch  to  incisive  foramina,  35; 
zygomatic  width,  64;  interorbital  constriction,  34;  across  postorbital 
processes,  53 ;  mastoid  width,  45 ;  length  of  nasals,  37  ;  length  of  upper 
tooth  row,  23.5;  length  of  mandible,  77;  height  at  condyle,  22;  at 
coronoid  process,  28;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  21. 


FIG.  VI.    CHOLOEPUS  HOFFMANNI.    HOFFMANN'S  SLOTH 


. 


Hradypus. 

'  =  18. 


4—4 

Bradypus  Linn.,   Syst.    Nat.,    i,    1758,  p.  34.     Type   Bradypus  tri- 

dactylus  Linnaeus. 
I^navus  Frisch,  Nat.  Syst.  vierfiiss.  Thiere,  in  Tabellen,  Tab.  Gen. 

1775- 
Arctopithecus  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1871,  p.  446. 

Arms  longer  than  legs;  bones  of  forearm  free;  three  digits  on 
hand,  and  three  toes  on  foot,  terminating  in  pointed  claws  forming 
a  hook;  both  hands  and  feet  are  very  narrow  and  the  claws  cannot 


BRADYPUS. 

be  separated.  Teeth  rather  small,  anterior  tooth  in  the  upper  jaw 
smaller  than  the  rest,  and  none  projecting  much  beyond  the  others. 
Superior  outline  of  skull  greatly  arched;  nasals  short,  broad,  pointed 
posteriorly;  interpterygoid  fossa  very  broad  and  deep;  palate  nar- 
rowed posteriorly;  arch  rounded.  Cervical  vertebrae,  nine;  some- 
times the  eighth,  and  always  the  ninth,  bear  short  ribs.  Windpipe 
folded  on  itself  before  reaching  the  lungs.  Mammas  two,  pectoral. 


FIG.  5.    BRADYPUS  INFUSCATUS. 

No.  2824  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     %  nat.  size. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Dorsal  patch  yellow  with  black  central  streak.  PAGE 

a.  Forehead,  cheeks,  and  chin  reddish  brown. B.  castanciccps  22 

b.  Forehead,  cheeks,  and  chin  dark  brown B.  inftiscatiis  23 

17.  castaneiceps  (Arctopithccns},  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1871,  p.  444. 
CHESTNUT-HEADED  SLOTH.     Camalcon  in  Nicaragua. 

Type  locality.     Chontales,  Nicaragua. 

Gcogr.  Distr.     Nicaragua,  Central  America. 


BRADYPUS. 


28 


Genl.  Char.  Fur  long;  dorsal  patch  large;  angle  of  mandible 
broad,  rounded  terminally,  and  projecting  greatly  beyond  condyle. 

Color.  "Fur  gray  brown,  intermixed  with  white  hairs.  Face, 
forehead,  cheeks,  and  chin  reddish  brown;  the  under  part  of  the  body 
is  pale  brownish  white ;  the  sides  of  the  neck  have  a  long  ruff  of  recurved 
dark  brown  hair  darker  than  that  of  the  face.  The  shoulders  and 
hinder  part  of  back  are  varied  with  large  patches  of  whitish  hair. 


FIG.  VII.    BRADYPUS  CASTANEICEPS.    CHESTNUT-HEADED  SLOTH. 


The  middle  of  the  back  between  the  shoulders  has  a  very  large  patch 
of  soft  yellow  hair,  with  a  well-marked,  narrow,  black  central  streak, 
which  commences  with  a  triangular  black  spot  on  the  upper  edge 
of  the  yellow  patch,  and  is  continued  into  the  white  part  of  the  fur 
on  the  loins."  (Gray,  1.  c.)  It  is  stated  that  when  alive  this  sloth 
is  a  grayish  green  color. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  525;  tail,  25.     (ex  Type,  Brit.  Mus. 
Oldfield  Thomas  in  litt.) 

18.  infuscatus   (Bradypus),  Wagl.,  Isis,  1831,  p.  611. 
griseus,  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1871,  p.  446. 


'_>4  BRADYPUS.  CYCLOPES. 

DUSKY  SLOTH. 

Type  locality.     Western  Brazil. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America,  to  Brazil  and  Bolivia. 

Genl.  Char.     Fur  long;  both  sexes  with  a  dark  dorsal  spot. 

Color.  Upper  parts  of  head  dark  brown;  forehead,  cheeks  and 
chin  white,  or  yellowish  white;  black  band  across  forehead,  and  one 
through  eye;  dorsal  patch  pale  yellow  with  a  black  central  band, 
whitish  towards  edge  and  spotted  with  brown;  rest  of  pelage  grayish 
white;  under  fur  white  spotted  with  brown. 

Measurements.  Head  and  body,  580  (cotype  of  B.  griseus,  Gray, 
in  Brit.  Mus.,  O.  Thomas  in  litt.).  Skull:  total  length,  74;  zygomatic 
width,  46;  interorbital  constriction,  23.5;  palatal  arch  to  end  of 
palatal  floor,  21.5;  length  of  nasals,  18;  length  of  upper  tooth  row, 
25.5;  length  of  mandible,  54;  height  of  condyle,  27.5;  at  coronoid 
process,  31 ;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  21.5. 


The  Anteaters,  as  their  name  implies,  are  insectivorous,  some  of 
the  species  subsisting  mainly  if  not  entirely  upon  ants,  and  as  they 
are  destitute  of  teeth,  the  insects  are  captured  by  the  long  vermiform 
tongue,  which  is  covered  with  a  viscid  secretion  from  the  maxillary 
glands,  that  causes  the  ants  to  adhere  to  it.  There  are  three  groups 
of  Anteaters,  separated  by  prominent  and  distinctive  characters, 
and  the  species  range  in  size  from  the  Great  Anteater,  four  feet  in 
length  without  counting  the  huge  tail,  to  the  small  arboreal  species 
not  larger  than  a  rat.  The  Great  Anteater,  Myrmecophaga  tridactyla, 
is  strictly  terrestrial  in  its  habits,  and  the  fingers  are  armed  with 
powerful  claws,  with  which  it  tears  apart  the  nests  of  the  ants  and 
draws  the  insects  into  its  mouth  by  means  of  the  flexible  tongue. 
The  species  of  the  other  genera,  CYCLOPES  and  TAMANDUA,  are  in 
the  first,  strictly,  and  in  the  latter,  only  partly  arboreal.  When 
walking  the  toes  have  their  points  turned  inwards,  and  the  weight 
is  supported  by  a  pad  on  the  fifth  digit,  while  the  soles  of  the  hind 
feet  are  placed  on  the  ground.  The  rostrum  is  greatly  prolonged, 
and  the  mouth  is  small  and  tubular. 

Fam.  II.     Jlyruieoopliagidse.     Anteaters. 

Head  conical,  elongate,  mouth  small.  Teeth  absent.  Ribs  flat, 
dilated  on  outer  side.  Body  covered  with  hair. 

8.     Cyclopes. 

Cyclopes  Gray,   Lond.    Med.  Repos.,  xv,  1821,  p.  305.     Type  Myr- 
mecophaga didactyla  Linnaeus. 


CYCLOPES.  25 

Myrtnydon  Wagl.,  Nat.  Syst.  Amph.,  1830,  p.  36. 
Dionyx  I.  Geoff.,  Res.  Lecons.  Mamm.,  Mus.  Paris,  1835,  p.  54. 
liidactyles  F.  Cuv.,  Diet.  Scien.  Nat.,  LIX,  1829,  p.  501. 
Myrniccoliclmus  Reich.,   K.   Silch.    Naturh.    Mus.    Dresden,    Ein 

Leitfaden,  1836,  p.  51. 

Euryftcnui  Glog.,   Hand-u.  Hilfsb.  Naturg.,  1841,  pp.  xxxi,  112. 
Cyclothiinis  Less.,  Nouv.  Tabl.  Regn.  Anim.,  1846,  p.  152. 
Didactyla  Liais,  Climats,   Geol.    Faun.    Geog.    Botanique    Bresil, 

1872,  p.  356. 


FIG.  6.    CYCLOPES  DORSALIS. 
No.  16957  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Skull  short  and  arched;  palatines  and  pterygoids  not  meeting  in 
middle  line;  canal  for  posterior  nares  not  closed  below;  coronoid 
narrow,  recurved,  with  angular  process  well  developed;  third  digit 
of  hand  much  longer  than  the  others,  the  distal  phalange  is  com- 
pressed, curved,  pointed,  and  armed  with  a  strong  curved  claw; 
hallux  of  hind  foot  rudimentary  and  contained  within  the  skin.  Ribs 
dilated.  Habits  strictly  arboreal. 

19.  dorsalis  (Cyclothunts),  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1865,  p.  385,  pi.  19. 
LITTLE  OR  TWO-TOED  ANTEATER. 

Type  locality.     Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Guatemala  through  Central  America  to  South 
America. 

Genl.  Char.  Distinctly  defined  broad  dorsal  streak;  feet  and 
tail,  yellow. 

Color.  General  hue  golden  yellow  tinged  in  places  with  chestnut ; 
dorsal  stripe  black  or  blackish  chestnut;  tail,  hands,  and  feet,  golden 
yellow;  back  and  sides  sometimes  washed  with  black;  black  patch 
on  center  of  breast. 


26 


CYCLOPES. 


TAMANDUA. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  400;  tail,  205;  hind  foot,  34.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  50;  greatest  breadth  of  braincase,  24;  median 
length  of  nasals,  13;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  14;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 8.5  ;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  32. 


FIG.  VIII.    CYCLOPES  DORSALIS.    LITTLE  OR  TWO-TOED  ANTEATER. 


9.     Tamaiidua. 

Tamandua  Frisch,  Nat.  Syst.  vierf'ss.  Thiere,  in  Tabellen,  5  Tab. 
Gen.  1775.  Less.,  Nouv.  Tabl.  Regn.  Anim.,  Mamm.,  1842, 
p.  152.  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1865,  p.  383.  Type  Myrmeco- 
phaga  tctradactyla  Linnaeus. 

Tamanduas,    F.    Cuv.,    Diet.     Scien.    Nat.,     LIX,   1829,    p.   501. 

Uroleptes  Wagl.,  Nat.  Syst.  Amphib.,  1830,  p.  36. 

Palatine  and  pterygoid  bones  united  beneath  the  nasal  canal  for 
the  whole  length.  Fur  of  body  and  tail  short,  bristly.  Tail  tapering, 
prehensile.  Skull  long,  slender;  nose  nearly  as  long  as  braincase. 
Habits  mainly  arboreal. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Tail  scaly,  scantily  haired.  PAGE 

a.  Tail  buff  at  base;  rest  mixed   yellow  and 

black T.  tetradactyla       27 

b.  Tail  straw  color ..  .T.sellata       28 


TAMANDUA.  27 

20.  tetradactyla  (M yrmecophagd),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  35. 
myositra  Pall.,  Miscell.,  1766,  p.  64. 

Ursine  Antcatcr  Griff.,  Anim.  King.,  in,  1827,  p.  304,  pi. 
crispus  Rupp.,  Mus.  Senck.,  in,  1845,  P-  I79- 
birittata  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1865,  p.  384. 


FIG.  7.    TAMANDUA  TETRADACTYLA. 

Xo.  369  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    J  nat.  size. 

THREE-TOED  ANTEATER.     Tcjon,  Oso  Colmenero  in  Costa  Rica. 

Type  locality.     "America  meridionali."     Brazil? 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Mexico,  through  Central  America  to  Peru  and 
Paraguay,  South  America. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Tail  long,  apical  half  scaly ;  nose  lengthened ;  claws 
strong. 

Color.  Head,  neck,  throat,  stripe  down  back  ending  in  a  point 
on  the  loins,  shoulders,  arms  and  outer  side  of  hind  legs  yellowish 
white,  sometimes  a  deep  buff;  nose,  broad  stripe  to  and  including 


TAMANDUA. 


the  eye,  narrow  bar  on  occiput,  stripe  from  front  of  neck  over 
shoulder,  inner  side  of  hind  legs  "and  rest  of  body,  black;  tail 
sparsely  haired  towards  tip,  yellowish  or  deep  buff  at  base,  mixed 
yellow  and  black  hairs  on  remaining  part;  toes  grayish. 


FIG.  IX.    TAMANDUA  TETRADACTYLA.    ADULT. 
THREE-TOED  ANTEATER. 


FIG.  X.    TAMANDUA  TETRADACTYLA.    YOUNG. 
THREE-TOED  ANTEATER. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1090;  tail,  460  (mounted  specimen). 
Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  125;  zygomatic  width,  43;  interorbital 
constriction,  25.5;  mastoid  width,  34;  median  length  of  nasals,  41; 
length  of  mandible,  107. 

21.  sellata   (Myrmecophaga),  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxin,  1889,  p.  133, 

Feb'y. 

SADDLE-BACK  ANTEATER. 
Type  locality.     Honduras. 


TAMANDUA. 


MYRMECOPHAGA. 


29 


Geogr.  Distr.  Honduras  to  French  Guiana  ( ?) ,  South  America ; 
exact  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.   Tail  equal  to  head  and  body ;  hairs  on  extremity  sparse. 

Color.  Band  from  forearm  over  the  shoulder  joining  a  large 
patch  covering  back  and  sides,  black;  narrow  median  band,  thighs, 
rump,  and  tail  straw  color;  front  of  eye  dusky. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  915;  tail,  515. 

1O.  *Myrmecophng;a. 

Myrmecophaga  Linn.,  Syst. 
Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  35. 
Type  Myrmecophaga 
tridactyla  Linnaeus. 
Falcifer  Rehn.,  Am.  Nat., 
xxxiv,  1900,  p.  576. 

Head  very  long;  mouth 
tubular,  small;  tongue  very 
long,  vermiform;  hand  has 
third  digit  greatly  developed, 
and  armed  with  a  long,  fal- 
cate claw;  all  digits  armed 
with  claws  except  the  fifth; 
foot  with  five  unequal  digits 
with  claws;  tail  very  long, 
not  prehensile,  equaling  the 
body  in  length,  covered  with 
very  long  hair;  ears  small, 
oval,  erect;  eyes  small.  Skull 
elongate,  narrow,  cylindri- 
form,  and  smooth  on  the 
superior  surface;  nares  ter- 
minal; zygomatic  arch  in- 
complete. 

22.  tridactyla   (Myrmecopha- 
ga) Linn.,  Syst.   Nat., 

i.  1758.  P-  35- 
jubata  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat., 

i,  1766,  p.  52. 

GREAT  ANTEATER.     Oso  Real 
in  Costa  Rica. 


*  See    Thomas,    Amer.    Nat., 
xxxv,  p.  143. 


FIG.  8.    MYRMECOPHAGA  TRIDACTYLA. 
No.  115  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     %  nat.  size. 


30 


MYRMECOPHAGA. 


Type  locality.     Brazil. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala  to  Brazil. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  very  large,  about  as  long  as  head 
and  body,  covered  with  long  hairs;  claws  strong,  curved. 

Color.  Nose,  head,  back,  loins,  and  tail  covered  with  coarse  hairs 
that  are  white  at  base,  then  brownish  or  black  and  tipped  with  buff; 
throat  patch  ending  in  a  point  on  breast;  stripe  over  shoulder  end- 
ing in  a  point  on  the  loins;  broad  band  on  forearms  above  hands; 
legs  and  under  parts,  black;  rest  of  body,  shoulders,  breast,  arms, 
and  stripe  from  beneath  ears  to  loins  above  the  black,  grayish 
white;  white  hairs  on  toes.  • 


FIG.  XI.    MYRMECOPHAGA  TRIDACTYLA.    GREAT  ANTEATER. 

Measurements.  Total  length  to  end  of  hairs  on  tail,  2500;  tail 
to 'end  of  hairs,  1130.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  370;  zygomatic 
width,  56;  interorbital  constriction,  43;  median  length  of  nasals,  150; 
lateral  length  of  nasals,  171 ;  length  of  mandible,  320. 


The  Armadillos  are  remarkable  for  their  ossified  skin,  formed  by 
the  union  of  numerous  variously  shaped  scales  into  a  bony  armor 
protecting  the  body,  head,  and  limbs.  In  some  extinct  species  this 
covering  was  entire,  but  in  the  living  animals  it  is  divided  into  three 
regions,  the  anterior,  median,  and  posterior  portions,  the  middle 
section  consisting  of  a  varying  number  of  rings  connected  by  a 
flexible  skin  to  permit  a  curvature  of  the  body.  The  inner  surface 
of  the  limbs,  and  underside  of  the  body  is  covered  by  a  soft  skin. 
Hairs  often  project  between  the  bony  scutes,  and  the  skin-covered 
parts  are  more  or  less  hairy.  Fore  feet  with  strong  claws,  upon  the 


' 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE   III,  ZOOLOGY. 


CABASSOUS  CENTRAL  is. 
No.  35382  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size.    Type. 


CABASSOUS. 


31 


tips  of  which  some  species  walk,  while  the  soles  of  the  hind  feet  are 
placed  flat  upon  the  ground.  The  tongue  is  long,  pointed  and 
capable  of  being  extended. 

Armadillos  are  harmless,  nocturnal,  and  omnivorous,  provided  with 
numerous  simple  teeth  that,  excepting  in  one  genus,  are  not  shed. 
They  are  capable  of  running  with  considerable  swiftness,  and  when 
frightened  or  attacked,  they  roll  the  body  into  a  ball,  presenting 
nothing  but  the  bony  armor  to  their  enemies. 

Pam.  III.     Dasypodidw.     Armadillos. 

Subfam.  I.     Dasypodinee. 

Head  narrow;  snout  long,  narrow,  obliquely  truncate;  pterygoids 
meeting  below  nasal  passage;  ears  long,  ovate,  erect,  placed  on 
occiput,  contiguous;  bony  carapace  covering  the  elongate,  narrow 
body,  having  six  to  twelve  movable  rings  on  the  center  and  sides; 
tail  long,  tapering,  the  dermal  scutes  forming  distinct  rings.  Front 
feet  with  four  toes,  hind  feet  with  five,  the  nails  strong,  curved, 
pointed. 

11.    Cabassons. 


8-8 


-o  or  —  —  =  32  or  -?6. 

8 — 8          q — 9          v  O 

Cabassous  McMurtrie,  Cuv.,  Anim.    King.,   i,    1831,  p.    164.     Type 

Dasypns  unicinctus  Linnaeus. 
Xenurus,  Wagl.,  Nat.  Syst.  Amph.,  1830,  p.  36.  (nee  Boie,  Aves, 

1826.) 

Arizostus  Glog.,  Hand-u.  Hilfsb.  Naturg.  i,  1841,  pp.  xxn,  114. 
Tatoua  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1865,  p.  378. 

Intermediate  bands,  twelve,  broader  than  long;  fore  feet  with 
five  toes;  claws  large,  strong;  tail  long,  tuberculate. 


FIG.  XII.    CABASSOUS  CENTRALIS.  MILLER'S  ARMADILLO. 


32  CABASSOUS.  TATU. 

23.  centralis  (Tatoua),    Miller,   Proc.   Biol.  Soc.,  Wash.,  xin,   1899 

PP-4,  7- 

cinereus  hispidus  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvm,  1896,  p.  345. 
MILLER'S  ARMADILLO. 

Type  locality.     Chamelicon,  Honduras. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Honduras,  Central  America,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  plates  in  central  rings  of  carapace,  29-31; 
occipital  region  of  skull  little  elevated;  zygomata,  as  seen  from  above, 
nearly  parallel  with  each  other  and  main  axis  of  skull;  hamular 
processes  of  pterygoids  neither  thickened  nor  bent  inward  at  tips. 
Crown  shields  about  38;  less  than  a  dozen  small,  scattered  scales  on 
cheek.  Scapular  shield  with  7  or  8  rows,  the  longest  with  28  plates; 
dorsal  rings  10,  the  longest  containing  29-31  plates,  (ex  Miller,  1.  c.) 

Color.  Above  brownish  black;  lower  edge  of  carapace  yellowish; 
under  parts  light  yellow;  legs  and  face  apparently  flesh  color;  tail 
brownish  black,  tip  yellowish;  claws  light  yellow.  (Skin.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  505 ;  tail,  148.  Skull:  occipito- 
nasal  length,  80;  zygomatic  width,  43;  mastoid  width,  31;  palatal 
arch  to  middle  of  fourth  molar,  16;  median  length  of  nasals,  23; 
lateral  length  of  nasals,  23;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  26;  length  of 
mandible,  61 ;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  22. 


The  Armadillos  of  the  next  genus  are  characterized  by  the  nearly 
symmetrical  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  the  second  and  third  being  longest 
and  subequal,  and  the  first  and  fourth  also  subequal  and  only 
slightly  shorter;  fifth  toe  obsolete.  One  species  only,  the  Nine- 
banded  Armadillo,  penetrates  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  and 
has  a  most  extensive  distribution  from  Texas  to  Paraguay.  Several 
species  belong  to  this  genus,  one  of  which,  found  on  the  Pampas  of 
South  America,  from  the  shape  of  its  head  and  the  length  of  its  ears, 
is  known  as  the  Mule  Armadillo,  or  Mulita.  (T.  hybrida.) 

Sub  f  am.  II.     Tatuinse. 
12.     Tat  u. 


Tatu  Frisch,  Nat.   Syst.  vierfiiss.  Thiere,  in  Tabellen,  5   Tab.   Gen. 
1775.    Id.  Blumenb.,  Handl.  Naturg.,  1799,  p.  73.    Type  Dasy- 
pus  noremcinctiis  Linnaeus. 
Tatusia  Less.,  Man.  de  Mamm.,  1827,  p.  309. 
Cachicamns  McMurtrie,  G.  Cuv.,  Anim.  Kingd.,  i,  1831,  p.  163. 


TATU. 


Mammae  two  pair,  one  pectoral,  one  inguinal.  Seven  to  nine 
movable  rings  in  center  or  on  sides  of  bony  carapace.  Fore  toes 
nearly  symmetrical.  Milk  teeth  two-rooted,  changed  only  when  the 
animal  has  attained  its  full  growth. 


FIG.  9.   TATU  NOVEMCINCTUM. 
Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


24.  novemcinctum  (Dasypus)   Linn.,  Syst.   Nat.,   i,   1758,  p.  51.     i, 

1766,  p.  51. 
octo-cinctus  (Linn.),  Schrieb.  Saugeth.,  n,  1775,  p.  222,  tab.  LXXIII, 

LXXVI. 

peba  Desm.,  Mamm.,  1820,  p.  368. 

longicaudus  Wied,  Breit.  Naturg.  Bras.,  n,  1825,  p.  531. 
mexicanus  fenestratus  Peters,  Monatsb.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berl.,  1864, 

p.  180. 


34  TATU. 

leptorhyncha  Gray,  Handl.  Edent.,  1873,  p.  14,  pi.  2,  figs.  3,  4. 

novemcincttts  (Cabassous),  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  4. 
NINE-BANDED  ARMADILLO.     Armado,  Encubierto  in  Mexico  and  Cen- 
tral America. 

Type  locality.     "America  meridionali."     Brazil(  ?) 

Geogr.  Distr.  Texas,  through  Mexico  and  Central  America  to 
Paraguay. 

Genl.  Char.  Shield  with  eight  movable  rings  in  the  middle,  and 
nine  on  the  sides;  tail  as  long  as  body  without  head,  covered  by 
twelve  rings  and  not  enveloped  in  a  cone;  molars,  32. 


FIG.  XIII.    TATU  NOVEMCINCTUM.    NINE-BANDED  ARMADILLO. 


Color.  Bare  skin  on  face  flesh  color  with  a  few  scattered  yel- 
lowish hairs;  head  shield  pale  brown,  that  on  the  back  black; 
scales  on  sides  yellowish  white;  ears  brown,  toes  yellowish  with 
white  claws;  tail  brownish  black,  the  anterior  half  of  scales 
yellowish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  237;  tail  vertebrae,  90;  hind  foot, 
31;  ear,  22.  Skull:  total  length,  70;  zygomatic  width,  32;  across 
postorbital  processes,  22;  length  of  nasals,  17;  length  of  upper  tooth 
row,  16;  length  of  mandible,  56;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  18. 


Order  in.    Sirenia.    Sirenians. 

The  Sirenians  are  mammals  constituted  especially  for  an  aquatic 
life,  and  formerly  were  confounded  with  the  Cetaceans,  with  which, 
however,  they  have  no  relationship.  Like  the  members  of  the  Order 
CETACEA,  the  Sirenians  have  no  hind  limbs,  and  those  on  the  forward 
part  of  the  body  have  been  transformed  into  paddles,  and  the  tail 
has  been  expanded  into  a  flattened  rudder. 

The  head  is  of  the  ordinary  mammal  type,  being  small  for  the 
body,  with  a  rounded  superior  outline,  but  the  nostrils  are  provided 
with  flaps  that  open  and  close  at  the  will  of  the  animal.  There  are 
no  fins.  The  eye  is  small,  and  the  ear  has  no  external  conch.  Thick 
lips,  provided  with  a  number  of  bristly  hairs,  cover  the  small  mouth, 
and  the  skin  of  the  body  is  thick,  with  sometimes  hair  distributed 
sparsely  over  it.  The  female  has  two  pectoral  mammae.  Teeth  are 
entirely  absent  in  some  species,  like  Steller's  Sea-Cow,  but  others 
have  both  incisors  and  molars.  The  bones  of  the  skeleton  are 
massive  and  dense,  the  skull  being  remarkable  in  this  respect.  Collar 
and  nasal  bones  are  absent  and  there  is  no  sacrum,  but  the  pelvis 
is  represented  by  a  pair  of  small  bones.  The  two  bones  of  the  fore- 
arm are  usually  ankylosed  at  the  extremities,  and  the  digits  are  five 
in  number.  The  lungs  extend  backward  nearly  to  the  last  rib  and 
are  very  narrow.  Rough,  horny  plates  cover  the  symphysis  of  the 
mandible,  and  the  surface  of  the  tongue  is  similar  to  these  plates. 

Three  species  of  Manatee  are  included  in  the  family,  one  of  which, 
Steller's  Sea-Cow  (Hydrodamalis  gigas},  is  now  extinct.  This  animal, 
the  largest  of  all,  was  from  twenty  to  twenty-eight  feet  in  length, 
and  at  the  time  when  Steller  visited  Bering  Sea  in  1741,  was  very 
numerous  around  Bering  and  Copper  Islands.  The  flesh,  unfortu- 
nately, was  found  to  be  highly  palatable,  far  superior  to  salt  pork, 
and  the  sailors  slaughtered  the  inoffensive  beasts,  until  the  last  one 
was  killed  in  1768.  No  skin  has  been  preserved,  and  a  collection  of 
bones  in  St.  Petersburg  and  Washington  alone  remain  to  show  what 
kind  of  animal  it  was.  Two  living  species  of  Manatee  remain  in  the 
New  World,  one,  T.  manatus,  in  southern  North  America;  the 
other,  T.  iniinguis,  restricted  to  the  rivers  Amazon  and  Orinoco,  in 
South  America.  In  the  Old  World,  one,  T.  senegalensis ,  is  confined 
to  West  Africa  in  the  district  comprised  between  io°-i6°  latitude, 
and  2o°-27°  longitude.  East  Africa,  Australia,  Ceylon,  and  islands  in 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  the  Indo-Malay  Archipelago  and  the  Philippines 
possess  the  Dugong,  more  a  marine  animal  than  the  Manatee,  which 

35 


36 


TRICHECHUS. 


is  found  chiefly  in  the  rivers.  Three  species  of  Dugong  have  been 
recognized:  H.  tabernaculi,  from  the  Red  Sea,  H.  dugong,  from  the 
Indian  Seas,  and  H.  australis,  from  Australia.  In  disposition  these 
animals  are  gentle  and  inoffensive,  feeding  on  water  plants  and 
grasses,  and  formerly,  before  their  numbers  were  so  greatly  reduced 
by  man,  were  met  with  in  herds  composed  of  various  families,  and 
in  the  case  of  Steller's  Sea-Cow  the  herds  were  of  great  size. 


Fam.  I.     Trichechidse.     Manatees. 
13.  *Tricheclms. 

T  2~~2  .    AT  6—6  x      ii— IT  


Trichechus    Linn.,    Syst.    Nat.,   i,    1758,    p.    34.     Type    Trichechus 

manatus  Linnaeus. 

Manatus  Brunn.,  Zool.  Fund.,  1772,  pp.  34,  38,  39;  Id.  Scopoli, 
Intr.  Hist.  Nat.,  1777,  p.  490;  Id.  Storr,  Prodr.,  Meth.  Mamm., 
1780,  p.  41. 


FIG.  XIV.    TRICHECHUS  MANATUS.    MANATEE. 


*  If  the  tenth  edition,  1758,  of  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  is  taken  as  a  starting  point 
for  nomenclature  then  the  generic  term  for  the  Manatee  would  be  TRICHECHUS, 
and  for  the  walrus,  ODOB/ENUS  (ODONTOB^ENUS),  Briss.,  1760.  Should  Brisson's 
name  be  rejected,  as  it  probably  ought  to  be,  then  ROSMARUS,  Scopoli,  1777, 
would  be  the  proper  name  for  the  Walrus.  But  if  the  twelfth  edition  is  the 
starting  point,  then  TRICHECHUS  stands  for  the  Walrus  and  MANATUS  for  the 
Manatees. 


LIBRARY 

WIS. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  IV,  2OOLO 


TRICHECHUS  MANATUS. 

No.  49  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     l/$  nat.  size. 


IBHARY 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  V,  ZOOLO 


TRICHECHUS  MANATUS. 

No.  49  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    %  nat.  size 


TRICHECHUS.  37 

Skull  arched,  descending  rapidly  anteriorly  from  f rentals  to 
nasals;  zygomata  large  and  massive;  jugal  greatly  developed.  Orbit 
small,  prominent,  almost  inclosed  by  bone;  anterior  nares  lozenge- 
shaped,  extending  behind  orbits.  The  mandible  is  massive,  with  a 
horny  plate  attached  anteriorly,  which  supplies  the  place  of  teeth. 
Molar  teeth  in  both  jaws  similar  in  character,  square  enameled 
crowns  elevated  into  transverse  tuberculate  ridges;  those  in  the 
upper  rows  having  two  ridges  and  three  roots,  those  in  the  lower 
three  ridges  and  two  roots. 

25.  manatus  (Trichechus),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  34. 

inanatus  (Manatus),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1766,  p.  49. 

latirostris  (Manatus),  Harl.,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1824, 
p.  iii.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  6. 

australis  Tilesius,  Jahrb.  Naturg.,  i,  1802,  p.  23. 

americanus  Desm.,  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  1817,  p.  262,  pi.  96.    (Part.) 

fluviatilis  Schreb.,  Siiugeth.  Suppl.,  1846,  pi.  379. 
MANATEE.     Vacca  de  Agua,  in  Guatemala. 

Type  locality.     East  coast  of  Florida  near  the  Cape. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Florida  coast  to  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Those  of  the  genus. 

Color.     Grayish  black  over  all  the  body. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2268.  Skull:  total  length,  380; 
zygomatic  width,  220;  interorbital  constriction,  70;  palatal  arch  to 
end  of  palatal  floor,  155;  length  of  mandible,  215;  height  at  coronoid 
process,  135. 


Order  iv.    Cetacea,    Cetaceans. 

The  CETACEANS,  abounding  in  all  the  seas  of  the  Globe,  and  also 
even  in  some  of  the  larger  rivers  of  both  Hemispheres,  live  entirely 
in  the  water,  in  which  their  young  are  brought  forth ;  and  they  never 
appear  upon  the  land  unless  accidentally  thrown  upon  the  beach  by 
the  waves.  The  Order  contains  the  largest  of  living  mammals,  the 
Yellow-bellied  Whale,  B.  sulfurea,  measuring  ninety-five  feet  in  length 
and  weighing  one  hundred  and  forty-seven  tons.  Dependent  upon  air 
received  into  the  lungs  for  respiration,  whales  are  forced  to  rise  at 
intervals  to  the  surface,  when  the  lungs  are  emptied  with  considerable 
force,  causing  a  cloud  of  vapor  to  be  lifted  high  in  the  air,  which 
gives  rise  to  the  term  "spouting"  or  "blowing,"  and  by  this  act  the 
animal  betrays  its  presence  to  the  whaler.  Admirably  adapted  to  a 
life  in  the  water,  these  animals,  although  possessing  a  fish-like  form, 
have  an  entire  structure  characteristic  of  the  Mammalia.  The 
Cetacea  have  two  anterior  limbs,  and  traces  of  a  hinder  pair.  The 
forward  pair  is  covered  with  a  leathery  skin,  in  shape  like  a  flat- 
tened paddle,  while  the  hinder  limbs  are  not  visible  externally. 
Within  the  body  there  are  indications  of  a  pelvis,  and  two  small 
bones  that  may  represent  the  ischia.  From  want  of  use  in  the 
element  in  which  they  live,  the  hind  limbs  have  become  atrophied. 
The  stomach,  like  that  of  the  ruminants,  is  complex,  and  divided 
into  several  compartments,  varying  in  number  with  the  different 
genera,  from  three  or  four  in  PHOC^ENA  to  eight  in  ZIPHIUS,  while 
the  Sperm  Whales  have  three,  and  the  Whalebone  Whales  are  stated 
to  have  four.  These  last,  comprising  the  family  BAL^ENIDAE,  are 
distinguished  from  the  rest  by  the  absence  of  teeth  in  both  jaws, 
although,  singularly  enough,  these  are  present  in  the  early  develop- 
ment of  the  embryo.  The  baleen,  or  so-called  "whalebone,"  is  a 
series  of  flattened  horny  plates  (varying  in  number,  amounting  in 
some  cases  to  as  many  as  four  hundred),  which  are  placed  on  each 
side  of  the  palate,  leaving  an  open  middle  space.  They  serve  as 
strainers,  being  in  close  proximity,  and  retain  the  small  molluscs, 
fish  and  other  creatures,  when  the  water  that  has  been  taken  with 
them  into  the  mouth  is  ejected.  The  color  of  the  baleen  varies  from 
jet  black  through  different  shades  to  creamy  white.  Baleen  Whales 
are  distinguished  by  their  enormous  heads,  which  are  about  one- 
third  the  total  length  of  the  animal,  a  curved  mouth  extending 
behind  the  blow-holes,  apparently  pigmy  eyes  (although  they  are 
four  times  the  size  of  those  of  an  ox) ;  short  heavy  pectoral  fins,  and 

38 


39 

long  baleen.  The  largest  of  these  animals  is  the  Bowhead,  or  Arctic 
Right  Whale,  B.  mysticetus,  which  yields  more  oil  and  a  better 
quantity  of  whalebone  than  any  other  species.  Although  huge  in 
bulk,  its  gullet  is  not  over  two  inches  in  diameter,  and  its  food  consists 
of  microscopic  organisms,  millions  of  which  are  swallowed  at  a  time. 
It  is  emphatically  an  ice  whale,  living  amid  floes  and  vast  fields  of 
ice  of  the  Polar  regions.  Various  species  of  these  whales,  arranged 
under  separate  genera,  frequent  the  different  seas. 

Fam.  I.     Balieiiiclre.     Baleen  Whales. 

F.  W.  True,  On  the  nomenclature  of  the  Whalebone  Whales  of  the 
tenth  edition  of  Linnceus,  Systema  Natures.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
1898,  p.  617. 


FIG.  10.    BAL/ENA  QLACIALIS— BALEEN. 

Riverside  Nat.  History. 


Teeth  absent  in  both  jaws,  present  in  fcetal  life;  palate  furnished 
with  whalebone.  Rami  of  mandible  greatly  arched  outward,  meet- 
ing at  an  angle  at  apex,  there  connected  by  fibrous  tissues.  Skull 
symmetrical.  First  pair  of  ribs  alone  joined  to  the  sternum;  the 
others  are  fastened  to  the  vertebrae  by  ligaments.  Nasals  roofing  the 
anterior  nasal  passages. 


40 


RHACHIANECTES. 


MEGAPTERA. 


FIG.  XV.    BALEEN  WHALE  ATTACKED  BY  KILLER  WHALES. 

Riverside  Nat.  History. 

14.    Rhachiaiiectes. 

Rhachianectes    Cope,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Scien.   Phil.,    1869,  p.    15. 

Type  A.  glaucus  Cope. 

Head  small,  body  elongate;   pectoral  fin  narrow;   no  dorsal  fin; 
skin  of  throat  smooth;  baleen  short  and  coarse. 

26.  glaucus  (Agaphelus},   Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1869, 

P-i5- 

glaucus  (Rhachianectes)  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  9. 
GRAY  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  California. 

Geogr.   Distr.     Coast   of   Lower  California   to    north   Pacific   and 
Arctic  Oceans;  Okhotsk  and  Bering  Seas. 

Genl.  Char.     Superior  outline  of  head  convex;  size  moderately 
large. 

Color.     Mottled  gray,  sometimes  blackish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  36  to  40  feet. 


15.     Megaptera. 

Megaptera    Gray,  Erebus    and    Terror,    Zool.,    1846,    p.    16.     Type 

Balcena  boops  Linnaeus. 

Megapteron  Gray,  Erebus  and  Terror,  Zool.,  1846,  p.  61. 
Kyphobal&na  Eschr.,  Nord.  Wallth.,  1849,  p.  56. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  VI,  ZOOLOGY. 


RHACHIANECTES  GLAUCUS. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


LIBRARY 

ILLINOIS, 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  VII,  ZOOLOGY. 


RHACHIANECTES  GLAUCUS. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM.  PLATE  VIII,  ZOOLOGY. 


RHACHIANECTES  GLAUCUS. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM.  PLATE   IX,  ZOOLOGY. 


MEGAPTERA  N.  BELLICOSA 

Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  Coil. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM. 


PLATE  X,  ZOOLOGY. 


MEGAPTERA  N.  BELLICOSA. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


MEGAPTERA  N.  BELLICOSA. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  Coll. 


MEGAPTERA.  41 

Megaptcropsis  Van  Ben.,  Res.  Get.  Belgique,  Nouv.  Mem.  Acad. 
Brux.,  1861,  p.  38. 

Pcescopia  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1864,  p.  207,  fig.  3. 

Head  moderate;  baleen  short,  broad;  skin  of  throat  plicate,  or 
folded;  pectorals  long  and  narrow,  one-fourth  of  the  entire  length  of 
animal;  dorsal  low;  vertebrae,  53;  cervical  vertebras  free,  sometimes 
ankylosed;  nuchal  arch  high,  subcircular;  frontal  broad. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.   Upper  parts  black.  PAGE 

a.  Belly  white M.  n.  bellicosa       41 

b.  Belly  black M.  versabilis       41 

nodosa  bellicosa  (Megaptera),  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  xn,  1870, 

P-  103. 
FIGHTING  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Vicinity  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Island,  West  Indies. 

Geogr.  Disir.     Carribean  Sea,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  South  Atlantic. 

Genl.  Char.  Cranium  similar  to  that  of  M.  longimana;  supra- 
occipital  with  a  deep  median  groove  from  foramen  magnum  to  near 
superior  surface,  with  a  protuberance  on  each  side  near  middle; 
nasals  in  contact  for  much  of  their  length,  external  beveled  portion 
concealed  by  maxillae;  otic  bulla  subcylindrical ;  ramus  slender, 
curved;  coronoid  process  subtriangular,  acuminate;  first  rib  with 
head  simple;  scapula  simple. 

Color.  Above  sooty  black,  under  parts  and  pectoral  fins  beneath, 
white  spotted  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  32  feet.  Skull,  total  length,  9  feet; 
nasals,  11.5  inches;  width  of  cranium  behind  orbits,  5  feet,  4 
inches;  ramus  on  curve,  9  feet,  10  inches. 

27.  versabilis  (Megaptera),  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1869, 

p.  15.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  10. 
HUMP-BACKED  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Northwest  coast  of  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.     North  Pacific  Ocean  to  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Pectoral  fins  between  one-third  and  one-fourth  the 
total  length;  pectoral  and  gular  folds,  26. 

Color.  Above  black,  and  in  the  most  typical  form  the  belly  "is 
said  to  be  entirely  black."  (Cope,  1.  c.)  External  face  of  the  pectorals 
black. 


4'2  BAL./ENOPTERA. 

The  Finback  Whales  are  numerous  in  species  and  are  met  with  in 
all  seas  except  the  Polar.  Their  baleen  is  short  and  of  inferior 
quality,  and  the  amount  of  oil  yielded  by  an  individual  is  small,  while 
their  activity  makes  them  so  difficult  to  capture  that  they  do  not 
afford  a  sufficient  recompense  for  the  risk  and  labor,  unless  steam 
vessels  and  harpoon  guns  are  employed.  They  are  known  by  various 
names,  such  as  Rorquals,  Finbacks,  Razor-backs,  etc. 

Sub f am.  I.     Balaenopterinse.     Finback  "Whales. 

16.    Balaeiioptera. 

Balsenoptera  Lace'p.,  Hist.  Nat.  Get.,  1804,  pp.  xxxvi,  xxxvn,  114- 
141,  pis.  iv,  v.  Type  Bal&noptera  gibbar  Desmoulins. 

Physalus  Lacep.,  Hist.  Nat.  Get.,  1804,  pp.  XL,  219-226. 

Cetoptera  Rafin.,  Analyse  Nat.,  Adden.,  1815,  p.  219. 

Benedenia  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1864,  p.  211. 

Sibbaldus  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1864,  p.  222. 

Sibbaldius  Flower,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1864,  p.  391. 

Cuvierius  Gray,  Cat.  Seals,  and  Whales,  1866,  p.  164,  1871,  p.  54. 

Head  small,  flat,  pointed;  body  elongate;  baleen  short,  broad; 
pectoral  small,  narrow,  pointed;  dorsal  small,  falcate;  cervical  verte- 
brae free;  skin  of  throat  wrinkled. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Under  parts  white. 

a.  Width  of  flukes  less  than   one-fourth  total  PAGE 
length B.  davidsoni  42 

b.  Width  of  flukes  one-fourth  total  length B.  velifera  43 

B.  Under  parts  yellow B.  sulfurea  43 

28.  davidsoni   (Balanoptera),  Scamm.,  Proc.   Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  iv, 

1872,  p.  269.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  12. 
DAVIDSON'S  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Admiralty  Inlet,  Coast  of  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  West  coast  of  North  America,  Mexico  to  Bering 
Straits. 

Genl.  Char.  Dorsal  small,  falcate;  pectorals  small,  narrow: 
baleen  pure  white.  Laminae  270  on  each  side,  not  exceeding  10  feet 
in  length. 

Color.  Above  dull  black,  beneath  white;  pectorals  and  caudal 
black  above,  white  beneath;  a  white  band  across  pectorals  near  their 
base;  gular  folds,  70,  milky  white,  interspaces  pinkish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  27  feet;  pectorals,  4  feet  i  inch  wide; 
height  of  dorsal,  10  inches;  width  of  flukes,  7  feet,  6  inches. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XII,  ZOOLOGY. 


BAL/CNOPTERA  DAVIDSONI. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XIII,  ZOOLOGY. 


BAL/CNOPTERA  DAVIDSONI. 

U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM.  PLATE  XIV.  ZOOLOGY. 


BAL/CNOPTERA  DAVIDSONI. 
t'.  S.Nat.  MHS.  Coll. 


BALJENOPTERA.  43 

29.  velifera  (Balanopterd) ,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1869, 

p.  16.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  12. 
COPE'S  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Shores  of  Oregon  and  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     North  Pacific  Ocean  to  Commander  Islands. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  width  of  flukes  one-fourth  total  length. 

Color.  Above  black  or  blackish  brown,  beneath  milky  white; 
baleen  light  lead  color. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  60  feet.     ^. 

30.  sulfurea   (Sibbaldius) ,  Cope,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1869, 

p.  20. 

•     sulfurea  (Balcenoptera)  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  14. 
YELLOW-BELLIED  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     NcfHhwest  coast  of  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.     North  Pacific  Ocean  to  Bering  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  slender;  pectorals  small,  short,  ends  rounded; 
dorsal  fin  small,  placed  far  back;  baleen  broad  at  base. 

Color.  Above  light  brown  or  brownish  black,  sometimes  whitish; 
beneath  yellow  or  a  sulphur  hue ;  baleen  black  or  bluish  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  95  feet;  circumference,  39  feet; 
length  of  mandible,  21  feet;  longest  baleen,  4  feet;  weight  of  baleen, 
800  pounds;  estimated  weight  of  animal,  147  tons.  (Scammon.) 


The  toothed  Cetacea  embrace  a  large  number  of  species  included 
in  several  families  and  genera,  and  are  known  by  the  common  names 
of  Sperm  Whales,  Dolphins,  Porpoises,  etc.  All  of  them  yield  a  cer- 
tain quantity  of  oil,  and  are  objects  of  pursuit  in  all  the  seas  they 
inhabit.  The  greatest  and  most  important  species  of  all  is,  of  course, 
the  Cachalot,  or  Sperm  Whale,  which,  excepting  the  Whalebone  Whales, 
is  the  largest  of  living  mammals,  attaining  at  times  a  total  length  of 
eighty  feet  or  more,  and  individuals  are  frequently  met  with  over 
seventy  feet.  It  is  a  very  differently  shaped  animal  from  the  Whale- 
bone Whale,  such  as  the  Bowhead  or  Greenland  Whale,  for  instance. 
The  huge  head  is  a  high,  straight-sided  mass  cut  off  square  in  front, 
and  is  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  body,  and  its  great  bulk  is 
chiefly  caused  by  an  immense  accumulation  around  the  narial  pas- 
sage of  an  oily  substance  which  fills  the  great  well  on  top  of  the  head 
and  is  known  as  spermaceti.  In  the  intestines  of  this  species  is  found 
the  valuable  commodity  known  as  "ambergris,"  used  in  perfumery, 
and  this  substance  is  also  met  with  floating  on  the  seas  this  whale 
frequents.  It  is  merely  the  "detained  anal  concretion  of  a  diseased 


44 


PHYSETERID^F. 


whale,  and  is,  therefore,  composed  of  the  refuse  matter  of  the  cepha- 
lopods  that  form  its  food."  Squids,  cuttlefish,  and  octopi,  large  and 
small,  are  eaten  by  the  Sperm  Whale,  and  the  largest  octopus  that 
ever  lived,  armed  with  its  formidable  beak,  and  long,  disk-covered 
arms,  would  be  helpless  when  seized  by  the  enormous  jaws  of  this 
mammal.  The  Sperm  Whale  goes  in  herds,  at  times  of  hundreds  of 
individuals,  usually  led  by  some  old  bulls.  It  has  been  known  to 
remain  below  after  diving  for  more  than  an  hour  at  a  time,  and  it 
requires  about  ten  minutes  to  oxidize  the  blood  after  rising  to  the 
surface,  the  animal  respiring  in  that  period  about  seventy  times. 
When  alarmed,  the  Cachalot  usually  sinks  at  once,  but  occasionally 
it  will  raise  half  of  the  body  out  of  the  water  in  the  effort  to  see  its 
enemy.  Hunting  this  whale  is  not  without  danger,  and  many  a  boat 
and  its  crew  have  been  destroyed  by  a  blow  from  the  tremendous 
flukes. 

Fam.  II.     Physeteridse.    Sperm  Whales. 

Upper  jaw  without  functional  teeth,  those  in  the  mandible 
various,  number  often  reduced.  Pterygoids  meeting  on  the  median 
line  and  hollowed  on  outer  side.  Transverse  processes  of  the  arches 


FIG.  11.    PHYSETER  MACROCEPHALUS—  LOWER  JAW. 

No.  296  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll. 

of  dorsal  vertebrae  cease  near  end  of  the  series  and  are  replaced  at  a 
lower  level  by  processes  on  the  body.  Costal  cartilages  not  ossified. 
Cranium  elevated  into  a  prominent  crest  behind  the  nares,  and 
asymmetrical  around  narial  openings. 


PHYSETER.  45 

17.    Physeter. 

O  —  0      A          0  —  O 

to        =  4°  to  s°- 


Physeter  Linn.,  Syst.   Nat.,  i,   1758,  p.  76.     i,  1766,  p.  107.     Type 

Physeter  macrocephalus  Linnaeus. 

Tursio  Flem.,  Phil.  Zool.,  n,  1822,  p.  211.  (nee  Wagl.  nee  Gray.) 
Upper  teeth  rudimentary;  lower  jaw  with  20  to  25  on  each  side, 
conical,  pointed,  and  recurved;  posterior  and  lateral  edges  of  cranium 
raised  into  a  compressed  semi-circular  crest.  Cranium  above  con- 
cave; rostrum  elongate,  its  base  broad,  thence  tapering  to  the  tip; 
mandible  long  and  narrow,  the  symphysis  being  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  ramus;  vertebrae,  co;  zygomatic  process  of  jugula  thick, 


massve. 


FIG.  XVI.    PHYSETER  MACROCEPHALUS.    CACHALOT  WHALE. 

31.    macrocephalus    (Physeter),   Linn.,   Syst.    Nat.,   i,    1758,    p.    76, 

i,  1766,  p.  107.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  15. 
CACHALOT.     SPERM  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     North  Atlantic. 

Geogr.  Distr.     All  seas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large;  head  about  one-third  the  length  of 
body,  high,  truncate,  compressed  in  front;  blow-hole  longitudinal, 
placed  to  the  left  of  the  median  line  on  the  upper  end. 

Color.  Above  black,  shading  gradually  on  the  sides  into  the  gray 
of  the  under  parts.  Individuals  sometimes  are  piebald. 

Measurements.  Total  length  of  male,  55  to  60  feet;  female  much 
smaller. 


46  COGIA. 

18. 


Kogia  I    Gray,   Voy.  Erebus   and  Terror,  Zool.,   1846,   p.   22.     Type 
Physeter  breviceps  Blainville. 

''Teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  absent,  or  reduced  to  a  rudimentary 
pair  in  front  ;  in  the  lower  jaw  9  to  1  2  on  each  side,  rather  long,  slender, 
pointed,  and  curved,  with  a  coating  of  enamel.  Upper  surface  of 
cranium  concave,  with  thick,  raised  posterior  and  lateral  margins, 
massive  and  rounded  at  their  anterior  terminations  above  the  orbits. 
Upper  edge  of  the  methesmoid  forming  a  prominent  sinous  ridge,  con- 
stituting a  kind  of  longitudinal  septum  to  the  base  of  the  great  supra- 
cranial  cavity.  Rostrum  not  longer  than  the  cranial  portion  of 
the  skull,  broad  at  the  base,  and  rapidly  tapering  to  the  apex.  Ver- 
tebrae: C.  7,  D.  13  or  14,  L.  and  C.  30;  total,  50  or  51.  All  the  cer- 
vical vertebras  united  by  their  bodies  and  arches."  (Flower.) 

32.  breviceps   (Physeter},  Blainv.,  Ann.  Anat.  Phys.,  n,  1838,  p.  337. 

?  floweri  Gill,  Amer.  Nat.,  iv,  1871,  p.  738,  fig.  172. 

breviceps  (Cogid)  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  Suppl.,  1901,  p.  479. 
PIGMY  SPERM  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans,  coast  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia, possibly  of  Mexico,  and  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Blainville's  description  of  a  skull  of  this  species  in 
the  Paris  Museum,  from  an  individual  taken  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  translated,  is  as  follows:  "Skull  extremely  wide  and  greatly 
elevated,  having  the  frontal  crests  very  high  and  consequently  the 
nasal  cavities  very  deep,  something  like  those  of  the  Cachalots,  and 
terminate  abruptly  by  the  very  short  and  pointed  maxillae,  therefore 
the  total  length  is  barely  an  inch  greater  than  the  occipital  length. 
The  lower  jaw  has  necessarily  two  branches  approaching  each  other 
evenly,  like  a  bellows,  and  a  considerable  symphsis,  with  a  narrow 
extremity,  but  rounded  termination.  It  is  nearly  certain  that  there 
are  no  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  but  the  lower  has  14  or  15  on  each  side, 
all  of  which  are  not  in  place,  5  only  on  the  left  side  and  4  on  the  right 
remain  still  in  their  alveoli;  some  have  been  replaced  by  others;  they 
are  narrow,  slender,  conical,  pointed,  slightly  curved  interiorly,  and 
6  to  8  lines  in  length.  Length  of  lower  jaw,  13  inches;  distance 
between  condyles,  12  inches.  Length  of  skull,  14^/2  inches.  Another 
peculiarity  of  the  skull  is  the  inequality  of  the  nasal  cavities,  the  right 
being  in  nearly  a  rudimentary  condition,  and  some  twenty  times 
smaller  than  the  other." 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XV,  ZOOLOGY. 


COGIA  BREVICEPS. 
U.S.Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XVI,  ZOOLOGY. 


COGIA  BREVICEPS. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


)IS 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XVII,  ZOOLOGY. 


COGIA  BREVICEPS. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XVIII,  ZOOLOGY. 


ZlPHIUS  CAVIROSTRIS. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XIX,  ZOOLOGY. 


ZlPHIUS  CAVIROSTRIS. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XX,  ZOOLOGY 


ZlPHIUS  CAVIROSTRIS. 
U  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


ZIPHIUS.  47 

The  two-toothed  Whales  of  the  next  genus  were  supposed  to  be 
extinct,  as  the  imperfect  skull  of  Z.  cavirostris ,  found  on  the  French 
Mediterranean  coast  in  1823,  was  described  as  a  fossil.  Various  indi- 
viduals have  been  observed  since  then,  from  as  far  north  as  the  Shet- 
land Islands,  and  to  New  Zealand  in  the  South,  and  these  have  been 
separated  into  several  species,  not  all  probably  entitled  to  the  dis- 
tinction. Specimens  have  occasionally  drifted,  or  been  driven 
ashore,  and  as  many  as  twenty-five  individuals  were  at  one  time 
stranded  on  the  Chatham  Islands  east  of  New  Zealand.  This  Ceta- 
cean varies  in  length  from  fourteen  to  twenty  feet. 

19.     Ziphius. 

0-0 

I    I 
Ziphius  G.  Cuv.,  Rech.  Oss.  Foss.,  v,  26.  ed.,  1823,  p.  352,  pi.  xxvn, 

figs.  3,  4,  7,  9.     Type  Ziphius  cavirostris  Cuvier. 
Aliama  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1864,  p.  242. 
Petrorhynchus  Gray,  Zool.  Soc.,  1865,  p.  524. 
Ziphiorrhynchus  Burm.,  Revista  Farmge.,  Bull.  Acad.  Belg.,  1865, 

Id.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xvn,  1866,  p.  94. 
At  anterior  end  of  the  mandible  on  each  side  is  a  single  conical 
tooth  directed  upward  and  forward.     Rostrum  triangular,  tapering 
from  base  to  apex;  edges  of  maxillae  at  base  of  rostrum  raised  into 
roughened  tuberosities. 

33.  cavirostris  (Ziphius},  G.  Cuv.,  Rech.  Oss.  Foss.,  v,  2d  ed.,  1823, 

p.  353.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  16. 
TWO-TOOTHED  WHALE. 

Geogr.  Distr.     All  seas. 

Genl.  Char.     Same  as  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Steel  gray  with  numerous  irregular  white  streaks ;  beneath 
white. 

Total  length,  16  feet. 


The  members  of  the  next  family,  Delphinida,  are  many  and 
various,  and  their  arrangement  into  subfamilies,  or  even  genera, 
from  lack  of  requisite  knowledge  of  some  of  the  species,  is  not  easy  of 
accomplishment.  Among  the  diversified  forms  are  found,  the  well- 
known  Porpoise  with  its  many  relatives ;  the  curious  Narwhal  with  its 
ivory  spear,  a  formidable  weapon  both  for  offense  as  well  as  defense ; 
the  Cow-fish  (Tursiops  gilli)',  the  Black-fish,  or  Ca'ing  Whale  (Globi- 
cephalus  melas) ;  the  savage  Orcas,  or  Killer  Whales ;  and  the  numerous 
species  of  DOLPHINS,  inhabitants  of  many  seas,  beside  other  genera 


48  PHOC-flENA. 

and  species  outside  the  scope  of  this  work.  The  beaks  vary 
greatly,  and  in  some  species  are  altogether  absent,  while  in  others 
they  are  twice  the  length  of  the  braincase. 

Fam.  III.     Delphinidie — Dolphins,  Porpoises,  etc. 

F.  W.  True.  A  review  of  the  family  Delphinida,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  1889,  No.  36,  pp.  1-191,  pis.  1-47. 

C.  M.  Scammon.  The  Marine  Mammals  of  Northwest  North 
America,  1874,  p.  40. 

Facial  portion  of  skull  produced  usually  into  a  beak;  teeth  nu- 
merous in  both  jaws ;  anterior  ribs  articulated  to  the  transverse  process 
by  a  tubercle;  sternal  ribs  ossified;  lacrymal  not  distinct  from  the 
jugal;  pterygoids  short,  thin,  and  form,  with  a  process  of  the  palate, 
the  outer  wall  of  the  post  palatine  air-sinus;  mandibular  symphysis 
short. 

Porpoises,  often  called  "Sea  Pigs"  or  "Hog-fish,"  are  accustomed 
to  go  in  schools,  sometimes  in  very  large  numbers,  as  they  are  very 
sociable  creatures,  and  are  often  seen  in  bays  and  harbors,  as  well  as 
in  the  open  ocean.  They  swim  with  great  rapidity,  and  frequently 
play  about  the  cutwater  of  a  large  steamer,  even  when  the  vessel  is 
going  at  full  speed,  and  these  animals  are  better  known  to  the 
majority  of  people  than  any  of  the  other  Cetaceans.  The  genus 
contains  numerous  species,  and  they  are  met  with  in  all  seas. 

Subfam.  I.      Delphinapterinae. 
2O.    Phocseiia.     Porpoises. 


25-25 

Phocsena  G.  Cuv.,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  2d  ed.,  ix,  1817,  p.  163,  Id. 
Regn.  Anim.,  1829,  p.  289.     Type  Delphinus  phoccena  Linnaeus. 
Head   not   beaked,   rostrum   short,   broad,   tapering;   premaxillag 
tuberculate  before  the  nares;  nasals  flat;  frontals  elevated;  mandib- 
ular symphysis  short;  teeth   small,  crowns  spade-shaped,  neck  con- 
stricted; dorsal  fin  triangular,  small,  blunt  spines  often  on  anterior 
margin;  pectoral  fins  ovate;  first  to  sixth  cervical  vertebras  coalesced. 

34    phocrena  (Delphinus},  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,   1758,  p.  77.     Elliot, 

Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  Suppl.,  1901,  p.  482. 
communis   G.  Cuv.,  Regn.  Anim.,  1817,   p.  279.     Elliot,  Syn.  N. 

Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  20. 

vomerina  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  178. 
brachycium  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  279. 
?  lineata  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1876,  pp.  134,  135. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXI,  ZOOLOGY. 


PHOC/CNA  PHOC/ENA. 

No.  43  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll. 


018, 


PHOOENA. 


49 


FIG.  XVII.    PHOC/CNA  PHOC/ENA.    PORPOISE. 

COMMON  PORPOISE. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Europe. 

Geogr.  Distr.     North  Atlantic  and  North  Pacific  Oceans. 

Genl.  Char.  Slender;  dorsal  fin  anterior  to  middle  of  the  length, 
triangular,  posterior  margin  concave,  anterior  about  straight  with 
sometimes  a  row  of  tubercles;  jaws  of  equal  length. 

Color.  Upper  parts  slate  or  blackish,  grading  on  sides  into  the 
white  of  lower  parts;  sides  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow  or  pink; 
narrow  dark  line  from  corner  of  mouth  to  anterior  base  of  pectoral, 
and  a  broad,  dark  band  often  extends  from  lower  jaw  half-way  to  the 
pectoral. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1727;  length  of  mouth,  121;  end 
of  snout  to  dorsal,  737;  length  of  pectoral,  178;  height  of  dorsal,  102; 
width  of  flukes,  317.  Skull:  total  length,  293;  length  of  rostrum, 
137;  width  of  beak  at  base,  85;  at  middle,  55;  interorbital  breadth, 
137;  length  of  temporal  fossa,  6. 


The  "Killers"  are  distinguished  for  their  great  ferocity  and 
strength,  and  are  the  wolves  of  the  sea.  They  prey  upon  fish,  and 
also  warm-blooded  animals,  such  as  seals,  and  destroy  a  great  number 
of  the  pups,  and  the  half-grown  young  of  other  species.  Banding 
themselves  together  in  packs  they  do  not  hesitate  to  attack  the 
Whalebone  Whale,  and  several  of  them  by  hanging  on  to  the  lower 
lip,  compel  the  huge  animal,  exhausted  by  its  struggles,  to  open  its 
mouth  and  permit  the  Killer  to  enter,  when  the  great  fleshy  tongue 
is  speedily  devoured,  and  the  unfortunate  creature  left  to  die  a  linger- 
ing death.  Individuals  of  their  own  order  are  pursued  and  slain  by 


50 


ORCINUS. 


these  sea- wolves,  and  from  sheer  love  of  slaughter  more  creatures  are 
killed  in  their  forays  than  can  be  devoured.  They  delight  in  blood 
and  rapine,  and  the  presence  of  the  Killers  can  be  detected  in  the 
seas  they  frequent  by  the  lofty  pointed  dorsal  fin  standing  above  the 
surface  of  the  ocean  and  cutting  the  water  like  the  bow  of  some  swift 
vessel,  as  the  fierce  creature  beneath  chases  its  prey.  Orcas  do  not 
associate  together  in  any  large  numbers,  a  dozen  being  perhaps  the 
maximum,  and  whenever  their  presence  is  known,  or  the  fins  are  seen 
cleaving  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  all  animals  fly  for  a  refuge,  even  the 
ponderous  Sea  Lions  seeking  the  shore.  The  Killers  do  not  possess 
much  oil,  and  consequently  have  little  or  no  commercial  value,  but 
some  coast  Indians  hunt  them  for  their  flesh,  which  they  highly 
esteem.  This  Cetacean  is  usually  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Pribiloff 
Islands  during  the  breeding  season  of  the  Fur  Seals,  and  commits 
great  destruction  among  the  pups  when  these  make  their  first 
attempts  at  swimming  not  far  from  shore,  for  it  requires  an  expert  in 
the  art  to  be  able  to  avoid  the  swift  rush  of  this  powerful  mammal. 

21.    Orcinus.    Killer  Whales. 


Orcinus  Fitzin.,  Wiss-Popul.  Naturg.  Saugeth.,  vi,  1860,  pp.  204- 
217.  Type  Delphinus  orca  Linnaeus. 

Orca  Gray,  Erebus  and  Terror,  Zool.,  1846,  p.  33,  pis.  8-9.  (nee 
Wagl,  1830.) 

Teeth  large,  stout,  occupying  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the 
rostrum,  which  is  broad,  elongate,  flattened  above  and  rounded  ante- 
riorly. Pterygoids  separate;  premaxillae  concave  before  the  nares, 
narrow  in  the  middle  and  widening  towards  end;  head  depressed,  no 
beak;  dorsal  large,  prominent,  pointed;  pectorals  large,  ovate;  first 
and  second  vertebrae,  occasionally  also  the  third,  coalesced;  ver- 
tebrae, 52. 


FIG.  XVIII.    ORCINUS  ORCA.    KILLER  WHALE. 


d * d 

<r  -^  t<. 

O  c  * 

JJ  Q 

ZJ  •-' 

Z  _:  - 
0 


ORCINUS.  PSEUDORCA.  51 

35.  orca   (Delphinns),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  77. 
gladiator  (Delphinus),  Bonnat.,  Ce't.,  1789,  p.  23. 

arcticus  and  europceus  Gerv.  &  Van  Ben.,  Ost.  Ce't.,  1804,  p.  314. 

schlegelii  Lilljeb.,  Roy.  Soc.,  1866,  p.  235. 

latirostris  Gerv.,  Ost.  Ce't.,  1868,  p.  543. 

stenorhyncha  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1870,  p.  74. 

gladiator  (Orcinus)  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  22. 
COMMON  KILLER  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Europe. 

Geogr.  Distr.     All  seas. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large,  other  characters  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Upper  parts  of  head  and  body  and  all  the  fins  black; 
under  jaw,  throat,  breast,  and  belly  white;  a  white  trident-shaped 
area  extends  back  to  the  vent  with  one  tine,  the  other  two  passing 
obliquely  upward  and  backward  on  the  sides;  a  large  white  patch 
behind  the  eyes;  behind  dorsal  fin  is  a  crescentic  purple  area. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  16  feet. 

22.    Psemlorca.    Killer  Whalen. 

IP—IP  

10— 10         4    • 

Pseudorca   Reinh.,  Overs.  K.  Dan.  Vidensk.  Sezsk.  Forh.  Kjobenh., 

1862,  p.  151.  Type  Pseudorca  crassidens  Owen. 
Rostrum  short,  broad;  rostral  portion  of  intermaxillae  truncate 
at  distal  end;  pterygoids  short,  approximated  on  median  line;  teeth 
large,  roots  cylindrical;  vertebrae,  50;  the  first  to  sixth  or  seventh 
coalesced;  pectorals  moderate,  pointed;  dorsal  near  middle  of  back, 
moderate,  falcate;  head  elevated  before  blow-hole,  compressed; 
snout  truncate. 

36.  crassidens  (Phocana),  Owen,  Brit.  Foss.  Mamm.,  1846,  p.  516. 
meridionalis  Flower,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1864,  p.  420. 
destructor  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866,  p.  293. 
grayi  Burm.,  Ann.  Mus.  Pub.,  Buen.  Aires,  i,   1864-69,  p.  367, 

pi.  xxi. 

crassidens  (Pseudorca},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  23. 
LARGE-TOOTHED  KILLER  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Lincolnshire,  England. 

Geogr.  Distr.     All  seas. 

Genl.  Char.  No  beak;  head  sloping  gradually  from  blow-hole  to 
end  of  snout;  dorsal  in  center  of  length,  narrow,  moderate ; pectorals 
small. 

Color.     All  black. 


62  PSEUDORCA.  GLOBICEPH  ALUS. 

Measurements.  Skull:  total  length,  595;  length  of  rostrum,  287; 
br.eadth  at  base,  208;  at  middle,  188;  interorbital  breadth,  333; 
length  of  temporal  fossa,  191. 


The  Black-fish,  the  name  usually  given  to  the  species  of  the  next 
genus,  are  accustomed  to  go  in  large  schools,  keeping  near  the  coast, 
seeking  small  fish,  on  which  they  subsist.  These  animals  are  inoffen- 
sive and  gentle,  and  when  alarmed  can  easily  be  driven  ashore  (if 
their  pursuers  are  on  the  seaward  side),  as  they  huddle  together  like 
sheep  and  follow  blindly  any  leader.  They  are  found  in  all  seas,  and 
it  is  stated  that  the  flesh,  after  having  been  exposed  to  the  air  and 
properly  cooked,  is  not  unpalatable.  The  Black-fish  yield  but  little 
oil,  not  equal  to  that  of  the  great  whales. 

23.    Globicephalus.    Dolphins.    Black-fish. 


Globicephala  Less.,  Nouv.  Tabl.  Regn.  Anim.,  Mamm.,  1842, 
p.  200. 

Type  Delphinus  deductor  Scoresby=Delphimis  melas  Traill. 

Teeth  only  on  anterior  half  of  rostrum  and  mandible,  small, 
conical,  acute,  curved;  rostrum  short,  broad;  mandibular  symphysis 
short;  pterygoids  in  contact;  skull  broad,  depressed;  premaxillae  con- 
cave in  front  of  nares,  as  wide  at  middle  as  at  base;  vertebrae,  57-60; 
first  five  or  six  cervical  vertebrae  coalesced;  forepart  of  head  round; 
dorsal  low,  triangular. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Head  with  obtuse  ridge  above  jaw;  teeth 
conical,  persistent  in  both  jaws,  confined 
to  anterior  half  of  rostrum. 

a.  Color  black,  with  white  area  beneath;  length  PAGE 
of  pectoral  fin,  1270  mm  ......................  G.  melas       5  2 

b.  Color  entirely  black. 

a/  Length  of  pectoral  fin,  762  mm  ........  G.  brachypterus       53 

b/  Length  of  pectoral  fin,  864  mm  ..........  G.  scammoni       54 

37.  melas  (Delphinus'),  Traill.  Nichols,  Jour.,  1809,  xxm,  pi.  3. 
globiceps  Cuv.,  Ann.  Mus.,  1812,  p.  14,  pi.  i,  figs,  i,  2. 
deductor  Scoresby,  Arct.  Reg.,  i,  1820,  t.  13,  fig.  i. 
intermedius  Harl.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.Phil.,  1829,  p.  51,  pi.  i, 
fig-  i3- 


w 


GLOBICEPHALUS.  53 

incrassatus  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1861,  p.  309,  fig.  i. 
macrorhynchus  Hector  (nee  Gray),  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.,  vn,  1861, 

pi.  16,  figs.  3,  3a. 
melas  (Globiocephalus!},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  23. 


FIG.  XIX.    GLOBICEPHALUS  MELAS.    PILOT  OR  CAMNG  WHALE. 

PILOT  OR  CA'ING  WHALE. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  England. 

Geogr.  Distr.     South  and  North  Atlantic  Oceans,  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Vertebrae,  59-60;  maxillae  and  intermaxillae  rugose 
anteriorly;  second  and  third  vertebrae  coalesced. 

Color.     Black  with  a  white  area  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length  about  20  feet;  length  of  pectoral  fin, 
1270  mm.;  greatest  breadth  of  pectoral,  279;  from  end  of  snout  to 
dorsal  fin,  1397. 

38.  brachypterus    (Globiocephalus!),   Cope,   Proc.   Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 

Phil.,  1876,  p.  129,  fig.  p.  131.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901, 

P-  24. 
SHORT-FINNED  BLACK-FISH. 

Type  locality.  East  coast  of  Delaware  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of 
Meurice  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Gulf  of  Mexico  north  to  New  Jersey,  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Genl.  Char.  Pectorals  one-sixth  total  length  of  body ;  dorsal  for- 
ward of  middle  length;  teeth,  | ;  vertebrae,  57 ;  skull  massive;  rostrum 
broad,  the  basal  width  greater  than  four-fifths  total  length;  temporal 
fossae  large,  oval;  intermaxillae  large  and  flat. 

Color.     Entirely  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  4648;  tip  of  snout  to  dorsal,  1206; 
length  of  pectoral,  762;  height  of  dorsal,  356;  width  of  fluke,  1168. 


54  GLOBICEPHALUS.  DELPHINUS. 

Skull:  total  length,  662;  length  of  rostrum,  333;  breadth  at  base,  288; 
at  middle,  235 ;  interorbital  breadth,  45 ;  length  of  temporal  fossa,  163. 

39.  scammoni  (Globiocephalus!},  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1869,  p.  21.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  24. 
SCAMMON'S  BLACK-FISH. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Lower  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  of  California  southward;  coast  of  South 
America. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  G.  brachypterus;  pectorals  longer.  Skull 
heavy;  intermaxillae  not  projecting  over  lateral  margins  of  rostral 
portion  of  maxillae;  superior  nares  broad,  and  bordered  by  narrow 
plates  of  the  intermaxillae ;  pterygoids  short,  approximate. 

Color.     Entirely  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  4724;  tip  of  snout  to  dorsal,  1372; 
length  of  pectoral,  864;  width  of  flukes,  1007.  Skull:  total  length, 
690;  length  of  rostrum,  340;  breadth  at  base,  308;  at  middle,  252; 
interorbital  breadth,  487  ;  length  of  temporal  fossa,  148. 


The  members  of  the  next  genus,  DELPHINUS,  possess  prominent 
beaks,  and  the  elongate  rostrum  is  provided  with  a  large  number  of 
teeth,  which,  however,  is  not  always  the  same  on  the  two  sides  of  the 
jaw.  There  are  many  species  accredited  to  the  genus,  dwellers  of 
various  seas,  and  the  one  given  below  is  common  both  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  to  the  waters  that  wash  the  eastern  shores  of  the  American 
Continent. 

24.    Delphinus.    Dolphins. 

40    ,        60—60  f 


4  63=60" 

Delphinus  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  77;  i,  1766,  p.   108.      Type 

Delphinus  delphis  Linnaeus. 
Rhinodelphis  Wagner,  Schreb.,  Saugeth.,  vn,  1846,  pp.  281,  316- 

349,  ii  pis. 

Eudelphinus  Gerv.,  Ostdog.  des  Cdt.,  1880,  p.  600. 
Teeth  occupying  nearly  entire  length  of  rostrum,  numerous  in 
both  jaws,  conical,  acute,  curving;  rostrum  twice  the  length  of  brain- 
case;  pterygoids  meeting  on  median  line   for  their  entire  length; 
palate  deeply  grooved  laterally;  pectorals  moderate,  falcate. 

40.  delphis   (Delphinus},    Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  77;  i,  1776, 

p.  108.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  28. 
julvo-fasciatus  Wagn.,  Schreb.  Saugeth.,  1846,  pi.  361,  fig.  i. 


DELPHINUS.  TURSIOPS.  55 

nova-zelandice   Quoy   &    Gaim.,    Voy.    Astrolabe,    Mamm.,    1830, 
p.  149- 

janira  Gray,  Erebus  &  Terror,  Zool.,  1846,  p.  41,  pi.  23. 

albrinanus  Peale,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  Mamm.,  v,  1848,  in,  p.  33. 

algeriensis  Loche,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  1860,  p.  474,  pi.  22,  fig.  i. 

forsteri  Gray,  Cat.  Get.,  1866,  p.  248. 

major,  moorii  &  walkeri  Gray,  Cat.  Get.,  1866,  pp.  396,  397. 

pomeegra  Owen,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.,  vi,  1866,  p.  23,  pis.  6.  8. 

bairdi  Dall,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  v,  1873,  p.  12. 

microps  Burm.  (nee  Gray),  Desc.  Phys.  Argent.,  in,  1879,  p.  534. 

fuscus,  sowerbianus,  variegatus,    batteatus,    moschatus    (La    Font), 
Fisch.,  Act.  Soc.  Linn.  Bord.,  v,  1881,  p.  127,  pis.  4,  5,  6. 

marginatus ,    La  Font.,  (nee  Pucher.),  Act.  Soc.  Linn.  Bord.,  VT, 
p.  518. 

curvirostris  Riggio,  Nat.  Sicil.,  11,  1883,  p.  157,  pi.  3. 
COMMON  DOLPHIN. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Europe. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Atlantic  Ocean;  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  slender;  forehead  forming  an  angle  to  the  beak, 
which  is  long  and  slender;  dorsal  fin  in  center  of  back,  narrow;  pec- 
torals three  times  longer  than  broad,  pointed. 

Color.  Very  variable;  upper  parts  black  and  blackish  gray; 
beneath  white  or  greenish  white ;  black,  gray  or  greenish  band  from 
lower  jaw  to  base  of  pectorals;  orbital  ring  black,  from  which  a  black 
band  extends  forward  to  the  base  of  the  beak;  margin  of  lower  jaw 
black;  elongate  areas  of  light  festoons  of  gray  on  sides,  traversed  by 
two  longitudinal  bands  of  gray  or  greenish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1382-2008;  length  of  pectoral,  280- 
305;  width  of  flukes,  393-450;  height  of  dorsal,  177-203;  blow-hole  to 
end  of  nose,  330-356. 


25.    Tursiops.     Dolphins. 

^Ti  to  |=§  =  84  to  I00> 
Tursiops    Gerv.,  Hist.  Nat.    Mamm.,  n,  1855,   p.  323.     Type   Del- 

phinus  tursio  Fabricius. 
Tursio  Gray  (nee  Wagl.),  List  Spec.  Mamm.,  Brit.  Mus.  1843,  pp. 

xxiii,  105,  Id.  Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,  1866,  p.  254. 
Rostrum  with  moderate  taper;  no  groove  in  palate;  mandibular 
symphysis  short;  teeth  stout;  vertebras,  C.  7,  D.  13,  L.  17,  C.  27  =  64. 
Dorsal  fin  high,  falcate. 


66  TURSIOPS. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Teeth  conical,  smooth;  palate  without  lateral  grooves; 

pterygoids  in  contact.  PAGE 

a.  Plumbeous  gray  above,  white  beneath T.  truncatus  56 

b.  All  black T  gilli  56 


FIG.  XX.    TURSIOPS  TRUNCATUS.    BOTTLE-NOSED  PORPOISE. 

41.  truncatus  Montagu.,   Mem.  Wern.  Soc.,  in,  1821,  p.  73.     True, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1903,  p.  313. 
compressicauda  Less.,  Ce"t.,  1828,  p.  199. 
communis  Fitzin.  (nee  Cuv.),  Carr,  Dalm.,  1846,  p.  75. 
metis  Gray,  Ereb.  &  Terror,  Zool.,  1846,  p.  38,  pi.  17. 
cymodice  Gray,  Ereb.  &  Terror,  Zool.,  1846,  p.  38,  pi.  17. 
eurynome  Gray,  Ereb.  &  Terror,  Zool.,  1846,  p.  38,  pi.  18. 
tursio  (Tursiops},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  29. 

BOTTLED-NOSED    PORPOISE   OR   DOLPHIN. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Greenland. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  Ocean,  Mediterranean  Sea,  widely  dis- 
tributed; Atlantic  coast  of  Atlantic  States,  Maine  to  Florida,  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Those  of  the  genus.  Frontal  bone  has  no  backward 
extension  and  the  parietal  is  broad  inferiorly. 

Color.  Upper  part  of  fin  is  plumbeous  gray,  tinged  with  purple, 
grading  on  sides  into  the  pure  white  of  the  under  parts. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2907;  of  mouth,  319;  height  of 
dorsal  fin,  229;  breadth  of  flukes,  612.  Skull:  total  length,  432; 
length  of  beak,  108;  length  of  tooth  row,  195;  width  between  inter- 
orbitals,  191;  length  of  mandible,  365. 

42.  gilli   (Tursiops),  Dall,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  v,   1873,  p.  13. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  29. 
GILL'S  DOLPHIN.     Cow-FiSH. 

Type  locality.     North  Pacific  Ocean. 


TURSIOPS. 


PRODELPHINUS. 


57 


Geogr.  Distr.  Shores  of  southern  and  Lower  California  to  northern 
part  of  Pacific  Ocean. 

Genl.  Char.  Optic  canal  not  reaching  the  level  of  the  rounded 
antero-internal  border  of  the  deeply  concave  frontal,  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  parietal  is  a  narrow  band  between  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  squamosal  and  the  posterior  margin  of  a  backward  extension 
of  the  frontal. 

Color.     Black,  the  under  parts  a  little  lighter  than  the  upper. 

Measurements.  Length  of  beak,  29.8;  breadth  at  base  of  maxil- 
lary notches,  14.1;  at  the  middle,  8.8;  length  of  tooth  row,  25.4; 
length  of  mandible,  42.7. 


26.    Prodelphiiius.     Dolphins. 

^  to  ^=,,0  to  .00. 

Prodelphinus  Gerv.,  Oste'og.  des  Ce'tace's,  1880,  p.  604,  pi.  xxxvm. 

Clymene  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1864,  p.  237. 

Clymenia  Gray,  Syn.  Whales  &  Dolphins,  1868,  p.  6. 

Teeth  smaller  than  those  of  Tursiops.  Rostrum  long,  narrow; 
no  groove  in  palate;  vertebrae,  73-78;  symphysis  of  mandible  short; 
beak  elongate;  dorsal  and  pectoral  fins  falcate. 


FIG.  XXI.    PRODELPHINUS  PLAGIODON.   SHARP-TOOTHED  DOLPHIN. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Teeth    conical,  small,  numerous;    rostral  por- 
tion of  intermaxillae  convex, 
a.  Purplish    gray   above   spotted    with   white; 
breadth  of  rostrum  at  base,  109;   at  middle, 
58;  between  orbits,  186 P.  plagiodon 


PA  r.K 


58  PRODELPHINUS. 

b.  Dark  gray  above,  spotted  with  light  gray;  PAGE 
breadth  of  rostrum  at  base,  75;  at  middle, 

46;  between  orbits,  140 P.  longirostris       58 

c.  Black  above;  breadth  of  rostrum  at  middle, 

60.96;  at  base,  210.82 P.  euphrosyne       58 

43.  plagiodon   (Delphinus) ,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866, 

p.  296. 

plagiodon  (Prodelphinus) ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  31. 
SHARP-TOOTHED  DOLPHIN. 

Type  locality.     Eastern  coast  of  United  States. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  Cape  Hatteras 
to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Dorsal  fin  high,  recurved;  pectoral  fins  broad  at  base; 
beak  stout. 

Color.  Above  purplish  gray,  shading  on  the  sides  into  the  white 
of  the  under  parts ;  upper  parts  and  fins  spotted  with  white  or  gray ; 
lower  parts  spotted  with  dark  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2157;  length  of  mouth,  280;  of 
pectoral  fin,  304;  end  of  beak  to  dorsal,  337;  height  of  dorsal,  241; 
breadth  of  flukes,  527. 

44.  longirostris   (Delphinus) ,  Gray,  Spicil.  Zool.,  1828,  p.  i. 
micro ps  Gray,  Spicil.  Zool.,  1828,  p.  i. 

alope  Gray,  Erebus  &  Terror,  Zool.,  1846,  p.  42,  pi.  25. 

stenorhynchus  Gray,  Cat.  Seals  &  Whales,  1866,  p.  396. 
LONG-NOSED  DOLPHIN. 

Type  locality.     Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Oceans.  Taken  off  Tres  Marias  Islands, 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Dorsal  high ;  nose  three-fifths  total  length  of  animal ; 
teeth  formula,  f^E^'.  vertebrae,  C.  7;  D.  14;  L.  17-18;  C.  34,  =72-73. 

Color.  Above  dark  slate  gray,  mottled  with  pale  gray;  beneath 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  390-420;  beak,  70-80;  width  of 
beak  at  base  of  maxillary  notches,  75-86. 

45.  euphrosyne  (Prodelphinus} ,  Gray,  Erebus  &  Terror,  Zool.,  1846, 

p.  40,  pi.  22.     Id.  Cat.  Seals  &  Whales,  1866,  p.  251.     Elliot, 

Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  30. 
styx  Gray,  Erebus  &  Terror,  Zool.,  1846,  p.  39,  pi.  2. 
tethyos  Gerv.,  Bull.  Soc.  Agr.  Herault,  1853,  XL,  p.  150,  pi.  i. 
marginatus  (Duvern.),  Pucher.,  Rev.  Zool.,  1854,  p.  547. 
doreides  Gray,  Cat.  Get.,  1866,  p.  400. 


PRODELPHINUS.  59 

euphrosinoides  Gray,  Synops.  Whales  &  Dolphins,  1868,  p.  6. 
nov<z-zelandi(B  Hector    (nee  Gray),  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,   1873,  v, 

P-  159- 
GRAY'S  DOLPHIN. 

Type  locality.     Unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  Ocean,  Mediterranean  Sea,  coast  of 
Jamaica. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  stout,  beak  long;  dorsal  fin  high,  falcate; 
pectorals  small. 

Color.  Above  black;  sides  blackish,  beneath  white;  orbital  ring 
black;  black  band  from  eye  to  vent  and  one  going  downward  and 
backward  above  base  of  the  pectorals;  this  black  band  is  divided 
from  the  dark  color  above  by  a  white  band  which  is  broadest  in  the 
middle;  broad  black  band  from  eye  to  base  of  pectorals,  with  white 
area  in  its  center,  that  joins  the  white  throat  below  the  eye;  fins 
black,  margined  anteriorly  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2097;  end  of  beak  to  base  of  dorsal, 
932;  breadth  of  flukes,  420;  anterior  margin  of  pectoral  fin,  305. 


Order  v.    Ungulata,    Hoofed  Quadrupeds. 

The  Order  Ungulata  comprises  those  animals  formed  for  a  terres- 
trial existence  and  whose  food  is  mainly  vegetable,  although  certain 
ones  are  omnivorous.  The  molar  teeth  have  broad  crowns  and  their 
surfaces  ridged,  and  three  pair  are  always  present  in  each  jaw. 
There  are  no  clavicles  or  collar  bones,  and  the  limbs,  as  a  rule,  are 
only  capable  of  a  forward  and  backward  motion,  a  rotary  movement 
being  impossible.  The  limbs  generally  terminate  in  solid  bony  hoofs, 
but  in  some  cases  the  last  joint  of  the  toes  is  furnished  with  broad 
nails,  and  the  number  of  toes  varies  from  one  to  five,  but  in  cases 
where  the  toes  are  numerous  only  two  are  usually  of  importance  to 
the  animal.  In  no  instance  are  any  claws  present.  The  Ungulates 
vary  greatly  in  size,  from  the  diminutive  Dik-Dik  Antelope,  pigmy 
Hog  and  Hyrax,  to  the  lordly  Elephant,  the  bulky  Rhinoceros  and 
Hippopotamus,  and  the  lofty  Giraffe.  A  characteristic  of  members 
of  this  Order  is  the  presence  of  horns  on  some  portions  of  the  head, 
usually  witnessed  only  on  the  male.  These  appendages  vary  greatly 
in  size,  structure,  and  pattern,  and  are  most  effective,  in  the  majority 
of  instances,  as  weapons  of  offense  or  defense.  Many  extinct  species 
of  Ungulates  possessed  four  or  five  digits  to  each  limb,  but  no  existing 
species,  except  the  elephant,  has  more  than  four,  the  majority  indeed 
possessing  only  two,  while  in  the  horse  but  one  remains.  The  Order 
has  two  divisions,  those  that  may  be  termed  the  true  Ungulates,  con- 
taining the  vast  majority  of  the  species,  such  as  Hippopotamus, 
Swine,  Llamas,  Deer,  Antelope,  Sheep,  Goats,  Tapirs,  Rhinoceros, 
Horse,  etc.;  and  the  Subungulata,  with  the  majestic  Elephant  and 
the  curious  little  animal,  the  Hyrax,  very  rodent -like  in  appearance, 
but  entirely  distinct  from  the  other  members  of  the  Order,  and  which 
occupies  quite  an  independent  position  among  mammals. 

The  Ungulates  are  distributed  throughout  the  globe  excepting 
Australia,  and  are  found  from  the  Arctic  regions  to  the  Tropics,  the 
largest  number  of  species  inhabiting  the  warmer  portions  of  the 
earth.  Some  Ungulates  go  in  herds  containing  many  thousand  indi- 
viduals, like  the  American  Bison  which  only  a  few  years  ago  roamed 
the  Western  plains  in  countless  numbers,  but  have  passed  away  for- 
ever, save  a  semi-domesticated  remnant ;  and  many  species  of  African 
Antelope  that  once  covered  the  veldt  with  their  mighty  hosts  are 
likewise  rapidly  disappearing  before  the  rifles  of  the  so-called  sports- 
man and  the  skin  hunter. 

60 


TAGASSU.  61 

The  members  of  the  first  Family  of  the  Ungulates  to  be  con- 
sidered, the  Peccaries,  differ  from  those  of  the  family  Suidce  in 
various  respects.  They  lack  one  pair  of  upper  incisors,  and  the 
anterior  premolar  in  each  jaw.  The  canines,  large  and  formidable, 
are  directed  downward,  not  upward,  and  the  last  premolar  is 
complex.  The  stomach  has  three  compartments,  and  is  more  com- 
plicated than  that  of  the  true  pigs.  These  animals  are  fearless  and 
pugnacious,  associate  in  droves,  sometimes  of  considerable  numbers, 
and  when  attacked,  all  assume  the  offensive,  and  are  capable  of 
doing  much  damage  with  their  sharp  tushes,  and  a  man  in  the  midst 
of  a  number  of  enraged  Peccaries  is  fortunate  if  he  is  able  to  find  a 
tree  to  climb,  that  being  about  the  only  method  of  saving  his  life. 
Two  species  have  been  long  known,  but  lately  a  number  of  others 
have  been  described,  some  of  which  may  prove  to  possess  distinctive 
values. 

Fam.  I.     Tagassuidie.    Peccaries. 

Snout  elongate,  truncate;  flat  terminal  naked  surface  in  which 
the  nostrils  are  placed.  Stomach  complex;  caecum  present.  Four 
toes  on  front  feet,  three  on  hind  feet.  Incisors  rooted;  upper  canines 
pointed  downward,  with  cutting  edges;  upper  outer  incisors  and 
anterior  premolars  of  both  jaws  wanting.  Third  and  fourth  meta- 
podials  united  at  their  upper  ends.  Ears  small,  erect.  Body 
covered  with  bristly  hair.  Musk  gland  on  the  middle  of  the  back. 

27.  *Tagassu. 

T  2-2  .     p  I-I  .     p  3-3  .     TUT  3-3   _      -  O 

L3=3'   UI=i'   F'1=S'   M'F3  -  38' 

T.  Gill.  Note  on  the  names  of  the  genera  of  Peccaries,  Proc. 
Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1902,  p.  38. 

J.  A.  Allen.  The  Generic  and  Specific  names  of  the  Peccaries, 
Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1902,  p.  162. 

O.  Thomas.  The  Generic  names  of  the  Peccaries,  Northern  Fur 
Seal  and  Sea  Leopard,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1902,  pp.  153,  197. 

Tagassu  Frisch,  Syst.  vierfuss.  Thiere,  in  Tabellen,  3  Tab.  Gen.  1775. 
Tayassu  Fisch.,    Zoogn.,  in,    1814,    p.    284.     Type  Sus  tajacu 
Linnaeus. 


*  Messrs.  Gill,  Allen,  and  Thomas  (1.  c.)  have  given  their  views  regarding  the 
proper  generic  names  for  the  Peccaries,  each  arriving  at  a  different  conclusion, 
no  two  of  them  agreeing,  and  thus  exhibiting,  in  a  certain  degree,  the  very 
unstable  foundation  on  which  nomenclature  rests.  Not  wishing  to  add  to  the 
confusion  by  giving  another  opinion,  even  if  it  were  necessary,  I  have  fol- 
lowed Dr.  Allen,  whose  argument  is  apparently  the  strongest  of  the  three. 
Mr.  Thomas  in  a  later  publication  abandons  his  position  and  accepts  Dr.  Allen's 
view  (1.  c.). 


62  TAGASSU. 

Dicotyles  G.  Cuv.,  Regn.  Anim.,  i,  1817,  p.  237. 

Notophorus  Fisch.,  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  v,  1817,  p.  418. 

Adenonotus  Brookes,  Prodr.  Syn.  Anim.,  n,  1828. 

Size  large;  mane  not  covering  the  rump;  sides  of  rostrum  not 
flattened,  and  divided  by  zygomatic  ridge;  palate  long,  narrow,  with 
median  ridge,  and  extending  beyond  last  molar;  deep  cavity  on  root  of 
zygoma  anterior  to  orbit,  which  is  small  and  incomplete  behind,  the 
postorbital  process  not  joining  the  zygoma;  pterygoid  plates  of  the 
alisphenoid  form  the  interpterygoid  fossa. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Rostrum   and  nasals  flattened  anteriorly,  con- 
vex posteriorly;    sides  of   rostrum   excavated 
over  premolars;  palate  with  sharp  ridge  from 
first  premolar  to  canine, 
a.  Stripe  over  shoulder.  PAGE 

a.'  Size  small;  color  grizzled  black  and  buff T.  nanus       62 

b.'  Size  large. 

a."  Shoulder  stripe  white,  sides  black  and 

white T.  angulatum       63 

b."  Shoulder   stripe  yellowish  ochraceous, 

narrow;  sides  dark,  less  gray T.  a.  hunter  ale       63 

c."  Shoulder  stripe  broad ;  sides  whitish .  T.  a.  yucatanense       63 
d."  Shoulder  stripe  indistinct,  very  narrow ; 

sides  grizzled  gray T.  a.  crassum       64 

e."  Shoulder  stripe  indistinct ;  color  mixed 

grayish  and  brownish  black T.  a.  sonoriense       64 

f."  Shoulder  stripe,  wide  and  tawny  ....    T.  crusnigrum       65 

A.  Tagassu. 
46.  nanus  (Tayassu),  Merr.,  Proc.    Biol.  Soc.    Wash.,  xiv,  1901,  p. 

102. 
DWARF  PECCARY. 

Type  locality.     Island  of  Cozumel,  Yucatan. 

Genl.  Char.     Small,  similar  to  T.  angulatum. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  black  and  buff;  broad  buffy  stripe  on 
shoulders;  rest  of  body  with  black  dorsal  stripe  from  occiput  to  tail; 
ears  and  feet  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  840;  tail  vertebrae,  32;  hind  foot, 
175.  Skull:  basal  length,  176;  Hensel,  168;  palatal  length,  120; 
occipito-nasal  length,  189;  zygomatic  breadth,  100;  upper  tooth 
row,  52. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXV,  ZOOLOGY. 


TAGASSU  ANGULATUM. 

No.  56  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXVI,  ZOOLOGY. 


TAGASSU  ANGULATUM. 

No.  56  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     ^  nat.  size. 


TAGASSU.  63 

47.  angulatum   (Dicotyles),  Cope,  Amer.   Nat.,  xxm,    1889,  p.   147. 

tajacu  (Dicotyles},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  33  (Part). 
TEXAN  PECCARY.  Moran,  Jabali,  in  Mexico. 

Type  locality.     Guadalupe  River,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northeastern  Mexico  into  Texas. 

Gcnl.  Char.  "Molar  crest  erect,  reaching  base  of  canine  alveolus; 
nasal  bones  angulate  on  median  line;  first  upper  molar  quadri- 
tubercular,  with  intermediate  tubercles,  and  quadrate  in  outline, 
molariform;  molars  wrinkled." 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  mixed  black  and  white,  black 
predominating  on  face,  mane,  and  along  dorsal  line;  throat,  under 
parts,  ears  and  patch  behind  ears,  nose  and  hoofs,  black;  white  band 
over  shoulders  to  middle  of  back. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  960.  (Skin  from  Texas.)  Skull  : 
occipito-nasal  length,  206;  zygomatic  width,  104;  Hensel,  184;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  60;  length  of  nasals,  80;  length  of  upper  tooth 
row.  62;  length  of  mandible,  143;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  6S. 

a. — humerale   (Tayassu),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901, 

p.  122. 
ARMERIA  PECCARY. 

Type  locality.     Armeria,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Colima  to  Tehuantepec,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  T.  angulatum,  but  sides  grayer;  head 
yellower;  dorsal  band  more  strongly  marked." 

Color.  Black  dorsal  band  from  behind  ears  to  tail;  general  color 
of  upper  parts  mixed  black  and  white,  the  white  predominating;  top 
of  nose  and  head  black  and  ochraceous  buff;  sides  of  nose  and  face 
paler,  ochraceous  buff  predominating;  sides  white  and  black  like 
back;  rump  mostly  black;  stripe  over  shoulders  to  center  of  back 
straw  yellow ;  mane  black  and  white ;  chest  and  middle  of  belly  black ; 
rest  of  under  parts  dull  ochraceous  buff;  the  bristles  being  ringed 
with  horn  color  and  buff;  limbs  brownish  or  chestnut,  black  in  front; 
ears  blackish ;  hoofs  brownish  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  960;  tail,  60;  hind  foot,  215.  Skull: 
basal  length,  203;  occipito-nasal  length,  224;  zygomatic  breadth,  108; 
across  squamosals  posteriorly,  99;  palatal  length,  151 ;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  67. 

b. — yucatanense  (Tayassu),   Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,   xiv, 

1901,  p.  123. 
YUCATAN  PECCARY. 

Type  locality.     Tunkas,  State  of  Yucatan. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Arid  peninsula  of  Yucatan. 


64  TAOASSU. 

Genl.  Char.     Sexes  nearly  alike  in  color  and  size. 

Color.  Similar  to  T.  angulatum,  but  "sides  decidedly  whiter; 
shoulder  stripes  broader  and  more  conspicuous  and  somewhat  sub- 
triangular,  broadest  where  they  abut  against  the  median  dorsal  black 
band,  which  is  well  developed;  (shoulder  stripes  broadest  and  most 
striking  in  young) ;  pelage  coarser  and  scantier,  the  individual  bristles 
decidedly  larger  and  fewer  in  number;  no  black  on  nose  or  under- 
lip."  (Merr.) 

Measurements.     Total  length,  880;  tail,  36;  hind  foot,  183. 

c. — crassum  (Tayassu),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  ipoi.p.  124. 
HEAVY  PECCARY. 

Type  locality.     Metlaltoyuca,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     States  of  Puebla  and  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  angulatum,  but  larger;  bristles  large 
and  rigid;  dorsal  stripe  ill  defined;  "anterior  opening  of  antorbital 
foramen  between  second  and  third  premolars."*  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

Color.  General  hue  grizzled  gray;  black  dorsal  stripe  indistinct 
or  obsolete;  hind  legs  grizzled  black  and  fulvous. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  950;  tail,  54;  hind  foot,  203. 

d. — sonoriense    (Dicotyles),    Mearns,    Proc.    U.  S.    Nat.    Mus.,    xx, 

1897,  p. 469. 
SONORA  PECCARY. 

Type  locality.  San  Bernardino  River,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico, 
near  Monument  No.  77,  Mexican  boundary  line. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  into  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  T.  angulatum,  with  smaller  and  simpler 
molars. 

Color.  Above  mixed  grayish  and  yellowish  white  and  brownish 
black;  indistinct  whitish  color  across  neck  and  in  front  of  shoulder; 
muzzle,  cheeks  and  space  before  eyes  brownish  gray;  under  jaw 
yellowish,  triangular  black  patch  on  chin;  ears  black;  limbs  brownish 
white  and  black,  with  a  light  band  above  accessory  hoofs  on  fore  legs; 
under  parts  blackish;  grayish  on  axillar  and  inguinal  regions;  snout 
plumbeous;  hoofs  plumbeous  black;  mane  of  black-tipped  bristles 
from  crown  to  gland  on  rump.  Young  pale  reddish  brown,  with 
black  vertical  stripes. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  920;  tail  vertebrae,  65;  ear  from 
crown,  115;  height  at  shoulder,  610;  hind  foot,  200. 

*  The  position  of  the  opening  of  the  antorbital  foramen  is  not  a  dependable 
character,  for  in  a  series  of  skulls  from  Texas  and  Mexico,  this  opening  is  found 
to  be  between  the  second  and  third  premolar,  over  the  third  premolar  (both 
specimens  from  the  same  locality) ,  and  between  the  third  premolar  and  the  first 
molar,  and  is  thus  shown  to  vary  greatly. 


TAGASSU.  65 

48.  crusnigrum   (Tayassu),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix, 

1902,  p.  20. 
BOQUETE  PECCARY. 

Type  locality.  Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama,  Central  America. 
Altitude,  4,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Allied  to  T.  angtdatum,  but  shoulder  stripes  appar- 
ently darker  (young  individuals) ;  in  adults  the  same. 

Color.  "Legs,  arms,  central  dorsal  and  central  ventral  stripes, 
black;  rump  mostly  black,  a  few  of  the  hairs  (bristles)  annulated 
with  tawny;  conspicuous  shoulder  stripes,  tawny;  sides  of  head  and 
of  body  mixed  tawny  and  black;  all  the  hairs  annulated  with  these 
colors;  hairs  on  outer  surface  of  ears  mostly  black;  those  on  inner 
surface  mostly  tawny."  (Type  juv.  ad.  Bangs,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  "Old  ad.  ?.  Total  length,  1030;  hind  foot  and 
hoof,  170;  ear,  80.  Skull:  basal  length,  197;  occipito-nasal  length, 
222;  zygomatic  width,  103;  greatest  width  across  squamosals  post- 
eriorly, 98;  palatal  length  to  palatal  notch,  140;  breadth  of  basi- 
occipital  between  bullae  posteriorly,  19;  length  of  upper  molariform 
series,  64."  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

B.  Olidosus. 

Dicotyles  Gray  (nee  Cuv.),  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1868,  p.  45. 
Olidosus    Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1901,    p.    120.      Type 
Tayassu  pecari  Fischer. 


FIG.  XXII.    TAGASSU  PECARI.    WHITE-LIPPED  PECCARY. 

Ex  Faun.  1'or.  Amer.  I,  Mamm. 


66  TAGASSU. 

Size  large;  mane  long,  bristly;  skull  large,  heavy;  nasals  flat  on 
top;  sides  of  rostrum  flattened,  swollen  over  premolars  and  not 
divided  by  zygomatic  ridge;  palate  broad,  flat  and  without  ridge 
between  first  molar  and  inner  side  of  canine;  zygomatic  ridge  dis- 
appearing over  second  premolar.  Second  lower  molar  with  posterior 
cusp  as  long  and  high  as  the  anterior. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Rostrum  and  nasals  broadly  flattened.  PAGE 

a.  Breast  and  under  parts  white T.  pecari       66 

b.  Breast  and  under  parts  grizzled  black  and 

fulvous T.  p.  ringens       66 

49.  pecari   (Tayassii),  Fischer,  Zoogn.,  in,  1814,  p.  285. 

albirostris  (Sus),  Illiger,  Abandl,  K,  Preuss.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin, 
1815,  p.  115. 

labiatus  Cuv.,  Regn.  Anim.,  i,  1817,  p.  238. 
WHITE-LIPPED  PECCARY.     Warree,  Caribbanco,  in  Costa  Rica. 

Type  locality.     Paraguay. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Guatemala,  Central  America  to  Paraguay  in  South 
America. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  lips  and  breast  white;  cranial  characters 
conspicuous. 

Color.  Top  of  head  and  upper  part  of  face,  from  above  angle  of 
mouth  to  a  line  with  the  ear,  dark  rufous  brown,  palest  on  cheeks; 
rest  of  upper  parts,  sides  and  limbs  to  heels,  dark  reddish  brown 
and  black;  snout  flesh  color;  upper  lips  and  top  of  nose,  chin,  lower 
parts  of  cheeks,  throat,  breast  and  under  parts  white;  limbs  below 
heels  light  brown,  with  a  blackish  brown  patch  in  front;  hoofs  black; 
ears  paler  than  head. 

Measurements.  About  the  same  as  the  following  subspecies. 
Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  250;  Hensel,  213;  zygomatic  breadth,  103  ; 
interorbital  constriction,  60;  length  of  nasals,  84;  palatal  length,  163; 
breadth  of  basi-occipital  between  bullae,  posteriorly,  20;  length  of 
upper  tooth  row,  72;  length  of  mandible,  exclusive  of  incisors,  184; 
height  of  condyle,  79;  at  coronoid  process,  88;  length  of  lower  molar 
series,  79. 

a. — ringens   (Tayassu),    Merr.,  Proc.    Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901, 

p.   121. 

SAVAGE  PECCARY. 

Type  locality.  Apazote,  near  Yohaltun,  State  of  Campeche, 
Mexico. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXVII,  ZOOLOGY. 


TAGASSU  <OLIDOSUS)  PECARI. 

No.  14872  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     H  nat.  size. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXVIII    ZOOLOGY 


TAGASSU  (OLIDOSUS)  PECARI. 

No.  14872  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     &  nat.  size. 


TAGASSU.  ODONTOCCELUS.  67 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  ears  small;  similar  to  T.  pecari,  but  white 
face  markings  more  extensive.  Cranial  characters  distinctive.  As 
compared  with  T.  pecari  the  "parietal  shield  is  narrower,  elevated 
and  bulging  upward  over  posterior  part  of  braincase;  nasals  more 
acute  anteriorly;  premaxillae  slightly  longer;  zygomata  and  posterior 
expansion  of  squamosals  decidedly  broader;  palatal  projection  behind 
molars  abruptly  narrowed  at  post  molar  notch  and  continuing  back- 
ward, with  smooth  parallel  sides  of  equal  breadth  throughout;  bullae 
smaller  and  ending  below  in  an  elongated  papilla  pointing  toward 
hamular  process;  basioccipital  narrower  between  bullae  poster- 
iorly." (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

Color.  Above  black,  slightly  grizzled  with  fulvous,  most  apparent 
on  sides  of  neck  and  shoulders;  muzzle,  chin  and  lips  yellowish 
white,  extending  on  under  jaw  to  beneath  ears;  under  parts  fulvous 
black;  legs  and  feet  blackish  mixed  with  whitish  near  hoofs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1180  (skin);  hind  foot,  229  (flesh), 
(Merr.).  Skull:  basal  length,  242;  Hensel,  231;  occipito-nasal  length, 
270;  zygomatic  breadth,  112;  breadth  across  squamosals  posteriorly, 
1 06;  palatal  length,  184;  breadth  of  basi-occipital  between  bullae, 
posteriorly,  20;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  78. 


The  Pecora,  or  true  Ruminants,  is  one  of  the  best  defined  groups 
of  the  Mammalia.  Its  members  are  sometimes  designated  as  the 
Solid-horned  ruminants,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Hollow-horned 
species  of  the  Bovine  group.  The  antlers,  which  are  usually  seen 
only  on  the  male,  are  grown  in  a  few  months  and  then  dropped, 
generally  about  the  time  the  young  are  born.  Some  of  these  de- 
fensive structures  are  of  great  size,  such  as  those  carried  by  the 
Moose  and  Wapiti,  and  it  seems  almost  incredible  that  their  growth 
from  a  mere  knob,  that  formed  the  base  of  the  antlers  of  the  previous 
season,  to  the  sometimes  immense  perfected  antlers  when  the  velvet 
disappears,  could  have  been  accomplished  in  so  brief  a  period.  Nearly 
all  lands  of  any  extent,  except  Australia,  possess  representatives  of 
this  Family,  and  its  members  are  probably  familiar  to  more  of  the 
human  race  than  those  of  most  groups  of  Mammals.  All  sizes,  from 
the  lordly  Moose  to  the  diminutive  Musk  Deer,  are  found  among 
them,  and  the  shapes  and  styles  of  the  horns  are  many  and  diverse. 
All  climates  are  encountered  by  these  animals,  from  the  ice  and  snow- 
covered  barrens  of  the  Arctic  regions  to  the  sun-baked  soil  of  tropical 
lands,  but,  wherever  found,  suitable  modifications  in  structure  and 
covering  have  been  produced  to  fit  them  to  resist  and  overcome  any 
climatic  influence  hostile  to  their  well  being. 


68  ODONTOCCELUS. 

In  the  countries  south  of  the  Mexican  and  United  States  boundary 
only  diminutive  members  of  the  CERVID/E  are  found,  and  but  few 
species  even  of  these.  Most  of  them  represent  in  miniature  the 
White-tailed  Deer  of  the  United  States,  similar  in  color  and  style  of 
antlers,  though  in  certain  species  there  is  a  tendency  to  a  darkening 
of  the  coat  and  to  the  disappearance  of  the  metatarsal  gland  and 
tuft,  which,  indeed,  in  some  are  entirely  wanting.  The  darker  color 
is  merely  characteristic  of  animals  living  in  humid  climates,  but  the 
absence  of  glands  is  not  so  easily  explained. 

Fam.  II.    Cervidse.    Deer. 

Antlers  solid,  always  present  on  the  male,  sometimes  also  on  the 
female;  first  molar  in  upper  and  lower  jaw  brachyodont;  lachrymal 
bone  prevented  from  articulating  with  the  nasals  by  an  extensive 
antorbital  vacuity;  lachrymal  duct  with  two  orifices  at  or  inside  rim 
of  orbit;  upper  canines  often  present,  sometimes  greatly  elongated 
in  the  male;  lateral  hoofs  nearly  always  present  on  all  the  feet;  no 
gall  bladder. 

Subfam.  I.     Cervinse. 
28.    Odoiitoccelus. 

T  o-o .   p  Oj_o .    p  SjzS .   \f3=3_ 
l-J=5«   K-o'    F-3-3'   M'3-3  -  32' 

Odocoileus  (sic)  Rafin.,  Atlantic  Jour.,  i,  1832,  No.  3,  p.  109,  fig. 
Type  Odocoileus!  speleus  Rafin.  =Cm;tts  americanus?  Erxleben. 

Mazama  H.  Smith,  Griff.  Anim.  King.,  v,  1827,  p.  314.  (nee 
Rafin.) 

Dorcelaphus    Gloger,   Hand-u.   Hilfsb.  Naturg.,  1841,  p.  140. 

Cariacus  Less.,  Nouv.  Tab.  Regn.  Anim.,  1842,  p.  173. 

Oplacerus  Haldeman,  Proc.  Acad.  Scien.  Phil.,  i,  1842,  p.  188. 

Reduncina  Wagn.,  Schreb.  Saugeth.,    iv,  1844,  p.  373. 

Macrotis  Wagn.,  Schreb.  Saugeth.  Suppl.,  iv,  1844,  p.  373. 

Eucervus  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xvm,  1866,  p.  338. 

Otelaphus  Fitzin.,  Sitzungsber,  Math.  Cl.  K.  Ak.  Wiss.  Wien., 
LXVIII,  Abth.  i,  1873,  p.  356. 

Gymnotis  Fitzin.,  Sitzungsber,  Math.  Cl.  K.  Ak.  Wiss.  Wien., 
LXXVIII,  Abth.  i,  1879,  p.  343. 

Dama  Zimm.,  Allen.  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1902,  pp.  18-20. 

Size  large;  antlers  on  male  only,  large,  with  sub-basal  snag, 
anterior  prong  of  main  fork  more  developed  than  the  posterior  one; 
metatarsal  gland  and  tuft  generally  present ;  tail  usually  long,  thickly 
haired  beneath;  face  gland  small;  gland  pit  moderate;  upper  canines 
absent. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXIX,  ZOOLOGY. 


ODONTOCCELUS  A.  TEXENSIS. 

No.  7612  Field  Columbian  Mus  Coll.    J  nat.  size. 


ODONTOCGELUS.  69 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Size  small. 

a.  Horns  similar  in  shape  to  those  of  O.  americanus.  PAGE 
a/  Upper  parts  pale  reddish;  tail  above  black. O.  a.  texensis       70 
b/  Upper  parts  dull  fawn;  tail  reddish  brown. .  .O.  a.  couesi       70 
c/  Upper  parts  gray  brown ;  tail  grizzled  white 

and  brown O.  battyi  7 1 

d/  Upper  parts  speckled  foxy  red ;  tail  foxy  red 

O.  lichtensteini  7  2 

e/  Upper  parts  brown,  tipped  with  fawn; 

tail  fawn,  tip  black O.  rothschildi       7  2 

b.  Horns  slightly  lyrate,  beams  straight, 
a/  Tarsal  gland  present. 

a."  Upper  parts  bright  chestnut ;  tail  above 

tawny O.  truii       73 

b/'  Upper  parts  mixed  black  and  buff;  tail 

above  cinnamon O.  costaricensis       73 

c."  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown  and  gray; 

tail  above  dusky O.  nemoralis       74 

b/  Tarsal  gland  absent. 

a/'  Upper  parts  dark  chestnut  brown ;  tail 

above  brown O.  toltecus       74 

c.  Horns   sloping  back  on  plane  of  face,  tips 
curving   inward  and    forward,  with  a  spike 
from  burr  on   inner    side    curving  inward 

and  forward O.  thomasi       75 

d.  Horns  small  subcylindrical  spikes O.  nelsoni       75 

B.  Size  large. 

a.  Horns  with  a  single  branch  from  main  tine.  .O.  cerrosensis       76 

b.  Horns  with  short  sub-basal  snag,  and  beam 
curving  upward  and  forming  a  dichotomous 
fork  and  again  dividing,  the  normal  points 
being  five  on  a  side. 

a/*  Upper  parts  tawny ;  tail  white  with  black 

tip  O.  hemionus  76 

b/*  Upper  parts  pale  tawny;  tail  with  dark 

median  band  above,  tip  black O.  h.  californicus  77 

c.'*  Upper  parts  fulvous;  tail  whitish,  tip 

black O.  h.  eremicus  77 

d/*  Upper  parts  drab  gray;  tail,  basal  half 

dark,  middle  part  white,  tip  black O.  h.  can  us       78 

*  Summer  pelage  described. 


70  ODONTOCCELUS. 

c.f  Horns  simple  spikes.  PAGE' 

a/  Upper  parts  pale  drab  gray;  tail  whitish, 

tip  black 0.  h.  peninsula       78 

b/t  Upper  parts  yellowish  gray  brown;  tail 

bright  rufous O.  sinaloce       78 

americanus  texensis  (Dorcelaphus) ,  Mearns,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 
1898,  p.  23. 

a.  texensis  (Odocoileus!},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  40. 
TEXAN  DEER.  Venado  in  Mexico  for  all  Deer. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Clark,  Kinney  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Texas  and  northern  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tip  and  edges  of  ears  black;  horns  small, 
incurved;  molar  teeth  large;  color  pale. 

Color. — Winter  Pelage.  Top  of  head  black,  sides  light  ash  gray; 
upper  parts  yellowish  white  and  gray  mixed;  black  line  from  crown 
to  root  of  tail;  sides  pale  yellowish  ash;  chest  fuliginous;  rest  of 
under  parts  white;  chin  white,  with  black  transverse  cross-bar;  jaws 
light  ash;  throat  white;  legs  reddish  fawn  mixed  with  gray  and 
black;  tail  black  above,  white  below. 

Summer  Pelage.     Pale  reddish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1585;  tail  vertebrae,  265;  ear  from 
crown,  160;  height  at  shoulder,  880. 

Antlers.  Length  of  beam  on  outside  curve,  440;  widest  expanse, 
330;  circumference  of  beam  at  base,  80. 

americanus  couesi  (Cervus),  Coues  and  Yarrow,    in  Wheel.  Geog. 

and  Geol.  Surv.  West  tooth  Merid.,  1875,  p.  72- 
americanus  couesi  (Odocoileus!},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901, 

p.  72. 

mexicanus  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1875,  P-  ^53-     (Part.) 
virginianus  var.  Coues  and  Yarrow,  in  Wheel.,  Rep.  Geog.  and 

Geol.  Surv.  West  looth  Merid.,  v,  1875,  pp.  72-75. 
var.  couesi    Rothrock,   Rep.  Geog.  and  Geol.  Surv.  West   looth 

Merid.,  v,  1875,  p.  72. 
COUES'  DEER. 

Type  locality.     Camp  Crittenden,  Pima  County,  Arizona. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Arizona  and  State  of  Sonora  to  City  of  Mexico. 
Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  0.  americanus,  horns  similar. 
Color. — Summer  Pelage.     Above  pale  dull  fawn  color,  tinged  with 
ochraceous ;  dorsal  area  mouse  gray ;  sides  tawny  or  reddish  brown ; 


t  Animal  not  fully  adult. 
J  Animal  not  fully  adult. 


ODONTOCCELUS. 


71 


FIG.  XXIII.    ODONTOCCELUS  A  COUESI.    CODES'  DEER. 

throat,  under  parts  and  inner  side  of  limbs  white;  tail  above  reddish 
brown,  fringed  with  white,  beneath  pure  white. 

Measurements.  Height  at  withers,  812;  at  rump,  902;  ears,  197. 
Skull:  occipital  condyles  to  apex  of  intermaxillae,  210;  width  across 
orbits,  96;  zygomatic  width,  90;  interparoccipital  width,  45;  length  of 
nasals,  68;  occipital  condyles  to  anterior  edge  of  intermaxillae,  210. 

50.  battyi   (Odocoileus!},  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903,  p. 

59i- 
BATTY'S  DEER. 

Type   locality.     Rancho    Santuario,    State   of   Durango,    Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  0.  a.  coucsi,  but  skull  with  smaller  ant- 
orbital  vacuities,  broader  and  less  arched  nasals;  basisphenoid 
more  cuneate,  dentition  heavier  and  antlers  bent  more  sharply 
outward. 

Color. — Winter  Pelage.  Upper  parts  gray  brown,  sometimes 
tinged  with  buff,  top  of  head  and  dorsal  line  to  tail  darkest ;  flanks 
lighter;  middle  of  throat  white;  sides  of  throat,  cheeks,  foreneck 
and  chest  pale  grayish  brown,  sometimes  with  a  buffy  tinge;  lower 
breast,  axillae  and  inside  of  fore  legs,  lower  part  of  abdomen,  inguinal 
region,  inner  side  of  thighs  and  hind  leg,  white;  tarsal  gland  white 
around  a  deep  orange  center;  a  narrow  white  band  above  hoofs; 


72  ODONTOCCELUS. 

ears  gray  brown;  black  patch  on  side  of  nose  and  on  lower  lip;  tail 
at  base  above  with  the  hairs  dark  brown,  tipped  with  white;  some- 
times deep  ochraceous  with  the  base  yellowish  brown ;  edges  and  lower 
surface  white  or  mixed  yellow  and  white ;  hind  part  of  rump  white ; 
ear  externally  gray  brown,  white  internally. 

Measurements.  Male,  total  length,  1574;  head  and  body,  1371; 
tail  vertebrae,  216;  ear  from  crown,  190;  from  notch,  160.  Skull: 
total  length,  248;  occipito-nasal  length,  201;  Hensel,  220;  zygomatic 
breadth,  115;  interorbital  constriction,  61.5;  mastoid  breadth,  85.5; 
greatest  length  of  nasals,  77;  greatest  width  of  nasals,  31;  length  of 
upper  premolar  series,  69.5;  length  of  mandible,  192;  height,  at 
condyle,  64;  at  coronoid,  96;  length  of  lower  premolar  series,  alveolar 
border,  72.  Antlers:  length  of  main  beam  along  external  curvature, 
353;  from  burr  to  top  of  fork  of  first  point  in  straight  line,  71;  to 
second,  179;  from  second  to  third,  103;  between  tips,  218;  between 
burrs,  56;  greatest  expanse,  inside  measurement,  340. 

51.  lichtensteini   (Cervus),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1902, 

p.  20  (footnote). 

*mexicana  Licht.,  Darstell.  Thiere,   1827,  p.  34,  pi.   xvm.    (nee 

Gmel.  et  Auct.) 
MEXICAN  DEER. 

Type  locality.     Unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  Mexico,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  resembling  0.  americanus  in  style  of 
horns  and  general  appearance;  tail  short;  metatarsal  gland  situated 
in  thick  tuft  of  hair. 

Color. — Winter  Pelage.  Grayish  or  ashy  brown,  under  parts  paler; 
chin,  throat,  and  inguinal  regions  white;  chest  reddish  brown;  tail 
above  at  base  like  the  back,  tip  and  under  part  white. 

Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  speckled  foxy  red;  head  and  ears 
dark  grizzled  gray,  tawny  behind  and  below  ears;  chin,  lower  jaw, 
throat  and  under  parts  pure  white;  tail  bright  foxy  red  above, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Height  at  shoulder,  2  feet  9  inches;  antlers  1.1% 
inches  long  to  13^  along  the  curve. 

52.  rothschildi   (Dama),  Thomas,  Novitat.  Zool.,  ix,  1902,  p.  136. 
ROTHSCHILD'S  DEER. 

Type  locality.     Coiba  Island,  off  west  coast  of  Panama. 
Genl.  Char.     Size  very  small;  horns  short,  two  or  three  tined. 
Skull  small,  delicate;  antorbital  vacuities  large;  no  metatarsal  gland. 

*Cervus  mexicanus  Gmel.  is  indeterminable;  see  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  1902,  p.  20,  footnote. 


ODONTOCCELUS.  78 

Color.  Upper  parts  brown,  hair  tipped  with  fawn;  dorsal  line 
darker;  whitish  mark  on  each  side  of  muzzle,  and  one  above  and 
below  each  eye;  chin,  throat,  inner  sides  of  the  upper  part  of  fore 
legs,  inguinal  region,  and  inner  side  of  thighs  white;  rest  of  under 
parts  rufous  fawn,  as  are  also  the  outer  side  of  thighs  and  feet;  tarsal 
glands  reddish  brown;  tail  above  at  base  fawn,  terminal  portion 
black,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Head  and  body,  1120;  tail,  100;  hind  foot,  with 
hoofs,  290;  ear  from  notch,  88  (skin).  Skull:  greatest  length,  201; 
basal  length,  180;  greatest  breadth,  86.5;  nasals,  64X22.5;  muzzle  to 
orbit,  103;  breadth  of  braincase,  58;  muzzle  to  anterior  premolar,  61  ; 
alveolar  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  65  ;  of  lower  tooth  row,  26. 

53.  *truii  (Odocoiletis!),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p. 

103  (note). 

clavatus  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1888,  p.  417.  (nee  H.  Smith). 
TRUE'S  DEER. 

Type  locality.     Segovia  River,  Honduras. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Honduras,  Central  America.  Extent  of  range  not 
known. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  metatarsal  gland  present.  Antlers 
simple  spikes,  directed  backward  in  line  of  face. 

Color.  —  Summer  Pelage.  Bright  chestnut  ;  dusky  brown  band  from 
nose  to  forehead,  which  is  darker  than  face;  orbital  ring  whitish  ;  white 
spot  on  each  side  of  nostril  and  one  on  lower  lip;  head  beneath  and 
throat  white;  back  bright  chestnut;  chest  and  flanks  pale  chestnut; 
neck  pale  grayish  chestnut;  abdomen,  inguinal  region  and  inside  of 
fore  legs  and  thighs  white;  tail  above  tawny,  beneath  white;  hairs  of 
tarsal  gland  white. 

Antlers.  Slightly  lyrate  in  form;  beams  straight,  slender,  laterally 
compressed  and  pointed  ;  basal  two-thirds  rugose. 

Measurements.  (Skin.)  "Height  at  shoulder,  732  ,  length  of  head, 
246;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  239;  length  of  antler,  88;  juv."  (True,  1.  c.) 
Skull:  basal  length,  200-220;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  66;  lower 
tooth  row,  73  ;  length  of  three  lower  premolars,  28. 

54.  fcostaricensis  (Odocoileus!),  Miller,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv, 

P-  35- 


*  The  animal  with  red  pelage  as  described  by  Dr.  True,  will  stand  for  the 
type  clavatus=truii.  The  example  mentioned  by  Dr.  True,  as  in  "Winter 
Pelage,"  proves  on  examination  and  on  the  statement  to  me  of  Mr.  Townsend, 
who  obtained  it,  to  have  been  killed  in  July.  It  is  a  larger  animal  than  truii, 
and  very  differently  colored  ,  and  cannot  be  supposed  to  exhibit  a  pelage  other 
than  that  of  summer.  It  possibly  represents  a  separate  race. 

t  This  may  possibly  be  the  same  as  O.  nentoralis,  the  following  species,  exam- 
ples of  which  from  Costa  Rica  are  stated  to  be  in  the  British  Museum.  See 
Lydekker,  Deer  of  all  Lands,  1898,  p.  265. 


74  ODONTOCCELUS. 

COSTA  RICA  DEER. 

Type  locality.  Talamanca,  eastern  side  of  Costa  Rica,  and  the 
foot  of  the  Cordilleras. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.     Larger  than  O.  truii,  color  lighter. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  buff,  the  hairs  being  black  with  a 
buff  subterminal  band;  darkest  on  top  of  head,  neck  and  fore  part 
of  back;  sides  lighter;  throat  whitish;  under  parts  wood  brown; 
inguinal  region  and  line  along  belly  to  chest  white;  tail  above  cinna- 
mon, tip  dusky;  beneath  white;  ears  dark  brownish  gray  outside, 
white  inside;  legs  cinnamon. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1400;  tail,  120;  hind  foot,  375;  ear 
from  crown,  no.  Skull:  greatest  length,  250-264;  basal  length, 
237-250;  median  palatal  length,  155-165;  width  of  palate  between 
anterior  molars,  38-46;  interorbital  constriction,  57-64;  greatest 
width  between  lower  rims  of  orbit,  101-112;  zygomatic  breadth, 
94.6-108;  mastoid  breadth,  74-86;  occipital  depth,  57-58;  length  of 
mandible,  190-195;  upper  tooth  row,  68;  lower  tooth  row,  79-82; 
length  of  three  lower  premolars,  31-33. 

55.  nemoralis     (Cervus),    H.    Smith,   Griff.   Anim.    King.,   iv,    1827, 

P-  137- 
HAMILTON  SMITH'S  DEER. 

Type  locality.  •  "Virginia"? 

Geogr.  Distr.     Honduras  to  Panama,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  truii.  Metatarsal  gland  very  small. 
Antlers  small;  beams  straight,  with  a  small  tine  in  front  above  the 
burr  pointing  upward;  another  tine  at  tip  turned  inward  and  for- 
ward, with  a  short  posterior  tine  almost  making  a  forked  termina- 
tion to  the  beam. 

Color.  Forehead  and  crown  blackish;  upper  lip  and  patch  on 
lower  lip,  black;  sides  of  nostrils,  lower  lip,  and  chin,  white;  space 
around  eye  fawn;  rest  of  upper  parts  and  sides  yellowish  brown 
gray;  under  parts  of  buttocks  white;  limbs  "ochery";  tail  above 
dusky,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Height  at  withers,  98.5;  antler,  90.5  in  length; 
spread,  219.4. 

56.  toltecus   (Ccri'tis),  Sauss.,  Rev.   Mag.   Zool.,  2me  Se"r.,  xn,  1860, 

p.  247. 

yucatanensis  Hays,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  x,  1874,  p.  218. 
acapulcensis  (Cervus),  Caton,  Antel.  &  Deer,  Amer.,  1877,  p.  113. 
YUCATAN  DEER. 

Type  locality.     Near  Orizaba,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 


ODONTOCCELUS.  75 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Vera  Cruz  to  Yucatan,  southeastern 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small;  tail  long;  antlers  short,  straight, 
semi-palmate;  metatarsal  gland  wanting.  Color  same  at  all  seasons. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  chestnut  brown;  under  parts  white; 
face  blackish;  tail  brown  above,  white  beneath.  Color  of  pelage 
does  not  change  with  the  seasons. 

Measurements.     One-third  smaller  than  O.  americanus. 

57.  thomasi   (Odocoileus!),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

p.  102. 
THOMAS'  DEER. 

Type  locality.     Huehuetan,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Oaxaca  and  Chiapas,  southeastern 
Mexico.  Limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  metatarsal  gland  very  small,  midway 
between  calcaneum  and  hoof.  Skull  and  teeth  similar  to  those  of 
O.  truii  from  Honduras. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  General  color  fulvous;  forehead  black,  or 
black  and  fulvous;  inside  of  thighs,  middle  of  belly,  hind  part  of  fore 
legs,  and  inguinal  region  white;  chin  white,  with  the  usual  black 
patch  on  each  side;  tail  above  bright  fulvous,  beneath  white. 

Antlers  slope  backwards  nearly  on  plane  of  face,  with  tips  curving 
inward  and  forward.  On  inner  side  near  burr  of  both  beams  is  a 
spike  no  mm.  in  length,  which  curves  backward  and  forward. 
Spread  between  tips  of  these  spikes  50  mm.  On  the  left  beam  70  mm. 
from  tip  is  a  posterior  prong  50  mm.  long  which  projects  backward 
and  inward. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  1544;  tail  vertebrae,  153; 
hind  foot,  425  (ex  Merr.,  1.  c.).  Skull:  basal  length,  220-230;  length 
of  upper  tooth  row,  70;  lower  tooth  row,  73;  length  of  three  lower 
premolars,  32. 

58.  nelsoni   (Odocoileus!),   Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,   1898, 

p.  103. 
NELSON'S  DEER. 

Type  locality.  San  Christobal,  highlands  of  State  of  Chiapas, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chiapas,  southern  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  medium;  top  of  head  and  dorsal  band  blackish. 

Color.  Above  brownish  gray,  grizzled  tips  of  hairs  fulvous;  black 
stripe  from  nose  to  forehead,  which  is  also  blackish;  dorsal  band 
from  head  to  rump  black;  ears  grizzled  gray;  chin  white,  crossed  by 
black  bar;  inner  and  back  side  of  fore  legs,  inner  side  of  thighs,  and 


76  ODONTOCCELUS. 

inguinal  regions  white ;  sides  of  belly  and  legs  pale  fulvous ;  tail  above 
fulvous,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Type.  "Total  length,  1250;  tail  vertebrae,  170; 
hind  foot,  360"  (Merr.,  1.  c.).  Animal  probably  not  fully  grown. 

59.  cerrosensis    (Odocoileus!),    Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.    Wash.,    xn, 

1898,  p.  101. 
CERROS  ISLAND  DEER. 

Type  locality.  Cerros  or  Cedros  Island,  off  coast  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  O.  h.  calif ornicus ,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  dark  grizzled  gray;  blackish  dorsal  band  from 
occiput  to  and  over  upper  surface  of  tail;  dusky  spot  on  top  of  nose 
and  one  each  side  of  nostrils;  forehead  dark;  ears  grizzled  gray  exte- 
riorly, interiorly  white;  throat  and  neck  dusky  gray;  middle  of  breast 
and  fore  legs  blackish;  sides  of  breast  and  belly  like  upper  parts; 
abdomen,  and  inguinal  region  whitish;  thighs,  inner  side  of  hind  legs, 
and  back  of  fore  legs  buffy;  tail,  dark  band  above,  basal  two-thirds 
whitish,  remainder  blackish. 

Antlers.  Small,  bowed  outward,  tips  incurved.  A  single  branch 
projects  backward  and  upward  from  upper  third  of  main  tine. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  1560;  tail  vertebrae,  180; 
hind  foot,  380;  ear  from  crown,  180  (ex  Merr.,  1.  c.). 

60.  hemionus   (Cervus),  Rafin.,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  i,  1817,  p.  436. 
macrotis  Say,  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  n,  1823,  p.  88. 
auritus  Ward,  Desc.  Etats  Unis,  v,  1820,  p.  540. 

hemionus  (Odocoileus),  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  42. 
MULE  DEER. 

Type  locality.  "Sioux  River,"  probably  on  eastern  border  of 
South  Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California  north  through  Nevada  to  lati- 
tude of  San  Francisco,  and  west  of  the  Missouri  River  from  Fort 
George,  south  to  Texas;  including  North  and  South  Dakotas, 
Nebraska,  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho, 
Nevada,  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  body  heavy;  ears  very  large,  thicklv 
haired;  tail  moderate,  round,  white,  tipped  with  a  black  tuft,  naked 
beneath  basally.  Metatarsal  gland  occupying  upper  half  of  outer 
side  of  canon  bone;  tarsal  gland  present. 

Antlers  with  short  sub-basal  snag,  the  beam  from  this  projecting 
outward  and  then  upward,  forking  dichotomously,  both  prongs 
nearly  equal,  and  then  again  dividing. 


ODONTOCCELUS.  77 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Pale  yellow,  dull  yellowish,  or  yellowish 
tawny;  this  is  replaced  in  the  early  autumn  by  a  bluish  gray  coat, 
growing  lighter  in  color  as  the  hairs  lengthen  during  the  winter.  A 
dark  brown  patch  on  forehead  between  the  eyes  and  extending  below 
them  on  the  face;  remainder  of  face  and  throat  white,  as  are  also  the 
abdomen,  inner  side  of  legs  and  buttocks;  rest  of  under  parts  blackish 
brown;  tail  white,  tip  black;  ear  bordered  with  black  anteriorly. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  male,  1983;  tail  vertebrae,  203. 

* Antlers.  Length  along  curve,  393-698;  tip  to  tip,  189-369; 
widest  inside,  369-483. 

a. — californicus  (Cariacus),  Caton,  Amer.  Nat.,  1876,  p.  464. 

h.  californicus  (Odocoileus!),  Elliot,  Syn. N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p. 43. 
CALIFORNIA  MULE  DEER. 

Type  locality.  St.  Julian  Ranch,  Summit  of  Gaviota  Pass, 
Coast  Range,  forty  miles  from  Santa  Barbara,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  In  the  Coast  Range  south  of  San  Francisco  and 
into  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Ears  smaller  than  those  of  the  type  species ;  tail  differs 
from  that  of  O.  hemionus  by  having  a  dark  median  stripe  above; 
metatarsal  gland  very  large. 

Color.  Similar  to  0.  hemionus,  the  chief  difference  being  the 
dark  band  on  top  of  the  tail  embracing  one-third  of  the  circumfer- 
ence; under  side  of  tail  naked,  tip  black. 

.Measurements.     Rather  smaller  in  size  than  O.  hemionus. 

b. — eremicus    (Dorcelaphus) ,    Mearns,   Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xx, 

1897,  p.  470. 
DESERT  MULE  DEER. 

Type  locality.  Sierra  Seri,  near  the  Gulf  of  California,  State  of 
Sonora,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California  and  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 
Limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large,  color  pale. 

Color.  Above  pale  drab  gray;  dark  vertebral  line  from  neck  to 
tail,  extending  a  short  distance  on  latter;  inguinal  region,  abdomen, 
and  middle  of  tail  all  around  white ;  chest  sooty  drab ;  hind  part  of 
legs  pale  cinnamon;  upper  side  of  tail  at  base  dusky,  middle  portion 
all  white;  end  black  like  true  O.  hemionus. 

Antlers  are  stout,  with  beam  of  considerable  length  before  forking; 
expanse  between  tips,  620-775. 

Measurements.     The  type  of  this  form  was  merely  a  flat  skin 

*  Ward's  horn  measurements. 


78  ODONTOCCELUS. 

which  is  now  used  as  a  rug  in  a  private  house  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
and  no  measurements  are  available. 

c. — canus  (Odocoileus!),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  in, 

1901,  p.  560. 
CHIHUAHUA  MULE  DEER. 

Type  locality.     Sierra  en  Media,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  hemionus,  but  paler  (winter  pelage). 
Antlers  similar  but  lighter  and  more  slender. 

Color.  Above  pale  gray;  top  of  head  and  face  pale  brown;  chin 
white;  breast  black;  beneath  white;  tail  above  dark  on  basal  half, 
sometimes  for  the  whole  length,  tip  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1830;  tail  vertebrae,  230;  hind  foot, 
500;  height  at  withers,  955. 

d. — peninsulce  (Mazama),  Lydekk.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1897,  p.  899-900. 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  DEER. 

Type  locality.     La  Paz,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  region  of  Lower  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small,  black  dorsal  line. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  iron  gray;  dorsal  black  band 
extending  over  the  tail;  flanks  and  legs  chestnut;  under  parts  black- 
ish brown;  tail  white  with  black  base  and  tip. 

Antlers.     Simple  spikes,  and  basal  snag. 

Measurements.     Smaller  than  O.  h.  calijornicus. 

61.  sinaloae  (Odocoileus!),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903,  p. 

613. 
SINALOA  WHITE-TAILED  DEER. 

Type  locality.     Escuinapa,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  gray  brown;  black  band  above  nose; 
sides  of  nose,  space  behind  nose  band,  and  orbital  ring  gray;  chin 
and  throat  buffy  grayish  white;  axillary  and  inguinal  regions,  posterior 
surface  of  upper  fore  legs  and  inner  side  of  thighs  white;  limbs  buffy 
brown  anteriorly;  yellowish  white  on  sides  and  hind  parts  below 
carpal  and  tarsal  joints;  tail  above  bright  rufous,  below  white;  ears 
whitish  inside. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1435;  tail  vertebrae,  175;  hind  foot, 
340;  ear  from  notch,  117;  from  anterior  base,  145.  Skull:  total 
length,  215;  Hensel,  200;  occipito-nasal  length,  182;  length  of  nasals, 
56;  zygomatic  breadth,  91;  width  of  frontals  at  anterior  border  of 
orbit,  54.5;  width  of  constriction  at  base  of  horns,  69;  mastoid 
breadth,  65;  alveolar  length  of  upper  premolar-molar  series,  70; 
young  adult;  antlers  slender  spikes,  45  and  88  mm.  in  length  in  two 
individuals. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXXI,  ZOOLOGY. 


MAZAMA  SARTORI. 
No.  7631  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    %  nat.  size. 


MAZAMA. 


79 


The  Brockets  are  natives  of  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  South 
America.  They  are  small  in  stature,  and  possess  antlers  in  the  form 
of  spikes,  without  any  branches.  The  metatarsal  gland  is  wanting, 
and  in  certain  instances  (South  American  species)  the  tarsal  gland 
and  tuft  also.  They  are  peculiar  little  creatures,  with  the  top  of  the 
head  tufted,  similarly  to  the  Muntjac's,  or  to  those  of  the  diminutive 
Antelopes  of  the  genus  Madoqua,  the  Dik-Diks  of  Africa,  with  a 
rather  heavy,  ungraceful  body  and  an  arched  back.  The  fawns  are 
spotted  with  white,  like  those  of  the  large  species  of  deer,  and  canines 
are  sometimes  present  in  the  males.  Although  fossil  remains  have 
been  found  in  Brazil  and  Argentina,  the  Brockets  are  considered  to 
be  a  modern,  as  well  as  a  degenerate  group  of  New  World  deer. 

29.    Mazaina.    Brockets. 


Mazama  Rafin.,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  I,  1817,  p.  363.     Type  Cervus 
rufinus  Illiger. 

Horns  simple,  unbranched,  directed  backward;  ears  and  tail 
short,  the  former  broad,  rounded;  upper  canines  occasionally  present 
in  male;  metatarsal  and  sometimes  the  tarsal  gland  absent;  hair  on 
forehead  forming  a  tuft;  face  gland  small,  exposed;  gland  pit  deep, 
triangular;  size  small;  fawns  white  spotted. 


FIG.  XXIV.    MAZAMA  SARTORI.    CENTRAL  AMERICAN  BROCKET. 


80  MAZAMA. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
A.  Antlers  straight  spikes,  size  small.  PAGE 

a.  Upper  parts  brownish  red ;  tail  above  brownish 

red M.  sartori      80 

b.  Upper  parts  drab  brown ;  tail  dull  fulvous M.  pandora       80 

62.  sartori   (Ccrnts),  Sauss.,  Rev.   Mag.  Zool.,   2me  Se"r.,  xn,   1860, 

p.  252. 
SARTORI'S  BROCKET.     Cobra  del  Monte  in  Costa  Rica. 

Type  locality.     Mirador,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Gcogr.  Distr.     Southern  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Very  similar  to  Mazama  tema  Rafin.,  from  Ecuador, 
S.  A.,  but  of  smaller  size,  the  height  at  withers  being  only  20^ 
inches,  to  25^  inches  in  the  other. 

Color.  General  color  bright  brownish  red;  throat,  neck,  and  chest 
fawn;  abdomen  white;  lower  part  of  face,  outer  side  of  hind  legs  and 
front  of  fore  legs  shaded  with  bluish  black;  tail  above  like  back, 
below  white;  antlers  whitish  horn  color. 

Measurements.  Height  at  withers,  512.5.  Skull,  male:  occipito- 
nasal  length,  144;  basal  length,  162;  zygomatic  width,  70;  least  inter- 
orbital  width,  36;  mastoid  width,  32;  length  of  nasals,  50;  palatal 
arch  to  incisive  foramina,  66;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  42.5;  width 
of  palate  between  last  molars,  29;  length  of  mandible,  angle  to 
alveoli  of  incisors,  126.5;  height  at  condyle,  40;  at  coronoid  process, 
62;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  51. 

63.  pandora  (Mazama},  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901,  p.  105. 
TUNKAS  BROCKET. 

Type  locality.     Tunkas,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Campeche,  and  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Antlers  straight  spikes,  furrowed  longitudinally. 
Skull  similar  to  that  of  M.  sartori,  but  larger;  foramen  ovale  broad  and 
opening  downward;  notch  on  each  side  of  basioccipital  in  front  of 
occipital  condyles. 

Color.  Neck  grayish;  chin,  lower  lip,  and  front  of  upper  lip, 
inguinal  region,  inner  sides  of  fore  legs  and  thighs,  and  under  side  of 
tail  whitish;  tail  above,  and  anal  region  dull  fulvous;  forehead  with 
rusty  red  patches;  fore  legs,  fore  and  hind  feet  dull  fulvous;  rest  of 
animal  drab  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1125;  tail  vertebrae,  140;  hind  foot, 
273;  height -at  shoulder,  572.  Skull:  basal  length,  163;  occipito- 
nasal  length,  157;  zygomatic  breadth,  82;  interorbital  constriction, 
44;  length  of  nasals,  59;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  50;  length  of 
antler,  113. 


ANTILOCAPRA. 


81 


The  Prong-horn  Antelope,  while  allied  to  the  Bovidae,  resembles 
the  members  of  the  Cervidae  by  possessing  horns  with  branches,  and 
which  are  shed  every  year.  The  hair  is  very  peculiar,  being  coarse 
and  brittle,  and  breaks  on  the  slightest  pressure.  The  Prong-horn  is 
an  animal  of  the  plains,  and  depends  for  its  safety  upon  its  keen 
eyesight  and  exceeding  fleetness.  Few  animals  can  keep  up  with 
him  as  he  bounds  over  the  prairies,  and  his  wary  nature  makes  a 
near  approach  difficult  of  accomplishment.  Yet  his  one  great  weak- 
ness, curiosity,  often  nullifies  these  advantages,  and  any  strange 
object  on  his  domains  proves  an  irresistible  attraction,  and  his  desire 
to  investigate  it  often  costs  him  his  life.  Once  numerous  on  our 
Western  Plains,  the  Prong-buck  has  already  vanished  from  many 
localities,  and  is  now  met  with  only  in  greatly  reduced  numbers  in 
the  comparatively  few  places  it  still  frequents. 

Fam.  III.     Aiitilocapridir.     Proiig-liorii  Antelope. 

Horns  branched,  deciduous;  allied  to  the  Bovidae. 

tfO.    Aiitilocapra. 

T  °-°.    f?z£.    p3^3.    TU  3-3  _ 
S-4'    Uo-o>    *V3'   M'P3~  32' 

Antilocapra    Ord,    Jour,  de    Phys.,    LXXXVII,   1818,    p.   149.      Type 

Antilope  americana  Ord. 
Dicranocerus  H.  Smith,  Griff.,  Anim.  King.,  1827,  p.  312. 


FIG.  XXV.    ANTILOCAPRA  A.  MEXICANA.    MEXICAN  PRONG-HORN 


82  ANTILOCAPRA. 

Horns  compressed  at  base;  flattened  process  in  front,  end  conical, 
recurved;  deciduous;  lateral  hoofs  absent;  hair  stiff,  coarse,  brittle; 
nose  hairy,  save  a  narrow  line  in  the  center;  tail  very  short;  horns  in 
the  female  rudimentary,  or  absent. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Horns  flattened,  recurved.  PAGE 

a.  Color  yellowish  brown .A.  americana       82 

b.  Color  paler A.  a.  mexicana       82 

64.  *americana  (Antilope),  Ord,  Guth.  Geog.,  2d  Am.  ed.,  n,  1815, 
p.  292,  descrip.  p.  308. 

americana  (Antilocapra) ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  43. 
PRONG-HORN  ANTELOPE. 

Type  locality.     Plains  east  of  the  Missouri  ?     Black  Mountains  ? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valley  of  Saskatchewan,  latitude  53°,  south  to 
Mexico,  and  from  Missouri  River  on  plains  westward  to  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Cascade  Range  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  domestic  sheep  with  much  longer  legs  and 
neck;  eyes  large,  gazelle  like;  no  lachrymal  gland;  low  mane  on  back 
of  neck. 

Color.  Male.  Upper  parts  and  sides  yellowish  brown;  band 
between  eyes  covering  forehead,  nose,  and  a  spot  below  ear,  liver 
brown;  sides  of  head,  spot  behind  ear,  throat,  front  of  neck  extending 
in  two  triangles  reaching  the  brown  on  each  side ;  entire  under  parts 
and  rump  white;  legs  yellowish  brown;  horns,  hoofs,  and  naked  skin 
on  nose  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1245;  tail,  178;  height  at  withers, 
780.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  240;  breadth  between  outer  edge 
of  orbits,  136;  width  between  orbits,  134;  length  of  nasals,  96.5; 
palatal  arch  to  incisive  foramina,  136;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  68; 
width  of  palate  between  last  molars,  56;  length  of  mandible,  216; 
length  of  lower  tooth  row,  70. 

a. — mexic&na    (Antilocapra),    Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv, 

1901,  p.  31. 
MEXICAN  PRONG-HORN.     Berendo  in  Mexico. 

Type  locality.     Sierra  en  Media,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Mexico  in  States  of  Sonora,  Chihuahua, 
and  Tamaulipas.  Lower  California. 


*This  species  may  possibly  cross  the  United  States  and  Mexican  boundary 
at  some  point  in  its  range  and  go  into  Mexico,  and  is,  therefore,  included  in 
this  volume. 


ELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXXII,  ZOOLOGY. 


ANTILOCAPRA  A.  MEXICANA. 
Old  male  from  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico.    I  nat.  size. 


UMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXXIII,  ZOOLOGY. 


ANTILOCAPRA  A.  MEXICANA. 
Old  male  from  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico.    J  nat.  size. 


OVIS.  83 

Genl.  Char.  Colors  pale.  Skull  similar  to  that  of  A.  americana, 
orbits  less  protruding  antero-inf eriorly ;  premaxillae  and  nose  slender; 
bullae  thinner;  lips  of  posterior  nares  longer. 

Color.  Similar  to  A.  antericana,  but  paler;  median  dark  streak  on 
neck,  sometimes  reaching  shoulders;  occiput  whitish  with  median 
dark  stripe. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1420;  tail  vertebrae,  145;  hind  foot, 
410;  height  at  shoulders,  830  (ex  Merr.,  1.  c.).  Skull:  occipito-nasal 
length,  216;  breadth  between  outer  edge  of  orbits,  125;  width 
between  orbits  across  frontals,  104;  length  of  nasals  laterally,  93; 
palatal  arch  to  incisive  foramina,  127;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  72; 
width  of  palate  between  last  molars,  46.5;  length  of  mandible,  angle 
to  alveoli  of  incisors,  204;  height  of  condyle,  67;  at  coronoid  process, 
95;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  76.  Skull  of  old  male  from  State  of 
Chihuahua,  Mexico. 


The  BOVID^  or  Hollow-horned  Ruminants  form  an  extensive  family 
in  the  Old  World,  and  are  very  generally  distributed  except  in  Austra- 
lia. They  are  not  represented  in  Central  or  South  America,  but  certain 
forms  are  to  be  found  in  Mexico  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  Sea. 
One  of  the  noblest  members  of  the  family,  the  American  Bison,  which 
at  one  time  was  found  in  millions  on  the  plains  of  North  America,  is 
now  practically  extinct  in  the  wild  state.  In  this  family  are  included 
the  Antelopes,  confined  chiefly  to  Africa,  in  which  continent  a  great 
number  of  species  are  still  to  be  found.  But  some,  which  in  herds 
like  those  of  the  Bison,  once  roamed  the  veldt  in  countless  numbers, 
have  disappeared  before  the  hunter's  rifle,  and  many  species  yet 
living  will  meet  the  same  fate  if  government  protection  is  not 
afforded  them.  In  America,  beside  the  Bison,  now  no  longer  to  be 
considered  as  among  the  wild  animals,  there  are  the  Musk  Oxen  and 
several  varieties  of  Mountain  Sheep.  Of  these  last,  two  varieties  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  species  are  found  in  the  northern  part  of  Mexico 
and  Lower  California,  and  are  the  only  representatives  of  the  Bovida, 
south  of  the  United  States  boundary. 

Fam.  IV.    Bovidxe.    Cattle,  Sheep,  Etc. 
31.    Ovis.    Sheep. 

T  o-o.   po^o.   T>tt.  M  3-3  _   .  . 
i'4-4'   U'o-o»   *V-S»  M'3-3  —  32» 

Ovis  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  70;  and  i,  1766,  p.  97.     Type  Ovis 
aries  Linnaeus. 


84  OVIS. 

Body  stout;  legs  rather  short;  neck  of  moderate  length;  nose 
narrow,  pointed,  small  naked  space  between  nostrils,  rest  hairy; 
chin  beardless;  ears  small,  pointed,  upright,  hairy;  tail  short,  pointed; 
lateral  hoofs  present ;  glands  present  between  hoofs,  and  often  on  face 
below  eyes;  canon  bones  long  and  slender;  skull  broadest  between 
eyes,  then  narrowing  rapidly  to  nose;  horns  curving  backward  and 
then  downward  in  a  majestic  sweep,  tips  everted,  transverse  ridges 
prominent. 

KEY  TO  THE  SUBSPECIES.  PAGE 

A.  Above  whitey  brown 0.  c.  crcmnobates       84 

B.  Above  drab  brown.  .  .  .O.  c.  mexicanus       86 


FlG.   XXVI.     OVIS  C.  CREMNOBATES.     OLD   RAM. 

ceTvina  cremnobates  (Ovis),   Elliot,   Pub.   Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in, 

1903,  p.  239.     Zoology. 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  MOUNTAIN  SHEEP. 

Type  locality.  Mattomi,  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower 
California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Pedro  Martir  and  probably  the  Laguna  Moun- 
tains, Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Resembling  0.  c.  nclsoni  from  the  Grape  Vine 
Mountains,  boundary  of  Nevada  and  Lower  California,  but  of  a 
much  lighter  color,  the  head  of  a  three-year-old  ram  being  nearly 
white,  with  a  very  small  caudal  patch  not  divided  from  color  of 
upper  parts  by  any  perceptible  line;  fore  part  of  legs  almost  black, 


)  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXXV, ZOOLOGY. 


OVIS  C.  MEXICANA. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 


OVIS. 


86 


FlG.  XXVII.     OVIS  C.  CREMNOBATES.     YOUNG   RAM  AND  OLD  EWE. 

similar  to  those  of  O.  stonii;  head  very  broad  between  orbits,  from 
20  to  25  mm.  broader  in  old  rams  than  the  head  of  0.  c.  nelsoni; 
horns  of  adult  rams  very  large  and  curving  outward  from  the  head ; 
those  of  ewes  with  the  points  diverging  widely  apart. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  varying  in  individuals  from  drab 
gray  or  pale  broccoli  brown  to  hair  and  whitey  brown ;  in  some  cases 
this  sheep  appears  almost  white;  chest,  line  along  ventral  surface, 
and  front  of  legs  black  or  brownish  black;  head  and  neck  hair  brown, 
darker  than  back  in  some  individuals,  drab  gray  in  the  old  ram ;  back 
part  of  legs  and  inside  of  hind  legs,  narrow  line  in  center  of  ventral 
surface,  caudal  patch,  nose  around  nostrils  and  inside  of  ears  white; 
line  across  caudal  patch  from  tail  to  darker  color  on  rump  (as  in  all 
Mountain  Sheep),  and  the  tail  brownish  black. 

Measurements.  Female.  Total  length,  1450;  tail,  120;  hind  foot, 
375;  ear,  114.  Skull:  total  length,  283;  occipito-nasal  length,  226; 
Hensel,  246;  width  between  outer  edge  of  orbits,  156;  zygomatic 
width,  124;  length  of  nasals,  109;  palatal  length,  148;  length  of  upper 
tooth  row,  84;  length  of  half  of  mandible,  203 ;  of  lower  tooth  row,  82. 
Horns,  total  length  along  curve,  310;  circumference  at  base,  144; 
spread  at  tip,  393.  Head  of  old  ram,  total  length,  330;  width 


86  OVIS. 

between  orbits,  inner  edge,  180;  circumference  of  horns  at  base,  395; 
length  along  outer  curve,  850;  spread  at  tips,  485. 

cervina  mexicanus  (Ovis),    (Merr.,)    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.  Wash.,  xiv, 

1901,  p.  30. 

MEXICAN  MOUNTAIN  SHEEP.     Borrego  Cimaron  in  Mexico;  Tenalzali 
Taje  of  Indians. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  about  Lake  Santa  Maria,  State  of 
Chihuahua. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sierra  Madre  and  Guadalupe  Mountains  of  northern 
Mexico  and  southern  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  lighter  than  that  of  O.  cervina,  but 
of  the  same  pattern;  ears  and  tail  long.  Molars  large;  lips  of  posterior 
nares  thin,  everted. 

Color.  General  color  drab  brown;  no  dorsal  stripe;  rump  patch 
broad;  throat,  legs,  and  tail  darker  than  back;  chin,  posterior  and 
inner  side  of  hind  leg  whitish. 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  1530;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  hind 
foot,  425;  height  at  shoulder,  900."  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 


The  Tapirs  are  not  a  very  extensive  family,  but  have  representa- 
tives in  both  Hemispheres.  They  are  natives  of  tropical  lands,  and 
in  the  New  World  are  not  found  north  of  Mexico.  They  dwell  in 
the  forests,  generally  near  water,  into  which  they  often  go  for  refuge, 
are  nocturnal  in  their  habits,  and  of  a  mild,  inoffensive  disposition. 
Their  food  consists  of  leaves,  buds,  and  tender  shoots  of  trees,  and 
various  vegetable  substances.  Tapirs  of  the  Old  and  New  Worlds, 
though  living  in  regions  widely  separated,  are  nevertheless  closely 
allied,  but  the  Middle  American  species  are  distinguished  by 
the  more  or  less  pronounced  elongation  of  the  ossification  of  the 
methesmoid,  which  in  them  extends  beyond  the  nasal  bones, 
but  which  in  Old  World  forms  does  not  go  beyond  these.  Mem- 
bers of  this  family  are  not  known  to  have  existed  previous  to 
the  Miocene  epoch,  and  the  animals  of  that  and  subsequent  periods 
cannot  be  distinguished  generically  from  those  living  at  present, 
although  they  are  specifically  distinct.  At  one  time  doubtless  the 
Tapirs  had  a  wide  distribution,  extending  from  China  through  Europe, 
and  in  the  United  States  as  far  north  as  South  Carolina,  thence  west- 
ward to  California.  Tapirs  have  a  massive  body,  with  short,  stout 
legs,  and  a  long,  prehensile  upper  lip,  short  ears,  neck  rather  long, 
and  a  short  tail.  The  front  feet  have  four  toes,  but  the  outer  one 


IELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXXVI,  2OOLOC 


TAPIRELLA  DOWI. 

No.  6019  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coli. 


TAPIRELLA.  87 

does  not  render  any  support  to  the  body.  The  young  of  the  Tapirs 
are  sometimes  spotted  or  streaked  with  white.  In  the  Andes  there  is 
one  species  that  in  its  choice  of  locality  differs  widely  from  its  rela- 
tives, as  it  makes  its  abode  in  elevated  tracts  of  several  thousand  feet 
altitude;  and,  probably  as  a  protection  against  the  low  temperature 
of  these  lofty  heights,  has  the  skin  covered  with  hair. 

Fam.  V.     Tapir  idle.    Tapirs. 
32.    Tapirella. 

T  3-3.    pLZl-    pl=4.    M  ^  —  A2 
H-3'    UM;    *S-3'    M-3-3~42- 

Tapirella  Palmer,  Science,  1903,  p.  873.     (May.) 

Elasmognathus  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  183. 
(nee  Fieber,  Hemiptera.)  Type  Elasmognathus  bairdi  Gill. 

"Supra-maxillaries.  swollen  above  and  in  front  of  the  infraorbital 
foramina,  and  thence  extend  upward  and  backward  into  a  squa- 
mous  portion,  which  embraces  with  its  fellow  a  thick,  bony  nasal 
septum  continuous  with  the  vomer,  and  which  is  elevated  to  a  line  with 
the  forehead,  and  has  a  widened  upper  edge,  which  still  further 
enlarges  behind  and  embraces  the  nasal  bones.  The  grooves  for  the 
muscles  of  the  proboscis  are  in  front,  straight,  entirely  confined  to 
the  f rentals,  and  do  not  encroach  upon  the  supra-maxillaries ;  while 
behind  they  describe  a  spiral  curve  around  a  pit  between  the  nasals 
and  frontals."  (Gill  1.  c.) 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Nose  elongated,  projecting  beyond  the  mouth, 
flexible;  body  stout,  heavy. 

a.  Frontals    not    advancing    between     nasals.  PAGE 
Young  spotted  or  streaked T.  bairdi       87 

b.  Frontals   advancing   and   separating  nasals. 

Young  not  spotted  or  streaked T.  dowi       88 

65.  bairdi   (Elasmognathus},  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865, 

p.  183- 
BAIRD'S  TAPIR. 

Type  locality.     Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  Mexico  to  Panama. 

Gcnl.  Char.  "Nasals  well  developed,  each  ossified  from  a  single 
center,  separate  through  life,  thick  at  their  base,  and  articulated 
with  one  another  for  the  greater  part  of  their  length." 

Color.  Dark  reddish  brown;  throat  and  breast  solid  white; 
cheeks  chestnut;  ears  margined  with  white.  (Immature  specimen.) 


88 


TAPIRELLA. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  1050;  height,  575.*  (Immature.) 
Skull :  occipito-nasal  length  about  455 ;  Hensel,  409 ;  zygomatic  width 
179;  palatal  length,  210;  length  of  mandible,  angle  to  tip  of  incisors, 
375- 


FIG.  XXVIII.   TAPIRELLA  DOWI.    Dows  TAPIR. 

66.  dowi   (Elasmognathus) ,   Gill,   Amer.    Jour.    Scien.  Arts,  L,   1870, 

p.  142. 
Dow's  TAPIR. 

Type  locality.     Gautemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Gautemala  and  Nicaragua,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  In  the  young  the  basilar  processes  are  "recurrent 
forward  along  the  frontal  bones,  and  as  the  animal  advances  in  age 
the  f rentals  grow  forward,  and  force  apart  the  nasals,  which  do  not 
increase,  and  are  fused  with  the  frontals."  Young  without  longi- 
tudinal whitish  stripes. 

Color.  Face  and  nose  rufous;  cheeks  pale  brown;  remainder  of 
body  and  limbs  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.     About  the  same  as  those  of  T.  bairdi. 


*  An  adult  should  measure  twice  this  size.  One  obtained  by  Mr.  Heller  in 
the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  has  the  following  measurements :  Total  length, 
2020,  tail  vertebrae,  70;  hind  foot,  375;  ear,  140. 


Order  vi.    Rodentia.    Rodents. 

Coues  and  Allen,  Monographs  of  North  American  Rodentia,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  1877. 

The  Rodents  constitute  the  largest  Order  of  Mammals,  and  the 
numerous  members  possess  a  great  diversity  of  form.  They  are 
readily  distinguished  among  all  mammals  by  their  incisors,  four  in 
number,  two  above  and  two  below,  (except  Hares  and  Rabbits,  which 
have  a  supplementary  upper  hinder  pair  in  adults,)  curved  hollow 
tubes  filled  with  pulp,  hardened  at  the  surface,  the  portion  beneath 
the  gum  curving  and  sometimes  traversing  the  length  of  the  jawbone. 
The  species  are  mostly  small,  the  harvest  mouse  being  the  pigmy, 
from  which  genus  the  size  increases  until  the  comparatively  great 
beaver  is  reached,  and  he  is  exceeded  in  bulk  only  by  the  capybara 
of  South  America.  The  majority,  however,  are  small  animals,  and 
their  habits  are  as  diverse  as  their  shapes,  and  we  find  among  them 
not  only  terrestrial  and  aquatic  creatures,  but  others  which  are  pro- 
vided with  extensible  membranes  between  the  limbs  and  body,  to 
enable  them  to  traverse  the  air  as  if  carried  by  parachutes.  Rodents 
are  cosmopolitan,  the  greatest  number  being  found  in  South  America, 
the  fewest  in  Australia.  They  are  mostly  herbivorous,  yet  some,  like 
the  ordinary  rat,  are  omnivorous.  The  incisors  have  a  continuous 
growth  and  are  worn  away  at  the  terminal  portion  by  constant  gnaw- 
ing or  by  attrition.  The  molar  teeth  are  usually  rootless,  and  their 
crowns  often  present  many  varied,  even  intricate,  patterns  of  enamel 
folds  and  loops.  No  canine  exists  in  any  rodent.  Normally  the  species 
of  this  family  generally  have  no  premolars,  although  in  some  a  small 
one  is  present,  and  among  squirrels  two  on  each  side  above,  and  one 
below  are  found,  but  the  additional  premolar  is  frequently  deciduous. 
The  diversity  of  form  and  habits  is  very  great  in  the  members  of  this 
order,  and  we  have  the  tree-loving,  graceful  squirrel  in  countless 
colors,  and  its  small  imitator,  the  chipmunk;  ground  squirrels  that 
live  in  burrows,  and  flying  squirrels  darting  through  the  air;  the 
innumerable  field  mice  of  many  genera  and  species;  rice  and  cotton 
rats,  pouched  rats  that  live  under  ground  and  tunnel  long  galleries 
like  the  moles ;  jumping  mice  with  long  hind  legs  and  greatly  length- 
ened tails  that  possibly  may  assist  their  owners  in  making  the 
kangaroo-like  leaps  over  the  fields;  aquatic  rats  whose  home  is  in  the 
water,  and  whose  feet  are  formed  more  for  swimming  than  walking — 
all  these,  and  more,  help  to  constitute  the  great  order  of  the  Gnawers. 

89 


9O  SCIURIDjE.  SCIURIN^E. 

The  family  first  to  be  considered  of  this  order  is  that  of  the  Squir- 
rels, and  excepting  the  Australian  region  and  the  Island  of  Mada- 
gascar, these  animals  are  found  in  nearly  all  the  temperate  and  trop- 
ical regions  of  the  world.  They  may  be  divided  into  two  classes, 
the  tree  squirrels  and  the  ground  squirrels,  with  a  kind  of  connecting 
link  in  the  chipmunks  of  the  genus  TAMIAS,  which,  to  a  considerable 
extent,  possess  the  habits  of  both.  While  the  tree-squirrels  are  found 
in  both  temperate  and  tropical  zones,  the  ground  squirrels  are  dwel- 
lers of  more  northern  climes,  and  some  species  are  found  even  on  the 
bleak  shores  of  the  Arctic  Sea.  In  the  tropics,  however,  the  tree- 
squirrels  attain  their  greatest  diversity  of  coloration  and  highest 
development,  and  in  the  Oriental  region  they  reach  their  greatest  size 
and  most  brilliant  hues.  North  America  is  perhaps  the  third  on  the 
list  of  those  countries  in  which  squirrels  are  found,  being  exceeded  in 
number  of  species  by  the  Indian  and  Ethiopian  Regions.  Europe 
and  South  America  have  comparatively  few  species  of  this  family. 
Marmots,  known  usually  as  woodchucks  or  ground  hogs,  are  the 
largest  members  of  the  Sciuridcz,  but  none  are  found  within  the 
limits  of  this  work,  and  the  little  chipmunks  are  among  the  smallest. 
North  America  is  probably  the  richest  of  all  lands  in  ground  squirrels, 
having  a  large  number,  varying  greatly  in  size  and  coloration. 

Fam.  I.     Sciuridse.     Squirrels,  Marmots,  etc. 

Coues  and  Allen,  Monographs  of  North  American  Rodents,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  1877. 

E.  W.  Nelson,  Review  of  the  Squirrels  of  Mexico  and  Central 
America,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899,  pp.  15-106. 

Tail  without  scales,  cylindrical,  bushy,  hairs  long;  distinct  postor- 
bital  processes;  infraorbital  opening  small;  molars  rooted,  tubercular; 
first  upper  premolar  small. 

Subfam.  I.     Sciurinse. 
KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  AND  SUBGENERA. 

A.  Upper  incisors  grooved.  PAGE 
a.  Size  medium.     Premolars,  ~ Synthetosciurus       91 

B.  Upper  incisors  not  grooved. 

a.  Size  variable;  tail  flat,  bushy,  long.    Skull 
short,     broad;      braincase     more     or      less 

arched.      Premolars,    ^  or  rrl Sciurus       93 

b.  Size  small,  total  length  under  450  mm. 
a.'  Premolars,  ~  or  |£|. 

a."  Superior  outline  of  skull  greatly  curved .  .  Tamiasciurus     132 


SYNTHETOSCIURUS.  91 

b."  Superior  outline  of  skull   not   greatly  PAGE 

curved Guerlinguetus     1 03 

b.'  Premolars,   ~. 

a."  Braincase   highly  arched  on  posterior 

half  of  frontals Microsciurus      98 

b."  Braincase  rounded  and  slightly  arched 

on  posterior  half  of  frontals Baiosciurus     100 

c.  Size     large;     total     length     over     450     mm. 
a/  Premolars,  ^7. 

a."  Front  of  skull  depressed  at  base  of  ros- 
trum   Araosciurus     106 

b."  Front  of  skull  arched  at  base  of  ros- 
trum   Parasciuru^     no 

b/  Premolars,  ^7. 

a."  Tail  short,  broad,  bushy. 

a/"  B raincase  depressed,  inflated  laterally  .    Otosciurus     in 
b."  Tail  long,  narrow,  bushy. 

a/"  Nasals   equal   to    least   interorbital 

breadth Echinosciurus     113 

b.'"  Nasals  longer  than  least  interorbital 

breadth Hesperosciurns     130 


The  first  genus  of  the  Sciuridce  is  remarkable  for  the  slender 
lower  incisors  which  project  outwards,  and  the  upper  ones  are 
grooved  in  the  center.  But  one  species  is  known. 

33.    *  SyiithetoHciurus. 

Syntheosciurus      (sic)      Bangs,     Bull.    Mus.    Comp.     Zool.,    1902, 

Vol.  xxxix,  p.  25. 

Premolars,  ^jj.  Size  small.  Skull  thin,  papery;  rostrum  straight, 
audital  bullae  small;  incisors  slender,  the  lower  pair  projecting  out- 
ward, the  upper  with  central  groove. 

67.  brochus  (Syntheosciurus!),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix, 

1902,  p.  25. 
PROJECTING-TEETH  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude  7,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  low,  round,  woolly;  pelage  long,  soft, 
woolly;  other  characters  as  in  genus. 

»eT-ffxii>u(}i>-= Synthetosciurus. 


92 


SYNTHETOSCIURUS. 


FIG.  12.   SYNTHETOSCIURUS  BROCHUS. 
No.  10402  Mus.  Com  p.  Zool.  Coll.    Nat.  Size. 

Color.  Above  mixed  olivaceous  bistre  and  dull  tawny  olive; 
under  fur  dark  mouse  gray;  under  parts  orange  rufous;  tail  above  like 
back,  less  olivaceous  beneath,  fringed  with  pale  rusty. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  320;  tail  vertebrae,  150;  hind  foot, 
46;  ear,  17.  Skull:  basal  length,  35.6;  occipito-nasal  length,  44; 
zygomatic  width,  25.2;  interorbital  width,  12.6;  palatal  length,  20; 
to  end  of  pterygoid,  27.4;  length  of  nasals,  13;  width  of  nasals,  5.8; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  7.6;  length  of  mandible,  27. 


The  next  genus  SCIURUS,  with  its  subgenera,  contains  the  tree 
squirrels  whose  lives  are  passed  among  the  branches.  It  possesses 
the  largest  members  of  these  animals  in  North  America,  and  they  are 
all  remarkable  for  the  long  bushy  tail,  often  exceeding  the  head  and 
body  in  length,  and  which  when  elevated  over  the  back,  is  both  a 
beautiful  ornament  and  a  protecting  shade.  The  genus  is  a  very 
large  one,  and  has  representatives  in  many  parts  of  the  globe,  and 
the  species  differ  greatly  in  size  and  especially  in  coloration,  in  which 
there  is  almost  endless  variation;  and  as  if  it  were  not  sufficient  for 
distinct  species  to  differ  from  each  other,  it  was  evidently  deemed 
necessary  that  individuals  of  the  same  species  should  sometimes  be 
totally  unlike  in  the  hues  of  their  coats.  It  is  this  variation  in  color 


SCIURUS.  93 

among  individuals  that  frequently  makes  it  so  difficult  to  correctly 
determine  a  species,  and  any  one  who  relies  upon  these  numerous 
hues  to  discriminate  what  species  are  before  him,  will  probably,  at  a 
later  period,  in  the  discovery  of  the  blunders  that  have  been  made, 
become  a  wiser  and  a  sadder  man.  It  will  doubtless  be  a  long  time 
before  the  exact  status  of  our  American  squirrels  is  satisfactorily 
ascertained.  Melanism  is  of  frequent  occurrence  among  these 
animals,  and  erythrism  also;  the  latter  perhaps  less  often;  and 
albinism  is  the  rarest  of  all.  Yet  in  spite  of  the  endless  variation  in 
colors,  and  the  great  difference  frequently  observed  in  the  size  of 
species,  as  well  as  occasionally  in  their  form,  few  would  fail  to  recog- 
nize at  once  any  of  these  sprightly  creatures  as  not  rightfully  belong- 
ing to  the  family  SCIURID^. 

The  remaining  genera  contain  those  species  familiarly  known  as 
Gray  Squirrels  and  their  allies,  although  many  of  them  have  by  no 
means  a  gray  pelage.  In  size,  also,  these  graceful  creatures  are  very 
variable,  and  range  from  the  little  Bornean  species  S.  soricimis,  no 
larger  than  a  mouse,  to  the  great  Malayan  long-tailed  forms  almost 
as  big  as  a  cat.  These  last  are  placed  in  the  genus  Ratufa.  As  a  rule, 
squirrels  have  no  especial  nuptial  dress,  as  birds  have,  but  retain  their 
individual  coloring  throughout  the  year,  the  completed  moult  bring- 
ing no  change.  But  one  exception  to  this  is  known,  the  S.  caniceps 
of  India  (northern  Tenasserim),  which  assumes  on  the  upper  parts  in 
winter  a  bright  orange  hue,  a  dress  strikingly  different  from  the 
ordinary  gray  or  olive  livery  worn  at  other  seasons  of  the  year.  Of 
the  countries  embraced  in  this  volume  Mexico  contains  the  greatest 
number  of  these  beautiful  animals,  astonishingly  varied  in  the  hues 
and  patterns  of  their  coats,  making  accurate  determination  of  their 
specific  relationship  a  matter  at  times  of  considerable  difficulty,  as 
individuals  of  the  same  species,  not  infrequently,  have  a  totally 
different  coloration. 

34.    Sciurus.     Tree  Sqviirrels. 

Sciurus  Linn.,  Sys.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  63. 

Guerlinguetus  Gray,  Lond.  Med.  Repos.,  xv,  1821,  p.  304. 
Macroxus    F.    Cuv.,  Dent's  des    Mamm.,  1823,  p.  162.  Id.  Diet. 

Class.  Hist.  Nat.,  x,  1826,  p.  16.      Id.    Diet.  Scien.  Nat.,  LIX, 

1829,  p.  474. 
Rheithrosciurus   (sic)    Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,    3d  Ser.,    xx, 

1867,  p.  272. 
Rhinosciurus  Gray,  List  Spec.  Mamm.  Brit.  Mus.,  1843,  pp.  xxv, 

195,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  286. 
Neosciurus  Treuss.,  Le  Nat.,  n,  1880,  p.  292. 


94  SCIURUS. 

Parasciurus  Treuss.,  Le  Nat.,  n,  1880,  p.  292. 
Echinosciurus  Treuss.,  Le  Nat.,  n.  1880,  p.  292. 
7 ' amiasciurus  Treuss.,  Le  Nat.,  n,  1880,  p.  292. 
Microsciurus  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  p.  332. 
Hesperosciurus,  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899,  p.  27. 
Otosciurus,  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  ^899,  p.  28. 
Ar&osciurus  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899,  p.  29. 
Baiosciurus  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899,  p.. 31. 

Tail  broad  long,  bushy,  hairs  mostly  directed  laterally;  ears 
moderate,  hairy,  sometimes  with  long  tufts  at  tip;  no  cheek  pouches. 
Skull  rather  short,  broad;  postorbital  processes  directed  downward 
and  backward  and  well  developed;  one  upper  premolar,  sometimes 
two;  in  the  latter  case  the  first  is  always  very  small;  antorbital 
foramen  slit -like,  placed  anteriorly  to  the  zygomatic  process  of  the 
maxillary. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

*A.  Size  small,  total  length  under  450  mm.,  but  above  300  mm.      PAGE 

a.  Premolars  |^;  ears  medium  long,  thinly  haired. 

a/  Tail  washed  with  bright  f errugineous .  .  .S.ce.  hoffmanni  104 

b.'  Tail  washed  with  tawny S.  ce.  chiriquensis  104 

c/  Tail  washed  with  yellowish S.  richmondi  105 

b.  Premolars  ^E|; 

a/  Ears  small  or  medium,  not  tufted. 

a."  Ears    short,  rounded,   thickly   haired; 
total  length  under  300  mm. 

a/"  Tail  washed  with  reddish S.  alfari       99 

b.'"  Tail  washed  with  grayish  white 5.  browni     100 

c.'"  Tail  washed  with  tawny  olive  ...  .5.  boquetensis     100 
b/7  Ears    medium    long,    pointed,    thinly 
haired;    total  length  over  300  mm. 

a/"  Back  grayish  brown .5.  negligens     102 

b/"  Back  reddish  or  yellowish  brown 5.  deppii     101 

c/"  Back  rusty  reddish S.  d  vivax     102 

c.  Premolafs  ~  or  j^jj. 
a.'  Ears  large,  tufted. 

a."  Back    gray,    belly   white,    lateral    line 

black S.  d.  mearnsi     133 


*The  construction  of  an  intelligible  key  for  the  endless  variations  displayed 
by  the  members  of  the  genus  Sciurus  is  an  almost  insuperable  task,  and  may 
not  be  attempted  unless  specimens  of  all  the  species  are  available  at  one  time. 
This  not  having  been  possible  for  the  author  to  accomplish,  the  present  key  for 
the  species,  with  some  few  additions,  has  been  taken  from  E.  W.  Nelson's 
"  Revision  of  the  Squirrels  of  Mexico  and  Central  America." 


SCIURUS.  95 

B.  Size  large,  total  length  over  450  mm. 

a.  Premolars  ^. 

I — 1 

a.'  Belly  buffy  or  yellowish. 

a."  Back  gray.  PAGE 

a.'"  Median   area  on  back  black;  belly 

usually  deep  buff 5.  oculatus     107 

b.'"  Median  area  on  back  washed  with 

blackish;  belly  buffy  whitish 5.  toluca     107 

b."  Back  yellowish  gray. 

a.'"  Belly  rusty  yellow;  total  length  over 

500  mm 5.   apache     1 10 

b.'"  Belly    more     dingy    yellow;     total 

length  under  500  mm 5.  r.  texensis     1 10 

b/  Belly  white. 

a."  Back  golden  buffy  or  yellowish ,  overlaid 

with  grizzling  of  black  and  white 5.  nayaritensis     108 

b."  Back  gray. 

a/"  Back  uniform  gray  or  grayish  brown ; 

ears  gray;  total  length  under  500  mm S.  alleni     108 

b/"  .Back  gray  washed  with  yellowish  on 
nape  and  back  of  shoulders;  ears 
rusty. 

a.4  Total  length  under  500  mm S.  arizonensis     109 

b.4  Total  length  over  500  mm S.  a.  huachuca     109 

b.  Premolars  ^. 

a.'  Nape  patch  strongly  marked,  rump  patch 

present  or  absent, 
a."  Belly  gray,  rump  patch  well  marked; 

back  dark  gray 5.  a.  frumentor     117 

b."  Belly  white  or  buffy. 

a.'"  Rump  patch  poorly  defined  or  absent. 

a.4  Back  dull  whitish ;  belly  white  or  buffy .  5.  socialis     1 23 

b.4  Back  pale  gray;  belly  white  or  buffy 

5.  p.  hernandezi     1 1 8 

b.'"  Rump  patch  well  defined. 

a.4  Middle  of  back  gray;  feet  gray  or 

blackish;  belly  white S.  p.  colimensis     119 

b.4  Middle  of  back  whitish ;  feet  whitish ; 

belly  white  or  buffy 5.  s.  cocos     124 

c."  Belly  rufous. 

a/"  Feet  gray  or  blackish. 

a.4  Ribs,  and  sometimes  shoulders,  rufous. 
a.5  Back  pale  gray;  top  of  head  iron 

gray 5.  aureigaster     115 


9<>  SCIURUS. 

b5.   Back    dark  gray;   top   of    head  PAGE 

iron  gray  or  blackish S.a.  hypopyrrhus     116 

b.4  Ribs  and  shoulders  not  rufous. 
a.5  Back  dingy  whitish;  nape  patch 

rusty S.  socialis     1 23 

b.5  Back  bluish  gray  in  middle,  re- 
mainder sooty  brownish S.  n.  hirtus     121 

b/"  Feet  white. 

a.4  Back     whitish,    rump    and    nape 

patches  very  bright S.  s.  cocos     1 24 

b.4  Back  gray. 

a.5  Nape    patch    strongly    marked, 

dark  rufous 5.  p.  effugius     1 20 

b.5  Nape  patch  not  strongly  marked, 

rusty  yellowish 5.  poliopus     117 

b/  Nape   and   rump  patches  absent  or  not 

well  defined. 

a."  Nape  and  lump  patches  not  well  defined, 
a/"  Back  dark  gray,  sparingly  or  not  at 

all  mixed  with  yellowish  hairs. 
a.4  Back  and  under  side  of  tail  dark 

iron  gray;  feet  gray 5.  p.  cervicalis     119 

b.4  Back  and  under  side  of  tail  paler 

gray;  feet  white S.  p.  nemoralis     118 

b/"  Back  pale  gray  mixed  with  yellowish 
hairs;  feet  white. 

a.4  Belly  white 5.  p.  Hernandez'.     118 

b.4  Belly  rufous S.  poliopus     117 

b/'  Nape  and  rump  patches  absent. 

a/"  Back  with   broad  median  band  of 

blackish;  rest  of  body  whitish S.a.  dor  salts     127 

b/"  Back  without   broad   median  band 

of  blackish. 
a.4  Belly  pale  gray;  back  coarsely  griz- 

.     zled  gray  or  yellowish  gray S.  yucatatiensis     125 

b.4  Belly  dark  iron  gray ;  back  blackish 

gray  suffused  with  buff S.  y.  baliolus     126 

c.4  Belly  bright  ferrugineous;  back  yel- 
low ferrugineous  or  blackish  brown .  .  5.  v.  mornlus     105 
d.4  Belly  blackish  or  white. 
e.5  Belly  blackish. 

a.6  Back   sooty   blackish  grizzled 

with  yellowish  gray S.  nelsoni     1 20 


SCIURUS.  97 

PAGE 

b.B  Back  dark  chocolate 5.  melania     128 

f.5  Belly  white. 

a.6  Ear  tufts  present,  whitish ;  back 

gray  or  yellowish  gray 5.  yucatanensis     125 

b.6  Ear  tufts  absent. 

a.7  Ears  bordered  with  black. 
a.8  Back  very  dark,  lateral  line 

reddish,  ear  patches  rusty.  .  .S.  boothice     128 
b.8  Back  grayer,  no  lateral  line ; 
ear     patches     very     large, 

white S.  goldmani     130 

b.7  Ears  not  bordered  with  black. 
a.8  Back  gray. 

a.9  Size  large;  total  length 
about  570  mm.;  back 
uniform;  no  lateral  line.  .  .  .5.  griscus  130 
b.9  Size  medium,  total  length 
about  485  mm.;  median 
dorsal  area  rufous;  lat- 
eral line  black 5.  durangi  112 

b.8  Back  yellowish. 

a.9  Ears  pale   rusty;   flanks 

like  back S.  truii     1 23 

b.9  Ears   dull  rusty;    flanks 

washed  with  whitish ...  5.  sinaloensis     122 
c.8  Back  yellowish  gray,  coarsely 
grizzled  with  black. 
a.9  Ears  gray;   yellowish  of 
back      dull,     sometimes 

very  indistinct S.  colli&i     121 

b.   Ears  rusty;  yellow  of  back 

brighter,  more  buffy.  .  .5.  c.  nuchalis     122 
e.4  Belly  not  blackish  or  white. 
a.5  Belly  buffy. 

a.6  Back  with  median  area  blackish 
or  dark  brown,  rest   of    body 

buffy S.  a.  dorsalis     127 

b.6  Back    with    median    area    not 
blackish. 

a.7  Ears  black-edged S.  variegatoides     129 

b.7  Ears  not  black-edged  ...  .5.  managuensis     129 
b.5  Belly  rufous. 


98  SCIURUS. 

a."  Top  of  head  paler  than  back. 

a.7  All  of  back  blackish  brown;  PAGE 

feet,    legs,  lower  flanks,   and 

belly  dull  chestnut  rufous S.  adolphei     126 

b.7  Middle  of    back  blackish   or 
dark  yellowish  brown  or  gray- 
ish yellow ;  rest  of  body  rufous .  5.  a.dorsalis     127 
b."  Top  of  head  not  paler  than  back. 
a.7  Back  heavily  washed  with  black. 

a.8  Belly  rusty  rufous 5.  b.  belli     128 

b.8  Belly  rich  dark  ferrugineous .  5.  thomasi     126 
b.7  Back  not  washed  with  black. 
a.8  Back    pale  gray   or    sooty 

blackish. 
a.9  Back  pale  gray. 

a.10  Feet     dark    gray    or 
blackish ;      rufous    of 
belly    sometimes    ex- 
tending up  on  ribs .  .  .5.  aureigaster     115 
b.10  Feet  pale  gray ;  rufous 
of  belly  not  extending 

on  ribs S.  g.  chiapensis     125 

b.9  Back  sooty  blackish  with 
thin  wash  of  yellowish 
gray. 

a.10  Back  uniform S.  nelsoni     1 20 

b.10  Back     with    area    of 
bluish  gray  across  the 

middle 5.  n.  hirtus     121 

b.8  Back  not  pale  gray  or  sooty 

blackish. 

a.9  Back  yellowish  brown, 
sometimes  thinly  washed 

with  gray 5.  griseiftavus     1 24 

b."  Back  blackish,  grizzled 
with  gray  or  yellowish; 
under  parts  and  costal 
area  rufous 5.  a.  hypopyrrhus  116 

A.  Microsciurus,  Allen. 

"Size  small;  ear  short,  rounded;  tail  shorter  than  body,  slender, 
rounded.  Premolars,  ^7.  Skull  short,  broad,  and  deep  at  base; 
nasals  narrow  and  shorter  than  interorbital  breadth,  upper  end  of 


SCIURUS.  99 


premaxillae  very  heavy;   malar  broad  and  expanded  vertically;  post- 
palatal  notch  only  a  trifle  posterior  to  last  molar."     (Nelson.) 


FIG.  13.    SCIURUS  <MICROSCIURUS>  BROWNI. 
No.  10404  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.    Nat.  Size. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 

A.  Size  small;  tail  slender,  round.  PAGE 

a.  Upper  parts  dusky  olivaceous,  finely  grizzled 

with  yellowish  rusty 5.  alfari       99 

b.  Upper  parts  tawny  olive  and  bistre 5.  browni     100 

c.  Upper  parts  olivaceous  brown,  shaded  with 

yellowish 5.  boquetensis     100 

68.  alfari  (Sciurus),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  P- 333- 
ALFARO'S  PIGMY  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Jimenez,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern,  eastern,  and  southwestern  Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small;  ears  short,  rounded;  pelage  soft, 
dense;  tail  slender,  much  shorter  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  outer  sides  of  arms,  legs,  hands,  and  feet 
dusky  olivaceous,  finely  grizzled  with  yellowish  rusty;  top  of  head 
and  narrow  orbital  ring  rufous,  chin,  throat,  breast,  and  inner  side  of 
arms  pale  ferrugineous  shading  into  dark  brown ;  middle  of  belly  and 
inner  side  of  thighs  varying  from  fulvous  gray  to  rufous;  tail  like 
back  at  base,  remainder  above  and  beneath  grizzled  dark  reddish 
brown  and  black,  tip  black;  hairs  of  under  surface  of  tail  reddish 
brown  or  chestnut,  encircled  with  three  bands. 


100  SCIURUS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  290;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind  foot, 
35 ;  ear  from  crown,  9.  Skull:  basal  length,  29.5 ;  palatal  length,  14.2 ; 
interorbital  width,  13;  zygomatic  width,  22;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  6. 

69.  browni    (Sciurus),    Bangs,    Bull.    Mus.     Comp.    Zoo!.,    xxxix, 

1902,  p.  24. 
BROWN'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Bogava,  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small,  pelage  rather  harsh,  thin. 

Color.  "Upper  parts  a  fine  mixture  of  tawny  olive  and  bistre, 
produced  by  the  dark  brown  bases  and  tawny  olive  tips  of  the  hairs ; 
nose,  forehead,  and  orbital  ring  tawny;  tail  with  the  hairs  dark  red- 
dish brown  basally,  then  black  and  tipped  with  grayish  white;  a 
small,  black  pencil;  under  parts  dull  gray  to  grayish  white,  slightly 
washed  with  bufty  or  yellowish  in  some  specimens  (very  slightly  in 
the  type  on  under  side  of  neck  and  middle  of  belly) ;  under  sides  of 
legs  darker — more  nearly  like  upper  parts." 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  232-260;  tail  vertebras,  110-120; 
hind  foot,  36-38;  ear,  13-14.  Skull:  type,  basal  length,  29;  occipito- 
nasal  length,  36;  zygomatic  width,  21.2;  interorbital  width,  12.4; 
palatal  length,  to  palatal  notch,  13.4;  to  end  of  pterygoids,  20.2; 
length  of  nasals,  u  ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.8."  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

70.  boquetensis   (Sciurus'),   Nelson,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xvi, 

1903,  p.  121. 
CHIRIQUI  PIGMY  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama,  altitude  6,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Pelage  soft,  thick,  woolly;  tail  slender,  flat.  Skull 
long  and  narrow;  braincase  arched. 

Color.  Upper  parts,  sides  of  body,  and  upper  surface  of  arms  and 
legs  olivaceous  brown,  shaded  with  yellowish;  chin  and  throat  dingy 
rusty;  under  side  of  neck  and  breast  rusty  rufous  shading  into  dull 
grizzled  brown;  tail  above  and  below  dull  tawny  olive,  washed  and 
tipped  with  black  and  edged  with  pale  yellowish;  hands  and  feet 
washed  with  rusty  reddish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  257;  tail,  116;  hind  foot,  37; 
(dried  skin.)  Skull:  palatal  length,  15.5;  interorbital  breadth,  14; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  7. 

B.  Baiosciurus. 

Premolars,  ^-  Skull  long  and  slender;  braincase  arched;  ros- 
trum broad,  about  equal  to  interorbital  breadth;  audital  bullse  small. 


SCIURUS. 


101 


FIG.  14.    SCIURUS  (BAIOSCIURUS*  DEPPII. 

No.  63668  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 

A.  Size  small.  PAGE 

a.  Above  grizzled  rusty,  or  yellowish  brown 5.  deppii     101 

b.  Above  rusty  reddish 5.  d.  vivax     102 

c.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown,  tinged  with 

yellow  or  reddish 5.  negligens     102 

71.  deppii   (Sciurus),  Peters,  Monatsb.  K.  Preuss.  Akad.  Wiss.,  Berl., 
1863,  p.  654. 

tephrogaster  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3dSer.,  xx,  1867,  p.  431. 

t&niurus  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  431. 

griseogena  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  429. 
DEPPE'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Papantla,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 


102  SCIURUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Vera  Cruz  from  Papantla  on  east  coast  to 
Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  Mexico,  and  into  Guatemala,  Central 
America.  Altitude,  6,000-9,000  feet. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  rusty  or  yellowish  brown;  flanks  and 
sides  of  head  paler  yellowish  brown;  ears  like  back,  with  whitish 
basal  patches;  outside  of  arms  and  hands  dark  gray;  legs  and  feet 
similar  to  flanks  in  color,  but  darker;  under  parts  grayish  white  to 
rusty  fulvous;  tail  above  black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled 
reddish  or  yellowish  brown,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  392;  tail  vertebrae,  188;  hind  foot, 
54.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  56;  Hensel,  47;  zygomatic  width, 
33;  across  postorbital  processes,  27;  length  of  nasals,  15;  palatal 
length,  27  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  1 1 ;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  9. 

a. — vivax  (Sciurus},  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901,  p.  131. 
APAZOTE  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Apazote,  State  of  Campeche,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lowland  forest  in  the  States  of  eastern  Tabasco, 
southern  Campeche,  and  southern  and  eastern  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  deppii,  but  paler;  rostrum  heavy; 
nasals  broader;  audital  bullae  smaller  and  more  nearly  round. 

Color.  Above  rusty  reddish;  under  parts  white  or  grayish  white; 
shoulders,  arms,  and  hands  gray;  feet  like  back  but  washed  with  gray; 
tail  above  heavily  washed  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  373;  tail  vertebrae,  168;  hind 
foot,  52. 

72.  negligens  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.    Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

P-  147- i 

arizonensis  Alston,  Biol.  Cent.  Amer.,  Mamm.,  i,  1880,  p.  125. 

deppei  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891,  p.  222.     (Part.) 
LITTLE  GRAY  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Alta  Mira,  State  of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Tamaulipas,  through  eastern  San  Luis 
Potosi  into  northern  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  5.  deppii,  but  paler. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  grayish  brown,  tinged  with  yellow 
or  reddish;  sides  of  neck,  nape,  and  head  yellowish  brown;  ears  fer- 
rugineous  with  basal  white  patches;  shoulders  outside  of  arms  and 
hands  gray;  outside  of  legs  and  feet  grizzled  grayish  brown;  under 
parts  white,  varying  to  fulvous;  chin  and  throat  white;  tail  above 
black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled  grayish,  or  yellowish 
brown,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  white. 


SCIURUS. 


103 


Measurements.  Total  length,  384;  tail  vertebrae,  189;  hind  foot, 
54.  Skull:  average  of  four;  basal  length,  41.7;  palatal  length,  21.4; 
interorbital  width,  15.3;  zygomatic  width,  28.4;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  9.1. 

0.  Guerlinguetus. 

Size  small;  ears  long;  tail  shorter  than  body,  flat,  bushy.  Skull 
broad,  braincase  not  highly  arched,  expanded  at  parietal  region; 
bullae  small;  rostrum  broad,  deep;  nasals  long,  widest  anteriorly; 
post-palatal  notch  behind  last  molar.  Premolars,  ^. 


FlG.   15.     SCIURUS  iGUERLINGUETUSi  /€.  HOFFMANNI. 
No.  4749  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 

A.  Size  small;  tail  flat,  bushy.  PAGE 

a.  Upper  parts  grizzled  rusty  brown S.  ce.  hoffmanni     104 

b.  Upper  parts  blackish  brown  and  tawny ..  5.  CB.  chiriquensis     104 

c.  Upper  parts  dark  ochraceous  brown S.  richmondi     105 


104  SCIURUS. 

d.  Upper  parts  mixed  yellow  ferrugineous  and  PAGE 

blackish  brown 5.  v.  morulus     105 

(estuans  hoffrtianni   (Sciurus),  Peters,  Monatsb.  K.  Preuss.  Akad. 
Wiss.  Berl.,  1863,  p.  654. 

xanthotus  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  429. 

griseogena  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  430. 
(Part.  Costa  Rica.) 

rufoniger  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodent.,  1877,  p.  757-763.     (Part. 
Costa  Rica.) 

griseogenys  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  667.     (Part.  Costa 

Rica,  Veragua,  Panama.) 
HOFFMAN'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica  south  to  upper  Cauca  River,  Colombia. 

Genl.  Char.   Similar  to  S.  (estuans  in  size,  but  darker ;  tail  broad,  flat. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  rusty  brown,  sometimes  blackish  on 
top  of  head  and  median  line  of  back;  orbital  ring  dark  buff;  chin  and 
throat  yellowish  buff;  under  parts  rusty  buff  to  deep  ferrugineous, 
outside  of  arms  and  legs  like  back,  inner  side  like  under  parts;  hands 
and  feet  similar  to  back,  but  more  inclined  to  yellowish;  tail  above 
black,  washed  with  ferrugineous,  beneath  grizzled  black  and  yellowish 
brown,  and  broadly  edged  with  ferrugineous;  ears  thinly  haired; 
darker  than  head,  basal  patch  small,  dull  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Total  average  length,  426.6;  tail  vertebrae,  187; 
hind  foot,  54.3.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  43.2;  palatal 
length,  23.3;  interorbital  width,  17;  zygomatic  width,  31.3;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  9. 

(estuans  chiriquensis  (Sciurus),   Bangs,   Bull.    Mus.    Comp.    Zool., 

XXXIX,    1902,  p.   22. 

CHIRIQUI  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Divala,    Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.     Very  similar  to  5.  &.  hoffmanni;  under  parts  paler. 

Color.  "Upper  parts  finely  mixed  blackish  brown  and  tawny, 
the  tawny.,  color  predominating  on  sides,  the  dark  brown  color  along 
middle  of  back;  orbital  ring,  back  of  ear,  and  a  small  spot  just  behind 
ear  clear  tawny;  under  parts  tawny,  becoming  yellower,  about  raw 
sienna,  on  under  side  of  neck  and  head,  and  often  the  breast  simi- 
larly colored;  tail  much  the  same  as  back,  but  with  the  tawny  annu- 
lations  wider;  deeply  fringed  along  sides  with  clear  tawny,  under  side 
darker  than  upper." 

Measurements.  "Type.  Total  length,  400;  tail  vertebrae,  190; 
hind  foot,  52;  ear,  20."  Skull:  basal  length,  46.2;  occipito-nasal 


SCIURUS.  105 

length,  54;  zygomatic  width,  31.4;  length  of  nasals,  16.4;  palatal 
length,  23.2.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

73.  richmondi  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,xn,  1898,  p.  146. 
RICHMOND'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  Escondido  River,  fifty  miles  above  Bluefields, 
Nicaragua. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Tropical  lowland  forests  along  the  Escondido  River, 
Nicaragua. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  &.  hoffmani,  but  more  ochraceous, 
under  parts  and  tail  washed  with  yellow. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  base  of  tail  dark  ochraceous  brown, 
darkest  on  crown  and  median  part  of  back;  sides  of  head  yellowish 
brown;  orbital  ring  buffy;  outer  side  of  arms,  hands,  and  sides  of 
neck,  ochraceous;  outer  side  of  thighs  dark  ochraceous  brown,  feet 
similar  but  more  ochraceous;  under  parts  buffy  yellow  to  dingy 
ferrugineous ;  tail  above  black,  washed  with  yellowish,  beneath 
grizzled  yellowish  brown  narrowly  bordered  with  black  and  edged 
with  dull  yellow;  ears  dark  ochraceous  brown,  with  small  yellow 
basal  patch,  but  the  latter  not  always  present. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  368;  tail  vertebrae,  164;  hind  foot, 
53.5.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  42.1 ;  palatal  length,  22.1 ; 
interorbital  breadth,  16.3;  zygomatic  breadth,  30.4;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  8.3. 

variabilis  morulus  (Sciurus),  Bangs,  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  n,  1900, 

P.  43- 

variabilis  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vn,  1884,  p.  596. 
LION  HILL  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Loma  del  Leon,  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  similar  to  that  of  5.  variabilis  from  Colombia, 
but  wider  and  heavier. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  yellow  ferrugineous  and  blackish  brown ; 
dorsal  region  darker,  blackish  at  base  of  tail;  upper  surface  of  legs 
like  back  of  arms,  ferrugineous;  chin,  lips,  and  cheeks  tawny  olive; 
under  parts  bright  ferrugineous;  tail  above  blackish  at  base  and  tip, 
remainder  bright  ferrugineous,  beneath  tawny  olive  and  blackish, 
outer  margin  ferrugineous,  tip  black. 

Measurements.  Male.  Total  length,  435-490;  tail  vertebrae, 
200-235;  hind  foot,  55;  ear,  20-25.  Skull:  basal  length,  46.2;  oc- 
cipito-nasal  length,  55.2;  zygomatic  width,  34;  mastoid  width,  23.6; 
interorbital  width,  17.8;  width  behind  postorbital  processes,  20.2; 
length  of  nasals,  17 ;  length  of  palate  to  palatal  notch,  25 ;  upper  tooth 
row,  9.4;  lower  tooth  row,  10;  mandible,  32.2. 


106  SCIURUS. 

D.  Arseosciurus, 

Premolars,  j^j.  Skull  broad,  depressed  between  orbits;  superior 
outline  curved  greatly  at  occipital  region;  orbital  region  very  broad; 
postorbital  process  curving  downward,  and  pointed;  nasals  long, 
extending  posteriorly  to  end  of  premaxillae. 


FIG.  16.   SCIURUS  IAR/EOSCIURUSI  NAYARITENSIS. 

No.  4741  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 

A.  Size  large.     Premolars,  |^.  PAGE 

a.  Back  with  longitudinal  black  band 5.  oculatus     107 

b.  Back  without  longitudinal  black  band, 
a/  Under  parts  white. 

a."  Above  gray,  washed  with  blackish;  tail 

beneath  yellowish  gray  or  brown 5.  o.  toluca     107 

b."  Above  grizzled  yellowish   brown;   tail 

beneath  grizzled  yellowish  gray 5.  alleni     108 


SCIURUS.  107 

PAGE 

c."  Above  gray;  tail  beneath  cinnamon.  .5.  nayarilensis  108 
d."  Above  mixed  gray,  black,  white,  and 

tawny;  tail  beneath  tawny 5.  arizonensis  109 

e."  Above  grizzled  gray ;  tail  beneath  pale 

chestnut 5.  a.  huachuca  109 

b.'  Under  parts  buffy  yellow  to  orange  yellow.  .  .  .5.  apache  no 

74.  oculatus   (Sciurus),  Peters,  Monatsb.  K.  Preuss.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berl., 
1863,  p.  653. 

capistratus  Licht.,  Abh.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.,  1827,  p.  116.     (nee  Bosc.) 

carolinensis  Sauss.,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  sme  Se"r.,  xm,  1861,  p.  4. 
(nee  Gmel.) 

hypopyrrhus  Allen,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  iv,  1878,  p.  881. 
(Part.) 

niger  melanonotus  Thomas,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1870,  p.  73,  pi.  vi. 
BLACK-BACKED  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Las  Vigas?  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwestward  through  States  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Hidalgo,  Queretaro  to  southeastern  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 6,000-12,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  skull  broad  and  heavy. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  gray,  with  a  black  band  from  middle  of 
crown  to  base  of  tail;  orbital  ring  whitish;  cheeks  and  sides  of  neck 
grizzled  gray  with  a  buff  tinge,  not  always,  however,  present;  ears 
dull  gray  with  white  or  buff  basal  patches;  hands  and  feet  grizzled 
gray  or  buffy;  outside  of  arms  and  thighs  gray,  sometimes  rusty 
brownish  on  the  thighs ;  under  parts  white  with  buffy  tinge  to  ochra- 
ceous  buff;  tail  above  black  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled 
gray,  tinged  with  yellowish,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  544;  tail  vertebrae,  254;  hind  foot, 
69.  Skull:  average  of  three;  basilar  length,  54.6;  palatal  length, 
28.5;  interorbital  width,  20.3;  zygomatic  width,  36.3;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  1 1 . 

a. — tolucce    (Sciurus),    Nelson,   Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xn,   1898, 

p.  148. 
TOLUCA  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  North  slope  of  the  Volcano  of  Toluca,  State  of 
Mexico,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sierra  Madre  from  Toluca  Volcano,  State  of 
Mexico,  to  border  of  State  of  Michoacan;  southern  and  western 
parts  of  State  of  Queretaro;  central  and  eastern  parts  of  State  of 
Guanajuato,  and  southern  part  of  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 


108  SCIURUS. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  oculatus,  but  paler.  Skull:  nasals 
narrow. 

Color.  Top  of  head  and  back  gray,  washed  with  blackish;  flanks 
and  outside  of  arms  and  legs  grizzled  gray,  tinged  with  yellowish; 
orbital  ring  grayish  white;  sides  of  head  and  ears  gray,  tinged  with 
buff;  white  basal  patches  on  ears;  under  parts  whitish;  hands  and 
feet  grayish  white,  tinged  with  buff;  tail  black  above,  washed  with 
white,  beneath  yellowish  gray  or  brown,  bordered  with  black  and 
edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  520;  tail  vertebrae,  260;  hind  foot, 
66.  Skull:  average  of  two;  basilar  length,  54;  palatal  length,  29; 
interorbital  width,  20.5 ;  zygomatic  width,  36.7 ;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  n. 


75.  alleni    (Sciurus),    Nelson,    Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,    xn, 

p.  147- 

carolinensist  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  263. 

carolinensis  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Roden.,  1877,  p.  706. 

carolinensis  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  658. 

arizonensis  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  1891,  p.  222. 

(Part.) 
ALLEN'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Monterey,  State  of  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Monterey,  State  of  Nuevo  Leon,  into  State  of 
Tamaulipas,  Mexico.  Altitude,  2,000-8,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  S.  carolinensis,  back  uniform  in  color. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  yellowish  brown,  grayest  on  flanks;  arms, 
hands,  and  feet  whitish  gray;  thighs  like  flanks;  orbital  ring  whitish; 
under  parts  white ;  faint  grayish  lateral  line ;  tail  like  back  all  around 
the  base,  above  black  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled  yellowish 
gray,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  white;  ears  brownish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  471;  tail  vertebras,  217;  hind  foot, 
60.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basilar  length,  50.4;  palatal  length,  26.3; 
interorbital  width,  18.4;  zygomatic  width,  33.7;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  10.3. 

76.  nayaritensis  (Sciurus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y., 

1890,  p.  vii,  footnote,  and  p.  185. 
alstoni  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  1889,  p.  167.     (nee 

Anderson.) 
NAYARIT  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Sierra  de  Valparaiso,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 
Geogr.  Distr.     States  of  Jalisco  and  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 
Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  S.  griseiflavus ;  ears  high  and  broad. 


SCIURUS.  109 

Color.  Above  gray,  as  are  also  the  sides;  outer  surface  of  limbs 
pale  gray;  rest  of  pelage  white;  orbital  ring  grayish  white;  ears 
grayish;  tail  above  black  and  white  mixed,  fringed  on  sides  with 
white,  beneath  cinnamon  rufous. 

Measurements.  Total  length  (skin),  260-304;  tail  vertebrae,  254- 
287;  ear:  height,  23-25;  width  at  base,  21.5-24.  Skull:  average  of 
five;  basilar  length,  55.5 ;  palatal  length,  28.4;  interorbital  width,  37.1 ; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  11.7. 

77.  arizonensis  (Sciurus),   Coues,  Am.    Nat.,  1867,  p.  357.     Elliot, 
Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  59. 

collicei  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rod.,  1877,  p.  738.     (nee  Rich.) 
ARIZONA  GRAY  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Whipple,  Yavapai  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico  (San  Pedro  Mines, 
Allen),  to  Arizona.  Texas? 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  5.  carolinensis ;  tail  as  long  as  head  and 
body;  soles  naked  to  heel. 

Color.  Above  mixed  gray,  black,  white,  and  tawny,  the  latter 
predominating;  sides  and  limbs  outside  grizzled  gray  and  white; 
beneath  and  inside  of  limbs  pure  white;  tail  above  basally  gray  and 
white,  remainder  black  mixed  with  white  and  fringed  broadly  with 
white,  beneath  tawny  in  the  center,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed 
with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  457.4;  tail  vertebrae,  241.3;  hind 
foot,  58.4;  height  of  ear,  20.3.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  63; 
Hensel,  48;  zygomatic  width,  35;  interorbital  width,  20;  palatal 
length,  21 ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  n. 

a. — huachuca  (Sciurus},  Allen,   Bull.  Am.  Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,   1894, 

p.  349.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  60. 
HUACHUCA  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Huachuca  Mountains,  southern  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Huachuca  Mountains,  Arizona,  into  State  of  Sonora, 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  arizonensis,  but  nearly  uniform  gray 
above,  only  a  trace  of  fulvous  dorsal  stripe. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  gray;  dorsal  stripe  nearly  obsolete; 
sides  lighter  gray;  nape  patch  pale  fulvous;  under  parts  of  body  and 
limbs  pure  white;  tail  above  black  sprinkled  with  white  and  fringed 
broadly  with  white,  beneath  pale  chestnut,  bordered  with  black  and 
broadly  fringed  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  540;  tail  vertebrae,  265;  hind  foot, 
70;  ear,  34.  Skull:  average  of  four;  basal  length,  53.5 ;  palatal  length, 


110  SCIURUS. 

27.5;  interorbital  width,  19.9;  zygomatic  width,  36.4;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.4. 

78.  apache  (Sciurus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893,  p.  29. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  58. 

griseiflavus  Thomas,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1882,  p.  372.     (nee  Gray.) 

niger  ludovicianus  Thomas,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1890,  p.  73  (footnote). 
APACHE  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Mountains  of  northwestern  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sierra  Madre  in  States  of  western  Durango,  north- 
western Chihuahua,  eastern  Sonora,  and  northeastern  Sinaloa,  Mexico; 
also  in  Chiricahua  Mountains,  southern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  size  and  color  to  5.  r.  texensis  Bach.,  but 
darker  and  with  ferrugineous  legs,  and  other  distribution  of  hues. 

Color.  Upper  parts  iron  gray,  usually  washed  with  yellow; 
crown  and  back  blackish;  sides  of  head  mixed  gray,  black  and  ful- 
vous; orbital  ring  buffy  white  or  fulvous;  flanks  washed  with  pale 
yellowish;  outside  of  legs  suffused  with  rusty;  outside  of  arms  and 
under  parts  varying  from  buffy  yellow  to  orange  yellow;  tail  at 
base  like  back,  above  black  washed  with  yellow  and  fringed  with 
white,  beneath  orange  or  rusty  rufous  with  a  black  border  and 
fringed  with  pale  yellowish;  ears  gray  with  a  buff  tinge;  hands  buffy 
or  orange  yellow ;  feet  darker. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  565;  tail  vertebrae,  279;  hind  foot, 

79.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basilar  length,  56.4;  palatal  length,  28.7; 
interorbital   width,    21.5;   zygomatic   width,    37.5;  length   of  upper 
molar  series,  11.9. 

E.  Parasciurus. 

Premolars,  j^.  Skull:  braincase  narrow  at  occiput,  not  inflated 
over  parietal  region,  long,  narrow;  rostrum  long,  broad;  nasals  broad; 
molar  series  large,  heavy. 

rufiventer  texensis   (Sciurus),  (Bach.),  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1838,  p.  86. 

liidovicianus  limitis  Baird.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,   1855, 

p.  331.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  53. 
TEXAS  Fox  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Devil's  River,  Valverde  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Texas  and  adjacent  parts  of  the  States  of  Nuevo 
Leon  and  Coahuila,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  S.  carolinensis ;  hairs  short  and  close 
pressed;  upper  molars  four;  feet  small;  colors  pale. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  cinnamon  and  black;  sides  of  head, 
limbs,  and  under  parts,  light  cinnamon  brown;  feet  above  tinged  with 


SCIURUS. 


Ill 


FIG.  17.    SCIURUS  <PARASCIURUSI  RUFIVENTER  TEXENSIS. 

No.  4739  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


rusty;  tail  above  similar  to  back  but  more  yellowish,  beneath  uniform 
cinnamon,  darker  than  belly.  The  color  of  ventral  surface  varies 
from  pure  white  to  deep  orange  among  individuals. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  532;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  280;  hind 
foot,  64.5.  Skull:  average  of  two;  basal  length,  50;  palatal  length, 
25.5;  interorbital  width,  18;  zygomatic  width,  33.5;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  10.5. 

F.  Otosciurus,  Nelson. 

Premolars,  ^Ef.  Skull  short  and  very  broad,  with  curved  superior 
outline;  rostrum  rather  short,  compressed;  nasals  narrow  posteriorly 
and  extending  beyond  premaxillae;  molars  heavy. 


112 


SCIURUS. 


FIG.  18.   SCIURUS  (OrosciuRus)  DURANGI. 

No.  94548  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

79.  durangi   (Sciurus),  Thomas,   Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  Ser.,  xi, 
1893,  p.  49. 

aberti  Thos.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1882,  p.  372.  (nee  Woodhouse.) 
DURANGO  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  Ciudad  Ranch  (100  miles  west  of  Durango  City), 
State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sierra  Madre,  west  part  of  States  of  Durango  and 
Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  aberti,  but  less  red  on  back;  tail 
beneath  uniform  grizzled  gray;  dorsal  stripe  not  reaching  base  of  tail. 

Color.  Above  gray  with  chestnut  dorsal  stripe  from  shoulders  to 
rump;  flanks  and  outside  of  hind  legs  grizzled  gray;  outside  of  fore 
legs  paler  gray;  lateral  black  line  ill  defined;  orbital  ring  brownish 
white;  ear  gray,  tufts  black;  under  parts  white,  base  of  tail  like  back, 
remainder  above  black  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled  gray, 


SCIURUS.  113 

with  black  border  and  subapical  bar  and  white  edging;  hands  white 
or  whitish;  feet  grizzled  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  500;  tail  vertebrae,  247;  hind  foot, 
70.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  50.1;  palatal  length,  27.3; 
interorbital  width,  19.8;  zygomatic  width,  35.1;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.2. 

G.  Echinosciurus. 

Premolars,  |^|.  Skull:  broad,  depressed  between  orbits;  superior 
outline  curved,  sharpest  decline  posteriorly;  occipital  region  widest; 
interorbital  constriction  very  slight;  rostrum  broad  and  short;  outer 
side  of  nasals  reaching  ends  of  premaxillae;  the  nasals  shorter  than 
width  between  orbits;  basioccipital  and  basisphenoid  broad,  widely 
separating  audital  bullae. 


FlG.   19.     SCIURUS  (ECHINOSCIURUS)  AUREIGASTER. 
No.  4744  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


114  SCIURUS. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 

A.  Size  large.     Premolars,  ^. 

a.  Above  iron  gray.  PAGE 
a.'  Nape  yellowish  brown  or  rusty  rufous.  .  .5.  aureigaster  115 
b/  Nape  grizzled  rufous  or  brownish.  .  .  .5.  a.  hypopyrrhus  116 

c.'  Nape  yellowish  or  rufous  brown 5.  a.  frumentor  117 

d/  Nape  grizzled  yellowish  brown  to  chestnut 

brown S.  p.  nemoralis  1 18 

e/  Nape  yellowish  brown  to  rusty  tinged 

with  black S.  p.  colimensis  1 19 

f/  Nape  rusty  rufous,  sometimes  mixed 

with  black  and  white 5.  p.  effugius  120 

g/  Nape  fulvous  or  rusty  brown,  grizzled 

with  black 5.  p.  cervicalis  119 

b.  Above  gray  mixed  with  brown  or  yellow 5.  polio  pus  117 

c.  Above  pale  gray  and  yellowish 5.  p.  hernandezi  118 

d.  Above  blackish,  grizzled  with  yellowish  brown .  .  .S.  nelsoni  120 

e.  Above  bluish  gray,  grizzled S.  n.  hirtus  121 

f.  Above  yellowish  gray  tinged  with  black. 

a/  Ears  yellowish  brown 5.  collioei  121 

b.'  Ears  rusty  rufous S.  c.  nuchalis  122 

g.  Above  pale  reddish,  yellow,  and  black 5.  sinaloensis  122 

h.  Above  grizzled  dark  yellowish 5.  truii  123 

i.  Above  mixed  white  and  black,  tinged  with 

yellowish  or  rufous S.  socialis  123 

j.    Above  grayish  or  creamy  white 5.  s.  cocos  124 

k.    Above    grizzled   yellowish    brown,   washed 

with  white 5.  griseiflavis  1 24 

1.  Above  grizzled  gray 5.  g.  chiapensis  125 

m.    Above  grizzled  gray  and  black,  tinged  with 

yellowish  brown 5.  yucatanensis  125 

n.  Above  blackish  gray,  suffused  with  buff  .  .  .  5.  y.  baliolus  126 

o.  Above  black 5.  thomasi  1 26 

p.  Above  dark  brown,  mixed  with  grayish 5.  adolphei  126 

q.  Above    dorsal    band    blackish    or    grayish 

yellowish  brown 5.  a.  dorsalis  127 

r.  Above  dark  chocolate 5.  melania  128 

s.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown. 

a/  Tinged  with  reddish 5.  boothia  128 

b/  Washed  with  black S.  b.  belli  1 28 

t.   Above  grizzled  yellowish  gray S.  variegatoides  129 

u.  Above  grizzled  yellowish  brown,  dorsal   re- 
gion washed  with  black S.  managuensis  129 


SCIURUS. 


115 


v.   Above  pale  iron  gray ;  rump  and  middle  of  PAGE 

back  washed  with  black S.  goldmani     130 


FIG.  XXIX.    SCIURUS  AUREIGASTER.    GOLDEN-BELLIED  SQUIRREL. 

80.  aureigaster    (Sciurus},   F.   Cuv.,    Hist.   Nat.   Mamm..  vi,    1829, 

Livr.  LIX,  pi.  Text. 

niger  Erxl.,  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  1777,  p.  417. 
variegatus  Desm.,  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  x,  1817,  pp.  103-104. 

(nee  Erxl.,  1777.) 

rufiventer  Licht.,  Abh.  K.  Ak.  Wiss.  BerL.  1827,  p.  116. 
leucogaster!   F.    Cuv.,  Suppl.    d'Hist.    Nat.    Buffon,   i,    1831,   pp. 

300-301. 
mustelinns  Aud.  &  Bach.,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Scien.  Phil.,  1841, 

p.  100. 
ferruginiventris!  Aud.  &  Bach.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1841, 

p.  101. 

aurogaster!  Aud.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,  in,  1851,  p.  344. 
hypoxanthus  I.  Geoff.,  Voy.  de  la  Ve'nus,  Zool.,  1855,  p.  158. 
aureogaster!  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  1867,  p.  423. 
hypopyrrhus  Allen,    Bull.  Am.  Mus.   Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  in,  1891, 

p.  222.     (nee  WagL) 

leucops  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.   Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  ix,  1897,  p.  198. 
GOLDEN-BELLIED  SQUIRREL.      Ardilla  in  Mexico,  common  name  for 

all  squirrels. 

Type  locality.     Eastern  Mexico. 

Geogr.   Distr.     Eastern  Mexico  from  southern  part  of  State  of 
Tamaulipas  to  northern  side  of  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  through 


116  SCIURUS. 

States  of  Vera  Cruz,  eastern  San  Luis  Potosi,  Queretaro,  Puebla,  and 
northeastern  Hidalgo  and  northern  Oaxaca,  up  to  4,000  and  8,000 
feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  coloring  varied,  under  parts  ferrugineous 
to  dark  rufous;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  varying  from  iron  gray  to  whitish  gray;  nape 
yellowish  brown  or  rusty  rufous;  orbital  ring  deep  buff;  between  eye 
and  ear  yellowish  brown;  chin  and  cheeks  grizzled  gray;  arms  and 
hands  iron  gray ;  feet  varying  from  blackish  to  iron  gray ;  under  parts 
and  sometimes  a  band  over  shoulders  and  outer  side  of  arms,  bright 
ferrugineous;  ears  gray  to  rusty  red;  tail  at  base  like  back,  remainder 
above  black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  ferrugineous,  with  a  black 
border  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  539;  tail  vertebrae,  265;  hind  foot, 
67.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  49.8;  palatal  length,  26.5; 
interorbital  width,  19.1;  zygomatic  width,  34.5;  length  of  uppei 
molar  series,  11.3. 

a. — hypopyrrhus  (Sciurus),  Wagler,  Isis,  1831,  p.  510. 

morio  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  424. 

maurus  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  425. 

variegatus  Sumichrast,  La  Naturaleza,  vn,  1887,  p.  360. 

aureogaster !  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  in,  1890,  p.  181. 

(nee  Cuv.) 
FIRE-BELLIED  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Mexico.  State  of  Vera  Cruz  ? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  part  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  States  of 
Tabasco,  Oaxaca,  and  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Darker  than  5.  aureigaster. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  with  black,  rusty  or  grayish  white;  fore 
part  of  crown  and  nose  iron  gray;  nape  grizzled  rufous  or  brownish; 
orbital  ring  brownish  buff;  chin  and  cheeks  grayish;  under  parts 
deep  ferrugineous,  this  color  covering  arms  and  forming  a  band  on 
shoulder;  outside  of  thighs  grizzled  like  back;  hands  and  feet  black 
or  grizzled  with  gray;  tail  at  base  like  back,  rest  black  washed  with 
white,  beneath  ferrugineous  with  a  black  border  and  white  edge; 
sometimes  for  ferrugineous  black  is  substituted;  ears  gray  or  red- 
dish brown,  sometimes  with  black  border,  and  a  basal  patch  in 
winter,  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  522;  tail  vertebras,  266;  hind 
foot,  67.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  52.6;  palatal  length, 
27.1;  interorbital  breadth,  18.4;  zygomatic  breadth,  34.8;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  11.4. 


SCIURUS.  117 

b. — frumentor  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

P-  154. 
PEROTE  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Las  Vigas,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "East  and  north  base  of  the  Cape  de  Perote,  and 
eastern  slope  of  the  Cordillera  near  Las  Vigas,  State  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Mexico,  in  pine  and  oak  forests,  at  6,000-8,000  feet." 

Genl.  Char.  Nuchal  and  rump  patches  yellowish  or  rufous  brown, 
and  under  parts  gray,  sometimes  washed  with  rufous. 

Color.  Upper  parts  (except  nape  and  rump),  nose,  forehead, 
sides,  and  outside  of  arms  and  legs,  grizzled  iron  gray;  patches 
on  nape  and  rump,  and  sides  of  head  pale  brown  or  reddish, 
tinged  with  black,  palest  on  sides  of  head;  chin  and  throat  grayish; 
under  parts  gray,  sometimes  tinged  with  rust  red;  tail  above  like 
back  at  base,  remainder  black  washed  with  white,  beneath  yellowish 
or  dark  ferrugineous,  with  a  black  border  and  white  edge;  ears 
varying  in  color,  sometimes  grayish,  again  similar  to  the  nuchal 
patch,  occasionally  having  a  black  border;  hands  and  feet  iron  gray 
to  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  "average  of  five  adults,  504.6;  tail 
vertebrae,  249.2;  hind  feet,  68.8."  (Nelson.)  A  topotype:  total 
length,  502;  tail,  250;  hind  foot,  69.  Skull:  average  of  four;  basal 
length,  52.5;  palatal  length,  26.1;  interorbital  width,  19.7;  zygo- 
matic  width,  34.4;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  11.2. 

81.  poliopus  (Sciurus),  Fitz.,  Sitzung.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  i,  1867, 
p.  478. 

albipes  Wagn.,  Abhandl.  Math.-Phys.  Cl.  K.  Bayer  Akad.  Wiss. 
Munchen,  n,  1837,  pp.  501-506.     (nee  Kerr.) 

varius  Wagn.,  Suppl.  Schreb.  Saugeth.,  in,  1843,  p.  168. 

rufipes  Fitz.,  Sitzung.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wein,  i,  1867,  p.  478. 

leucops  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  427. 

variegatus  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  660. 

wagneri  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  1898,  p.  453. 
OAXACA  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Cerro  San  Felipe,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  about  Valley  of  Oaxaca,  except  those 
on  the  west,  7,500-11,000  feet  altitude. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large. 

Color.  Back  and  outside  of  arms  and  legs  gray,  mixed  with 
yellowish  or  brownish  hairs;  nose  and  forehead  iron  gray;  patch  on 
nape  and  rump  pale  brown  tinged  with  black;  sides  of  head  gray; 
orbital  ring,  chin,  and  throat  grayish  white;  under  parts  ferrugineous 


118  SCIURUS. 

red;  tail  at  base  all  around  like  back;  above  black  washed  with 
white,  beneath  mixed  yellowish,  or  reddish  brown  bordered  with 
black  and  edged  with  white;  hands  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  523;  tail  vertebrae,  263;  hind  foot, 
71.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  52.2;  palatal  length,  27.3; 
interorbital  width,  18.6;  zygomatic  width,  34.5;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  10.7. 

a. — hernandezi  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899, 
p.  48. 

albipes  quercinus  Nels.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p.  150. 
(nee  Erxl.) 

wagneri  quercinus  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898,  p.  453. 

albipes  hernandezi  Nels.,  Science,  N.  Ser.,  vin,  1898,  p.  783. 
OAK  WOODS  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  15  miles  west  of  the  city  of  Oaxaca, 
State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  west  of  Oaxaca  Valley  into  southern 
part  of  State  of  Puebla  and  southeastern  portion  of  State  of  Guer- 
rero, Mexico.  Altitude,  8,000-9,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  5.  poliopus,  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  and  outside  of  arms  and  legs  pale  gray  and  yel- 
lowish; nose  and  forehead  grizzled  gray  tinged  with  black,  faint  yel- 
lowish and  black  patch  on  nape;  ears  gray,  with  white  basal  patch; 
orbital  ring  whitish;  chin  and  throat  white;  under  parts  white,  some- 
times tinged  with  buff;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above  and  below 
at  base  like  back,  remainder  of  upper  part  black  washed  with  white, 
beneath  yellowish  gray  or  rusty  grizzled,  with  an  indistinct  black 
border  and  broad  white  edging. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  540;  tail  vertebrae,  273;  hind  foot, 
68.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  51.5;  palatal  length,  26.5; 
interorbital  width,  19.5;  zygomatic  width,  34.6;  length  of  molar 
series,  n. 

b. — nemoralis  (Sciurus),  Nels.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,   1899, 
p.  50. 

albipes  nemoralis  Nels.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p.  151. 

wagneri  nemoralis  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898,  p.  454. 
MICHOACAN  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Patzcuaro,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Volcano  of  Toluca,  State  of  Mexico,  to  Nahuatzin, 
State  of  Michoacan.  Altitude,  7,000—12,000  feet. 

Genl.    Char.     Similar   to   5.    p.    hernandezi,    but    darker   above 
Possessing  a  melanistic  phase  in  certain  localities. 


SCIURUS.  119 

Color.  Back  and  outside  of  arms  and  legs  iron  gray,  occasionally 
with  a  rusty  tinge;  nose  and  forehead  iron  gray  tinged  with  black; 
nape  patch  grizzled  yellowish  brown  to  chestnut  brown;  rump  patch 
paler;  ears  grizzled  gray,  basal  patch  white;  orbital  ring  and  sides  of 
head  whitish;  fee't  and  hands  white;  under  parts  white,  sometimes 
yellow;  tail  above  black  washed  with  white,  beneath  varying  from 
grizzled  gray  to  yellowish  brown,  indistinct  black  border  and  white 
edge. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  530;  tail  vertebrae,  265;  hind  foot, 
70.  Skull:  average  of  three;  basal  length,  51;  palatal  length,  26.8; 
interorbital  width,  18.6;  zygomatic  width,  34.3;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  n. 

c. — cervicalis  (Sciurus),  Allen,    Bull.  Am.    Mus.    Nat.   Hist.,   1890, 

p.  183. 

leticops  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rod.,  1877,  p.  753.     (nee  Gray.) 
variegalus  Alston,  Biol.  Cent.  Am.,  Mammalia,  i,  1880,  p.  127. 
aureogaster  leucops  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1889,  p.  166. 
wagneri  cervicalis  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898,  p.  454. 
poliopns  cervicalis  Nels.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  i,   1899, 

P-  51- 
COLIMA  MOUNTAIN  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  Hacienda  San  Marcos,  Tonila,  State  of  Jalisco,  at 
east  base  of  Sierra  Nevada  de  Colima,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  the  Sierra  Nevada  de  Colima  along  high 
mountains  north  to  Ameca,  State  of  Jalisco,  and  east  into  western 
part  of  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico.  Altitude,  6,000-12,000  feet,  and 
down  occasionally  to  4,000. 

Genl.  Char.     Dark  upper  parts,  and  iron  gray  under  surface  of  tail. 

Color.  Back,  outside  of  arms  and  legs,  iron  gray,  sometimes 
with  yellowish  hairs  intermixed;  nose  and  forehead  showing  black 
and  grayish  white;  nape  and  rump  patches  fulvous  or  rusty  brown 
grizzled  with  black;  orbital  ring  whitish;  under  parts  white,  in  some 
specimens  grizzled  with  black;  hands  and  feet  gray,  paler  than  arms 
and  legs;  tail  like  back  at  base,  rest  above  black  washed  with  white, 
beneath  iron  gray  with  a  black  border  and  white  edge. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  515;  tail  vertebras,  248;  hind  foot, 
68.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  51.2;  palatal  length,  27.6; 
interorbital  width,  19.8;  zygomatic  width,  34.9;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.7. 

//. — colimensis  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899, 

P-  52- 
Icncops  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Roden.,  1877,  p.  753.   (Part.) 


120  SCIURUS. 

albipes  colimensis  Nels.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p.  152. 

wagneri  colimensis  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898,  p.  454. 
COLIMA  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Hacienda  Magdalena,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Coast  region,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Color.  Back  grizzled  gray;  nose  and  forehead  grizzled  iron  gray; 
nape  and  patch  on  rump  yellowish  brown  to  rusty,  tinged  with  black; 
sides  of  head  grizzled  gray;  orbital  ring  buff;  outside  of  arms,  legs, 
and  hands  iron  gray;  feet  blackish,  mixed  with  gray;  ears  yellowish 
brown  or  rusty,  with  a  whitish  patch  at  base;  under  parts  white; 
tail  at  base  same  as  back,  remainder  black  washed  with  white, 
beneath  grizzled  iron  gray,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  500;  tail  vertebrae,  258;  hind  foot, 
68.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  50.2;  palatal  length,  26.7; 
interorbital  width,  19.1;  zygomatic  width,  38.8;  length  of  molar 
series,  11.2. 

e. — effugius  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899,  p.  54. 
albipes  effugius  Nels.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p.  152. 
wagneri  effugius  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  1898, 

P-  454- 
GUERRERO  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  west  of  Chilpancingo,  State  of  Guerrero, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Forests  of  Cordillera,  State  of  Guerrero,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  7,500-9,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  5.  poliopus,  but  under  parts  darker. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  iron  gray,  mixed  with  rusty;  nape  and 
indistinct  patch  on  rump  rusty  rufous,  the  latter  sometimes  mixed 
with  black  and  white;  sides  of  head,  base  of  ears,  and  around  eyes 
pale  rufous;  orbital  ring  whitish;  ears  reddish  brown,  with  white 
patches  at  bases ;  chin  and  throat  white ;  outside  of  arms  and  legs  gray ; 
hands  and  feet  white,  sometimes  washed  with  rufous;  under  parts 
dark  rufous;  tail  at  base  same  as  rump,  remainder  above  black 
washed  with  white,  beneath  dark  rufous  with  black  border  and 
white  edge. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  498;  tail  vertebras,  249;  hind  foot, 
68.  Skull:  average  of  four;  basal  length,  50.9;  palatal  length,  26.9; 
interorbital  width,  19.1;  zygomatic  width,  34.5;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  n. 

82.  nelsoni    (Sciurus),    Merr.,   Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   vm,    1893, 
p.  144. 


SCIURUS.  121 

NELSON'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Huitzilac,  State  of  Morelos,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  south  and  west  of  the  Valley  of  Mexico, 
and  south  of  Valley  of  Toluca  in  the  States  of  Mexico  and  Morelos. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large,  colors  dark. 

Color.  Above  blackish,  grizzled  with  yellowish  brown;  top  of 
head,  ears,  outside  of  arms  and  legs,  hands  and  feet,  black;  sides  of 
head  grayish  black,  or  yellowish  brown;  under  parts  blackish  brown 
tinged  with  yellowish  or  rusty;  tail  all  around  at  base  like  back, 
rest  of  upper  part  black  washed  with  grayish  white,  beneath,  yellow- 
ish gray  and  black  with  white  edge;  feet  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  520;  tail  vertebrae,  256;  hind  foot, 
70.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  50.7;  palatal  length,  26.7; 
interorbital  width,  19.4;  zygomatic  width,  34.9;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.9. 

a. — hirtus   (Sciurus),   Nelson,   Proc.   Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,   xn,   1898, 

P-  153- 
MOUNTAIN  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Tochimilco,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mounts  Popocatepetl  and  Iztaccihuatl,  Mexico. 
Altitudes  8,000-12,000  feet,  in  States  of  Mexico,  Puebla,  and  Morelos. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  nelsoni;  gray  area  on  back;  tail  broad, 
bushy. 

Color.  Top  of  head  and  upper  parts  except  middle  of  back, 
grayish  brown;  nose  and  middle  of  back  bluish  gray  grizzled;  ears, 
like  crown,  with  white  patch  at  the  bases;  chin  and  cheek  gray;  under 
parts  f errugineous ;  tail  black  above,  washed  with  white,  beneath 
grizzled  rusty  brown,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  white; 
hands  and  feet  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  525;  tail  vertebras,  260;  hind  foot, 
68.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  50.2;  palatal  length,  26.5; 
interorbital  width,  19.4;  zygomatic  width,  35.1;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  n.8. 

83.  collisei   (Sciurus),  Rich.,  Voy.  Blossom,  Zool.,  1839,  p.  8. 

hypopyrrhus  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  662.     (Part.) 
COLLIE'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     San  Bias,  Territorio  de  Tepic,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  northern  border  of  Territorio  de  Tepic  to  Bay 
of  Banderas,  State  of  Jalicso,  Mexico,  below  2,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  pelage  thin;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  gray,  tinged  with  black;  nose  iron  gray, 
crown  darker  than  back ;  outside  of  arms  and  legs  dark  gray ;  hands 


122  SCIURUS. 

and  feet  whitish;  orbital  ring  whitish;  ears  yellowish  brown,  with 
whitish  basal  patches;  flanks  and  shoulders  on  sides  gray;  under 
parts  white;  tail  at  base  all  around  like  back,  remaining  portion 
above  black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled  black  and  yel- 
lowish gray,  or  black,  gray,  and  yellowish  brown,  bordered  narrowly 
with  black  and  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  508;  tail  vertebrae,  265;  hind  foot, 
65.  Skull:  average  of  four;  basal  length,  49;  palatal  length,  25.6; 
interorbital  width,  18.4;  zygomatic  width,  32.6;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  u. 

a. — nuchalis  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899, 

P-  59- 
MANZANILLO  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Manzanillo,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  State  of  Michoacan  to  Bay  of  Banderas, 
State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico,  and  inland  to  mountains  near  San  Sebastian 
in  the  same  State,  below  3,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  5.  colliai,  but  ears  rusty  rufous;  nape  and 
shoulders  buffy  yellow;  rump  washed  with  black. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  gray,  lower  part  of  back  and  rump 
washed  with  black;  nape  mixed  with  black;  crown  like  nape;  ears 
rusty  rufous,  with  rusty  white  basal  patches;  cheeks  and  sides  of 
nose  yellowish  brown;  orbital  ring  yellowish;  flanks  gray,  paler  than 
back;  outside  of  arms,  hands,  and  feet  iron  gray;  shoulders  washed 
with  gray;  under  parts  white;  base  of  tail  like  back,  remainder 
above  black  washed  with  white;  beneath  grizzled  reddish  yellow, 
bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  525;  tail  vertebras,  272;  hind  foot, 
71.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  52.3;  palatal  length,  27.6; 
interorbital  width,  20.6;  zygomatic  width,  35.9;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.4. 

84.  sinaloensis   (Sciurus},  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899, 

p.  60. 
SINALOA  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Mazatlan,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  and  central  parts  of  the  State  of  Sinaloa, 
Mexico,  below  2,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  5.  collicei,  but  paler. 

Color.  Crown  and  rest  of  upper  parts  pale  reddish  yellow  mixed 
with  black;  nose  and  forehead  grizzled  yellowish  gray;  sides  of  neck, 
shoulders,  flanks,  arms,  legs,  hands,  and  feet  grayish  white;  orbital 
ring  and  side  of  nose  gray;  cheeks  yellowish  brown;  ears  yellowish 


SCIURUS.  123 

with  basal  brownish  yellow  patches;  under  parts  white;  tail  above 
grizzled  brownish  yellow,  washed  with  white,  beneath  similar  in 
color,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  524;  tail  vertebrae,  255;  hind  foot, 
62.  Skull:  basal  length,  53;  palatal  length,  26.3;  interorbital  width, 
20;  zygomatic  width,  34;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  n.  ' 

85.  truii   (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,   1899,  p.  61. 
TRUE'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Camoa,  Rio  Mayo,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southwestern  part  of  the  State  of  Sonora  and 
northern  portion  of  the  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  colliai,  but  back  dark  yellowish  and 
skull  differently  proportioned. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  dark  yellowish ;  sides  of  head  yellowish 
gray;  ears  rusty;  basal  patches  same  color;  outside  of  arms,  legs, 
hands  and  feet  dark  gray;  under  parts  white;  tail  like  back  at  base, 
remainder  above  mixed  black  and  dark  yellowish  tinged  with  white; 
beneath  similar,  with  an  ill-defined  black  border  and  white  edge. 

Measurements  Total  length,  485;  tail  vertebras,  254;  hind  foot, 
66.  Skull:  average  of  four;  basal  length,  47.7;  palatal  length,  24.3; 
interorbital  width,  18.3;  zygomatic  width,  33.2;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  n. 

86.  socialis  (Sciurus},  Wagn.,  Abh.  Math.  Phys.  Cl.  K.  Bayer.  Akad. 

Wiss.,  Miinchen,  11,  1837,  pp.  501-7,  pi.  v. 

aureigaster  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Roden.,  1877,  p.  750.     (Part.) 

leucops  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Roden.,  1877,  p.  753.     (Part.) 

variegatus  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  660.     (Part.) 
TEHUANTEPEC  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Near  Tehauntepec  City,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Puerto  Angel,  State  of  Oaxaca,  south  to  Tonala 
and  Tuxtla,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  below  3,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Color  variable;  *nape  patch,  when  present,  rusty 
rufous;  under  parts  from  white  to  ferrugineous. 

Color.  Above  mixed  white  and  black  tinged  with  yellowish  or 
rufous;  nape  blackish  rusty  rufous;  rump  patch  sometimes  exhibiting 
rusty  rufous;  cheeks,  space  around  eyes,  and  bases  of  ears  yellowish 
brown;  orbital  ring  dull  fulvous;  under  parts  white;  tail  like  rump 
all  around  the  base,  remainder  above  black  washed  with  white, 
beneath  from  fulvous  gray  to  orange,  bordered  by  black  and  edged 
with  white ;  hands  and  feet  like  back. 


*  Specimens  from  near  Tonala  are  usually  without  nape  patch. 


124  SCIURUS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  540;  tail  vertebrae,  280;  hind  foot, 
65.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  51.8;  palatal  length,  26.9; 
interorbital  width,  18.1;  zygomatic  width,  33.9;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.3. 

a. — coeos    (Sciurus),    Nelson,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn,    1898, 

P-  155- 

aureogaster!  I.  Geoff.,  Voy.  Ve"nus,  Zool.,  Atlas,  1846,  pi.  10.     (nee 

Cuv.) 
ACAPULCO  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Acapulco,  State  of  Guerrero,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Acapulco,  State  of  Guerrero  to  Jamiltepec, 
State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  below  1,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Nape  and  rump  patches  distinct;  under  parts 
variable,  white  to  ferrugineous. 

Color.  Back,  outside  of  arms,  legs,  hands,  and  feet  grayish  or 
creamy  white;  nape  and  rump  blackish  rufous  or  chestnut;  sides  of 
head  and  base  of  ears  and  around  eyes  yellowish;  under  parts  white 
to  dark  ferrugineous,  varying  among  individuals;  ears  rufous;  tail 
above  black  washed  with  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  rufous, 
beneath  reddish  buff  to  dark  ferrugineous,  bordered  with  black  and 
edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  520;  tail  vertebrae,  261;  hind  foot, 
68.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  50.8;  palatal  length,  26.5; 
interorbital  width,  19.3;  zygomatic  width,  33.7;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  10.6. 

87.   griseiflavus    (Macroxus),  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser., 
xx,  1867,  p.  427. 

ludovicianus  Tomes,  Proc.   Zool.  Soc.,   1861,  p.  281.     (nee.  Cus- 
tis.) 

aureigaster  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Roden.,  1877,  p.  750.     (Part.) 

affinis  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  660. 
GUATEMALA  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southeastern  part  of  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  into 
Guatemala,  7,000-10,000  feet  altitude. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  variable,  usually  grizzled  yellowish 
brown  and  gray. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  yellowish  brown,  occasionally  washed 
with  white,  this  most  conspicuous  in  winter  specimens;  outside  of 
arms,  legs,  and  flanks  like  back;  hands  and  feet  grizzled  yellow  or 
yellowish  brown;  sides  of  head  and  ears  gray,  the  latter  with  grayish 
basal  patches;  chin  and  throat  grayish  fulvous;  under  parts  rufous 


SCIURUS.  125 

or  gray  washed  with  fulvous;  base  of  tail  like  back,  rest  above 
black  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled  yellowish  or  brownish, 
bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  547;  tail  vertebra?,  270;  hind  foot, 
68.  Skull:  average  of  four;  basal  length,  51.8;  palatal  length,  27.2; 
interorbital  width,  19;  zygomatic  width,  34.4;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  11.4. 

a. — chiapensis  (Sciurus},  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899, 

p.  69. 
CHIAPAS  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     San  Cristobal,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  of  central  portion  of  State  of  Chiapas, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  7,500-9,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  griseiflavus,  but  grayer  above,  and 
feet  whitish. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  outside  of  arms  and  legs  grizzled  gray; 
ears  grayish  white,  with  white  basal  patches;  orbital  ring  pale  fulvous; 
sides  of  head  fulvous  brown;  sides  of  nose,  lower  part  of  cheeks, 
chin  and  throat,  whitish  gray;  hands  and  feet  grayish  white;  under 
parts  rufous;  base  of  tail  all  around  like  back,  above  black,  washed 
with  white,  beneath  yellowish  brown  or  rufous,  bordered  with  black 
and  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  506;  tail  vertebrae,  253;  hind  foot, 
70.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  50.9;  palatal  length,  26.6; 
interorbital  width,  19.1;  zygomatic  width,  34.3;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.4. 

88.  yucatanensis  (Sciurus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897, p.  5. 

carolinensis  yucatanensis  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Roden.,  1877,  p.  705. 

carolinensis  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878^.  658. 
YUCATAN  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Merida,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Peninsula  of  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Pelage  coarse,  bristly;  ear  tufts  sometimes  present. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  flanks  grizzled  gray  and  black,  some- 
times tinged  with  yellowish  brown;  sides  of  head  pale  gray;  orbital 
ring  whitish;  outside  of  arms  and  legs,  with  feet  and  hands,  like 
back;  ears  dark  gray;  some  specimens  have  whitish  basal  patches; 
tufts  yellowish  white,  not  always  present;  under  parts  whitish  or 
grayish  white;  base  of  tail  all  around  like  back,  remainder  above 
black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled  gray,  with  a  narrow 
black  border  and  white  edge. 


126  SCIURUS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  460;  tail  vertebrae,  230;  hind  foot, 
55.  Skull:  basal  length,  45;  palatal  length,  23;  interorbital  width, 
16.2;  zygomatic  width,  19;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  9.5. 

a. — baliolus    (Sciurus),   Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901, 

p.  131. 
SWARTHY  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Apazote,  State  of  Campeche,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  part  of  State  of  Campeche,  and  eastern 
part  of  State  of  Tabasco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  S.  yucatanensis ,  but  darker. 

Color.  Above  blackish  gray  suffused  with  buff;  beneath  iron 
gray;  legs  and  hands  grizzled  with  buff  or  gray;  feet  black;  tail  black, 
washed  with  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  464;  tail  vertebras,  238;  hind  foot, 
59- 

89.  thomasi   (Sciurus),   Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,   1899, 

p.  71. 

booikicB  (nee  Gray),  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodent.,  1877,  pp.  741- 
746.  (Part.  Costa  Rica.) 

hypopyrrhus  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  pp.  662-664.     (Part. 

Costa  Rica  specimens.) 
THOMAS'  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Talamanca,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     "Humid  tropical  forests  of  eastern  Costa  Rica." 

Genl.  Char.     Hair  on  back  coarse,  stiff,  glossy;  tail  long,  narrow. 

Color.  Crown  and  upper  parts  of  body,  sides  of  neck,  outer  side 
of  arms  and  legs,  and  base  of  tail  black,  the  yellowish  under  color 
appearing;  chin  and  sides  of  head  grayish  brown;  under  parts  ferru- 
gineous,  irregularly  varied  with  white;  tail  above  black,  washed  with 
white,  beneath  grizzled  black  and  yellowish  brown,  bordered  with 
black  and  edged  with  white ;  feet  black  or  grizzled  f errugineous ;  ears 
blackish,  with  basal  f  errugineous  patch,  and  black  tufts. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  517.5;  tail,  246.5;  hind  foot, 
62.2.  Sku}l:  basal  length,  50;  palatal  length,  26.2;  interorbital  width, 
22;  zygomatic  width,  35.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  11.5. 

90.  adolphei    (Macroxus),   Less.,  Nouv.  Tabl.  Regn.  Anim.  Mamm., 

1842,  p.  112. 
boothicB    Allen,    Mon.    N.    Am.    Rodent.,    1877,    p.    741.     (Part. 

Nicaragua.) 
hypopyrrhus  Alston,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  Mamm.,  i,  1880,  p.  128. 

(Part.) 


SCIURUS.  127 

NICARAGUA  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Realejo,  Nicaragua. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lowlands  on  west  coast  of  Nicaragua. 

Genl.  Char.     Hairs  of  back  coarse,  stiff,  shiny;  under  fur  short. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  upper  portion  of  thighs,  dark  brown, 
washed  with  grayish;  flanks  paler;  crown  iron  gray;  cheeks,  sides  of 
neck,  and  nape  grayish  brown;  under  parts,  arms,  part  of  shoulders, 
and  inside  of  thighs  dark  reddish  chestnut;  chin,  throat,  axillar 
region,  and  between  hind  legs  white;  tail  above  black  washed  with 
white,  beneath  rusty  brown  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with 
white;  hands  and  feet  grizzled  chestnut;  ears  iron  gray,  with  white 
patches  at  base. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  440;  tail  vertebrae,  199 ;  hind  foot,  65. 

a. — dor  salts  (Sciurus),  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848,  p.  138. 

rigidus  Peters,   Monatsb.   K.  Preuss.  Akad.    Wiss.  Berlin,   1863, 
p.  652. 

intermedius  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  421. 

nicoyana  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  423. 

boothicB  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodent.,  1877,  p.  741.     (Part.  Costa 
Rica  specimens.) 

hypopyrrhus  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodent.,  1877,  p.  746.     (Part. 

West  Costa  Rica  specimens.) 
BANDED-BACK  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Liberia,  Costa  Rica  nee  Caracas,  Venezuela. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  Costa  Rica,  Alajuela  to  Liberia,  Peninsula 
of  Nicoya,  and  possibly  adjacent  parts  of  Nicaragua. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  long,  narrow;  colors  brighter  than  those  of  S. 
adolphei.  Hairs  coarse,  stiff. 

Color.  Dorsal  band  from  nape  to  tail  blackish  to  grizzled  yellow- 
ish brown;  sides  grayish;  crown  and  sides  of  head  paler  than  back; 
under  parts,  arms,  legs,  hands,  and  feet  varying  from  white  or  yellow- 
ish to  rufous;  chin,  cheeks,  and  sides  of  neck  grizzled  gray  to  grayish 
brown;  tail  above  black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  dark  rufous 
to  rusty  orange,  or  grayish  white  bordered  by  black  and  edged  with 
white;  ears  grizzled  gray  or  brown,  with  black  border,  and  basal 
white  patches.  This  is  a  very  variable  species  and  has  several  color 
phases,  individuals  presenting  quite  a  different  appearance  from  each 
other. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  510;  tail  vertebrae,  248.5;  hind  foot, 
62.2.  Skull:  average  of  two;  basal  length,  51.7;  palatal  length,  27.7; 
interorbital  width,  21.8;  zygomatic  width,  35.2;  length  of  upper 
molar  series.  11.7. 


128  SCIURUS. 

91.  melania  (Sciurus),  Gray,    Ann.   Mag.   Nat.   Hist.,  3d  Ser.,   xx, 

1867,  p.  425. 
GRAY'S  BLACK  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Point  Burica,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Costa  Rica,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  (Bangs.)  2,000 
feet  altitude. 

Color.     Back  dark  chocolate;  rest  of  pelage  and  tail  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  500;  tail  vertebrae,  260;  hind  foot, 
63 ;  ear,  30. 

92.  boot  bias  (Sciurus),  Gray,  List.  Spec.  Mamm.   Brit.  Mus.,  1843, 

P-  i39- 

richardsoni  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ist  Ser.,  x,  1842,  p.  264. 
(nee    Bachman.) 

fuscovariegatus  Schinz.,  Syn.  Mamm.,  n,  1845,  p.  15. 

hypopyrrhus  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  662.     (Part.  Hon- 
duras specimens.) 
HONDURAS  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Honduras.     San  Pedro  Sula ? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Humid  coast  forests  of  northern  Honduras  and 
border  of  Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.  Pelage  thin;  hair  coarse;  tail  nearly  as  long  as  head 
and  body,  narrow. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown,  occasionally  tinged  with 
reddish;  chin  and  sides  of  head  grayish  brown;  outside  of  arms  and 
legs,  hands  and  feet  dark  grayish  brown,  sometimes  nearly  black; 
tail  at  base  like  back,  remainder  above  black,  washed  with  white, 
beneath  dark  grizzled  brown,  tinged  with  yellowish  and  bordered 
with  black  and  edged  with  white;  ears  with  black  border. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  524;  tail  vertebras,  255;  hind  foot, 
63- 

a. — belti  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  i,  1899,  p.  78. 
ESCONDIDO  RIVER  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  Escondido  River,  fifty  miles  above  Bluefields, 
Nicaragua. 

Geogr.  *Distr.  East  coast  region  of  Nicaragua,  north  to  Segovia 
River,  Honduras. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  boothia,  but  under  parts  rusty  rufous, 
and  rusty  yellowish  hands  and  feet. 

Color.  Above,  including  nose  and  base  of  tail,  grizzled  grayish 
brown,  washed  with  black;  chin  and  sides  of  head  yellowish  brown 
to  brownish  gray;  under  parts  rusty  rufous;  outer  side  of  arms  and 
legs  suffused  with  rusty  yellow;  hands  and  feet  rusty  yellowish  and 


SCIURUS.  1-J9 

black;  tail  above  black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled  yellowish 
brown  or  rusty,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  narrowly  with  white; 
ears  and  basal  patches,  rusty;  border  of  ears  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  506;  tail  vertebrae,  258;  hind  foot, 
60.  Skull:  average  of  four;  basal  length,  48.8;  palatal  length,  25.5; 
interorbital  width,  19.6;  zygomatic  width,  33.7;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.4. 

93.  variegatoides  (Sciurus),  Ogilby,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1839,  p.  117. 
pyladci  Less.,  Nouv.  Tabl.  Regn.  Anim.,  Mamm.,  1842,  p.  112. 
colli&i   Gray,    Ann.   Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  746. 

(Part.  var.  i.) 

hypopyrrhus   Allen,  Mon.   N.    Am.    Rodent.,   1877,  pp.   746-750. 

(Part.  Salvador  specimens.) 
VARIEGATED  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Salvador,  west  coast  Central  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Tropical  forests  of  Salvador,  West  Coast  of  Central 
America. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  slender;  base  of  tail  and  upper  parts  yellowish 
gray. 

Color.  Upper  parts,  outer  side  of  arms  and  legs  above,  and  base 
of  tail  grizzled  yellowish  gray;  under  parts  buffy  ochraceous;  lower 
part  of  arms  and  legs,  and  hands  and  feet  dark  ochraceous  buff; 
chin  and  cheeks  grayish  buff;  tail  above  black,  washed  with  white, 
beneath  grizzled  buffy  gray,  bordered  by  black  and  edged  with  white, 
ears  pale  rusty;  basal  patches  buff,  bordered  faintly  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  545;  tail  vertebras,  280;  hind  foot, 
66  Skull:  basal  length,  49;  palatal  length,  26;  interorbital  breadth, 
20;  zygomatic  width,  34;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  n. 

94.  managuensis  (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    i, 

1899,  P-  81. 

boothicB  managuensis    Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,   1898, 

p.  150. 
Rio  MANAGUA  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Managua  River,  Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern  Guatemala,  along  Managua  River. 

Genl.  Char.     Pelage  dense ;  hair  coarse ;  tail  long,  narrow. 

Color.  Above  with  base  of  tail  grizzled  yellowish  brown;  crown 
and  median  dorsal  region  washed  with  black;  sides  and  outer  sides 
of  arms  and  legs  suffused  with  yellowish;  chin  and  sides  of  head 
yellowish  brown ;  under  parts  dingy  yellow  to  reddish  buff ;  tail  above 
black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  grizzled  grayish  or  yellowish 
brown,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  white;  hands  and  feet 


i:«»  SCIURUS. 

grizzled  buflfy  yellow;  ears  edged  with  black,  basal  patches  buffy 
yellow;  tufts  rusty. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  537;  tail  vertebrae,  270;  hind  foot, 
62.7.  Skull:  average  of  two;  basal  length,  50.2;  palatal  length,  27; 
interorbital  width,  19;  zygomatic  width,  33.9;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  11.5. 

95.  goldmani   (Sciurus),  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

p.  149. 
GOLDMAN'S  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Huehuetan,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southeastern  part  of  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  into 
Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.     Ear  tufts  present ;  pelage  thin ;  hairs  coarse. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  iron  gray;  rump  and  middle  of  back 
washed  with  black;  top  of  head  iron  gray,  tinged  with  yellow  and 
washed  with  black;  shoulders  yellowish  gray;  outside  of  arms  dark 
gray;  hands  paler;  outside  of  thighs  and  flanks  pale  yellowish  iron 
gray;  feet  grizzled  iron  gray;  ears  gray,  with  rufous  tufts  and  white 
basal  patches;  orbital  ring  brownish  buff;  under  parts  white;  tail 
above  black,  washed  with  white,  beneath  iron  gray  to  grizzled 
yellowish,  narrowly  bordered  with  black  on  sides  and  subterminally, 
and  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  570;  tail  vertebras,  305;  hind  foot, 
68.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  51.2;  palatal  length,  26.9; 
interorbital  width,  19.8;  zygomatic  width,  33.9;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  11.3. 

H.  Hesperosciurus. 

Premolars,  ^.  Skull  long,  broad,  especially  across  parieta 
region,  where  it  is  depressed;  zygomatic  process  of  squamosal  hori- 
zontal, arch  obliquely  ascending;  rostrum  rather  broad;  nasals  long, 
terminating  equally  with  posterior  ends  of  premaxillae;  molars  large, 
heavy. 

96.  griseus  (Sciurus),  Ord,  Guth.,  Geog.,  1815,  p.  292.     Elliot,  Syn. 

N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  55. 

fossor  Peale,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  Mamm.  &  Birds,  1848,  p.  55. 

hermanni  LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1852,  p.  149. 

leporinus  Hensh.,  Ann.  Rep.  Engin.,  1876,  p.  25. 

anthonyi  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xx,  1898,  p.  501. 
CALIFORNIA  GRAY  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  The  Dalles,  Columbia  River,  Wasco  County, 
Oregon. 


SCIURUS. 


131 


FIG.  20.    SCIURUS  IHESPEROSCIURUS)  GRISEUS. 
No.  6bo8  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size 

Geogr.  Distr.  Oregon  and  northern  California,  into  Lower  Califor- 
nia, Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  .  Size  large;  tail  vertebrae  as  long  as  body  and  head; 
upper  premolars  and  molars,  five;  skull  slender,  elongate. 

Color.  Above  and  outside  of  arms  and  legs  grizzled  bluish  gray 
and  black;  under  parts  pure  white;  tuft  at  base  of  ear  chestnut; 
tail  above  mixed  gray,  white,  and  black,  with  a  white  border,  beneath 
grizzled  grayish  white,  with  sometimes  an  ill-defined  border  and  white 
edge;  hands  grayish  white  to  grizzled  gray;  feet  gray  to  blackish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  565;  tail  vertebras,  257;  hind  foot, 
77;  ear,  30^.  Skull:  average  of  five;  basal  length,  56.3;  palatal 
length,  32.1;  interorbital  width,  20.8;  zygomatic  width,  38.7;  length 
of  upper  molar  series,  11.7. 


132 


SCIURUS. 


The  Chickarees,  or  Red  Squirrels,  comprising  the  last  sub-genus 
of  Sciurus,  are  boreal  in  their  range  and  are  found  as  far  north  as 
the  limit  of  trees.  So  far  as  known,  only  one  subspecies  penetrates 
into  Mexico,  and  this  is  confined  to  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountain 
range  of  Lower  California,  where  probably  by  a  lofty  altitude  it 
counteracts  the  effects  of  a  more  southern  latitude.  The  tail  of  the 
Red  Squirrel  is  smaller  than  that  of  the  gray  squirrel  group  and  its 
allies,  and  the  ears  are  often  tufted  or  penciled  in  winter,  and  the 
species  represent  in  America  the  common  squirrel  of  Europe.  Like 
many  species  of  Tamias,  at  certain  seasons  the  Chickarees  have  a 
black  line  along  the  side  dividing  the  color  of  the  upper  and  under 
parts. 

I.  Tamiasciuras,  Chickarees. 

Premolars,  {  7  or  ^.  Skull  short,  broad,  depressed  between 
orbits;  superior  outline  greatly  curved,  highest  point  between  post- 
orbital  process  of  the  frontal;  rostrum  short,  broad;  nasals  broad,  not 


FIG.  21.    SCIURUS  <TAMIASCIURUS^  D.  MEARNSI. 
No.  25170  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


SCIURUS.  133 

equaling  interorbital  width;  squamosal  process  of  zygoma  projecting 
outward,  curving  gradually  downward;  molar  series  rather  heavy. 

douglasi  meamsi  (Sciurus),   Towns.,    Proc.   Biol.    Soc.  Wash.,  xi, 

1897,  p.  146. 
MEARNS'  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  7,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Forest  of  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico.  Altitude  about  7,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  d.  albolimbatus ,  but  grayer,  with  pale 
colored  hands  and  feet. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  gray,  tinged  with  yellowish;  sides  of 
head  grizzled  gray ;  orbital  ring  whitish ;  ears  gray ;  broad  lateral  line 
black;  under  parts  whitish;  basal  half  of  tail  above  pale  gray,  suffused 
with  rusty  and  edged  with  white,  remaining  portion  black,  washed 
with  white,  beneath  grizzled  gray,  bordered  with  black  and  edged 
with  white;  hands  and  feet  pale  buff;  ears  gray;  tufts  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  308-346;  tail  vertebrae,  111-130; 
hind  foot,  51-55.  Skull:  basal  length,  41;  palatal  length,  25;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  14.5;  zygomatic  width,  28;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  8. 


The  sprightly  and  gayly  colored  little  Chipmunks,  north  of  the 
Mexican  boundary,  are  among  the  commonest  of  American  Rodents. 
They  frequent  the  forests  or  rocky  places,  often  bare  of  trees,  and 
make  their  nests  in  holes  either  in  the  ground  cr  in  stumps  of  trees, 
or  in  the  interstices  of  rocks.  Brushheaps  are  much  frequented  by 
these  lively  creatures  as  affording  a  facile  means  of  escape,  and  also 
for  observing  the  movements  of  anything  that  has  excited  their 
fears.  While  dwellers  of  the  ground,  they  readily  climb  trees,  but 
rarely  leap  from  branch  to  branch,  as  do  the  tree  squirrels.  They 
feed  on  seeds,  nuts,  and  grain,  and  diligently  provide  an  ample  store 
against  the  coming  of  winter,  carrying  it  to  the  various  hiding  places 
in  their  cheek  pouches.  They  are  pretty  animals,  usually  possessing 
bright  colored  stripes,  and  the  many  forms  into  which  the  genus  has 
been  divided  bear  a  general  resemblance  to  each  other,  so  close 
indeed  that  in  not  a  few  instances  it  is  not  an  easy  matter  for  even 
the  expert  to  distinguish  them.  Comparatively  few  species  are 
found  south  of  the  Mexican  and  United  States  boundary  line,  and 
of  these  some  are  more  plentifully  represented  in  the  more  northern 
land. 


134 


TAMIAS. 


35.    Tamias.    Chipmunks. 


J.  A.  Allen.  A  review  of  some  of  the  North  American  Ground 
Squirrels.  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  45. 

Tamias    Illig.,   Prodr.   Syst.    Mamm.    et    Av.,    1811,    p.   83.     Type 

Sciurus  striatus  Linnaeus. 

Tenotis  Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  i,  1817,  p.  362. 
Eutamias  Trouess.,  Le  Nat.,  n,  1880,  p.  86. 

Tail  short,  not  bushy,  narrow;  cheek  pouches  large;  ears  without 
tufts.  Skull  narrow  anteriorly;  superior  outline  convex;  postorbital 
processes  slender,  directed  backward  and  downward;  antorbital 
foramen  oval;  zygomata  expanded  and  depressed  anteriorly;  upper 
premolars  either  two  or  one. 


FIG.  22.   TAMIAS  OBSCURUS. 
Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


UPPER  TOOTH  ROW. 
Enlarged  8  times. 


LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 
Enlarged  8  times. 


A.  Eutamias. 

Skull  with  superior  outline  highest  over  parietals ;  orbital  foramen 
a  narrow,  slit-like  opening;  rostrum  compressed;  nasals  short,  slightly 
narrowed  posteriorly;  pterygoid  fossa  long  and  wide;  audital  bullae 
large. 


TAMIAS. 


135 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Size  medium.  PAGE 

a.  Median  dark  dorsal  stripe  alone  distinct T.  dorsalis     135 

b.  Three  dark  dorsal  stripes  distinct;  outer  pair 
faint. 

a.'  Tail  beneath  with  central  area  rufous T.  obscurus  136 

b.'  Tail  beneath  with  central  area  ochraceous  .  .  .T.  bulleri  136 

c.'  Tail  beneath  with  central  area- pale  yellow. T.  durangoe  137 
d.'  Tail   beneath  with   central   area   reddish 

chestnut T.  merriami  137 

c.  Five  dark  dorsal  stripes  distinct T.  quadrivittatus  138 

97.    dorsalis  (Tamias),   Baird,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855, 
p.  332.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  68. 

quadrivittatus  pallidus  Coues  &  Yarr.,  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  Geogr. 

&  Geol.   Expl.  and  Surv.  West  of  100  Merid.,  v,  1876,  p.  118. 
GILA  CHIPMUNK. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Webster,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Utah  to  northern  Mexico;  west  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada;  east  to  the  Mimbres  in  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Single  dorsal  stripe  alone  conspicuous. 

Color.  Upper  parts  hoary  mixed  with  rusty  and  brown;  flanks 
and  hips  dull  rusty ;  dorsal  stripe  dark  brown ;  a  faint  stripe  of  grayish 
on  flanks;  under  parts  dull  grayish  white;  tail  above  mixed  black, 
chestnut,  and  white,  hairs  chestnut  at  base;  face  with  usual  Tamias 
stripes. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  237;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind  foot, 
22;  ear,  20.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  37;  Hensel,  29;  zygomatic 
width,  20;  interorbital  width,  9;  palatal  length,  16;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  5. 


FIG.  XXX.    TAMIAS  OBSCURUS.    DUSKY  CHIPMUNK. 


136  TAMIAS. 

98.  obscurus   (Tamias),   Allen,    Bull.   Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1890, 

p.  70. 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  CHIPMUNK. 

Type  locality.  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Pedro  Martir  and  Hanson  Laguna  Mountains, 
Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  pelage  soft,  color  dark. 

Color.  Post-breeding  Pelage.  Above  dark  brownish  gray ;  five 
indistinct  dorsal  stripes  dull  chestnut,  posterior  half  of  median  one 
blackish;  intermediate  light  stripes  whitish  gray;  central  portion  of 
flanks  yellowish  brown;  shoulders,  arms,  thighs,  and  legs  like  upper 
parts ;  top  of  head  blackish  gray ;  ears  similar,  with  large  white 
patches  at  base;  sides  of  face  whitish,  with  three  chestnut  stripes 
from  nose  to  ears;  under  parts  whitish;  tail  above  black  or  dark 
brown  washed  with  black,  beneath  rufous  edged  with  black  and  with 
white  hairs  intermingled;  hands  like  arms;  feet  buffy  or  brownish 
gray. 

Winter  Pelage.  Dull;  light  stripes  on  dorsal  region  very  faint, 
almost  obsolete;  dark  stripes  also  faintly  perceptible;  upper  parts 
iron  gray  tinged  with  brown,  with  the  light  gray  stripes,  and  darker 
brown  ones  faintly  indicated;  middle  of  sides  fulvous;  top  of  head 
like  back;  two  white  stripes  on  sides  of  face,  one  from  tip  of  nose 
over  and  beyond  eye,  the  other  from  beneath  eye  to  base  of  ear; 
shoulders  and  sides  like  back;  upper  parts  of  arms  and  hands,  legs 
and  feet  pale» brownish  or  brownish  gray;  under  parts  white,  plum- 
beous of  under  fur  showing  through;  tail  above  black,  beneath  in 
center  dark  rufous,  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  yellowish 
white;  anal  region  very  dark  rufous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  230;  tail  vertebrae,  80-103;  hind 
foot,  32-34.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  37;  Hensel,  16;  zygomatic 
width,  20;  interorbital  width,  8;  palatal  length,  15.5;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  5.5. 

99.  bulleri    (Tamias),   Allen,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1889, 

P-  173- 
MEXICAN  CHIPMUNK. 

Type  locality.     Sierra  de  Valparaiso,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  mcrriami.  Ears  tricolor;  black  patch 
between  eye  and  ear. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  pale  gray  tinged  with  buff;  five 
dark  dorsal  stripes,  three  distinct,  the  three  median  ones  seal  brown 


TAMIAS.  137 

mixed  with  yellowish  chestnut;  outermost  ones  yellowish  chestnut 
mixed  with  blackish;  median  light  stripes  gray,  outer  ones  grayish 
white;  facial  stripes  white  and  black,  bordered  with  rusty;  ears  on 
center  at  base  black,  edge  margined  with  rusty  and  tipped  with 
white;  large  white  patch  at  base  of  ear;  under  parts  and  upper  sur- 
face of  hands  and  feet  grayish  white;  tail  above  black  mixed  with 
buff,  and  hairs  white-tipped,  beneath  ochraceous,  bordered  with 
black  and  fringed  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebrae,  98;  hind  foot, 
33.  Skull:  average  total  length,  36.6;  greatest  breadth,  23. 

100.  durangse  (Eutamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903, 

P-  595- 
DURANGO  CHIPMUNK. 

Type  locality.     Arroyo  de  Bucy,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  T.  bulleri  but  larger  and  paler. 

Color.  ' '  Similar  to  E.(T.)  bulleri  from  southwestern  Zacatecas,  but 
larger  and  paler,  with  the  white  markings  on  the  head  broader,  and 
the  white  post-auricular  patch  larger;  rump,  basal  portion  of  the 
tail,  and  flanks  faintly  suffused  with  a  very  pale  tinge  of  buff  instead 
of  being  gray  as  in  bulleri;  the  dark  dorsal  stripes  are  similar  in 
extent  and  in  color,  but  the  intervening  light  stripes  are  suffused 
with  pale  cinnamon  instead  of  being  nearly  clear  white  as  in  bulleri, 
and  the  rufous  of  the  flanks  is  much  paler.  (Allen,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  238;  tail  vertebrae,  98;  hind  foot, 
32;  ear  from  notch,  19.  Skull:  total  length,  39;  zygomatic  width,  21. 

101.  merriami   (Tamias),  Allen,   Bull.   Am.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,   1890, 

p.  84.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  71. 

asiaticus  merriami  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1889,  p.  176. 
MERRIAM'S  CHIPMUNK. 

Type  locality.     San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Tulare  and  Monterey  Counties,  California, 
south  in  the  mountains  into  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  pale;  facial  and  dorsal  marking  not 
strongly  contrasted;  ears  high,  pointed. 

Color.  Above  dull  yellowish  gray  mixed  in  places  with  fulvous; 
dorsal  stripes  pale  yellowish  to  fulvous  brown,  the  light  ones  pale 
gray;  sides  and  rump  pale  olivaceous;  tail  above  blackish,  fringed 
with  gray,  beneath  reddish  chestnut,  bordered  with  black  and 
fringed  with  whitish. 

Post-breeding  Pelage.  Flanks  golden  rufous;  dark  dorsal  stripes 
yellowish  rufous;  light  ones  silver  gray;  tail  beneath  orange  chestnut, 
above  orange  yellow. 


138  TAMIAS. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  285;  tail  vertebrae,  117, 
hind  foot,  34.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  41;  Hensel,  31;  zygo- 
matic  width,  21;  interorbital  width,  9;  palatal  length,  16;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  5.5. 

102.  quadrivittatus  (Sciurus),  Say,  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  n. 
1823,  p.  45- 

quadrivittatus  (Tamias},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  I^Iamm.,  1901,  p.  75. 
COLORADO  CHIPMUNK. 

Type  locality.  Arkansas  River,  Colorado,  "near  where  it  breaks 
through  the  foothills,"  Park  County  (?) 

Gcogr.  Distr.  State  of  Durango,  Mexico,  north  to  southern 
boundary  of  Colorado,  northward  through  Wyoming  to  and  includ- 
ing the  Yellowstone  National  Park. 

Genl.  Char.     Rather  small ;  general  color  gray. 

Color.  Breeding  Pelage.  Above  gray,  sides  washed  with  pale 
yellowish  brown;  beneath  grayish  white;  dark  dorsal  stripes  black 
and  rufous;  light  ones  ashy;  outer  white. 

Post-breeding  Pelage.  Above  rufous;  thighs  plumbeous  gray; 
dark  dorsal  stripes  black  and  rufous;  outer  light  stripes  whitish; 
flanks  yellowish  rufous ;  under  parts  grayish  white ;  dark  facial  stripes 
rusty  brown;  light  ones  grayish  white;  tail  above  black  and  buff, 
beneath  buffy  ochraceous  bordered  and  fringed  with  black. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  223;  tail  vertebras,  82; 
hind  foot,  31.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  35;  Hensel,  14;  zygo- 
matic  width,  18;  interorbital  width,  7;  palatal  length,  15;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  4. 


The  genus  CITELLUS,  containing  the  Spermophiles,  is  represented 
in  North  America  by  a  considerable  number  of  species  and  varieties, 
which  exhibit  the  extremes  of  form  from  that  of  a  rather  small,  stout, 
short-tailed  animal,  to  a  large,  more  slenderly  and  gracefully  shaped 
creature  vpth  a  long,  bushy,  squirrel-like  tail.  In  many  places  they 
are  known  as  "gophers,"  and  like  the  real  gopher,  they  are  great 
diggers,  and  live  in  burrows,  into  which  they  scurry  at  the  least 
alarm.  They  are  gregarious  and  sociable,  living  in  communities, 
and  in  certain  districts  of  our  country  are  veritable  pests  when  making 
their  abodes  in  cultivated  ground.  Very  active  and  industrious, 
they  lay  up  great  stores  of  food  against  the  winter,  and  in  spite  of 
their  troublesome  propensities,  are  pleasing  objects  in  a  landscape, 
as  they  flit  over  the  ground  waving  their  bushy  tails,  or  sit  upright 


CITELLUS.  139 

at  the  mouths  of  their  burrows,  vigilant  watchmen  of  danger's 
approach.  The  different  species  are  striped,  spotted,  or  otherwise 
marked  in  various  colors,  and  some  are  exceedingly  pretty  creatures. 

36.    Citellus. 

T  1-1-  piz£-  M  2=3  _  22 
!-,_,.  ^-,-j.  M-3_3-  22- 

Citellus  Oken,  Lehrb.  der  Zool.,  n,  1816,  p.  842.     Type  Mus  citellus 

Linnaeus. 

Spermophilus  F.  Cuv.,  Mem.  Mus.,  vi,  1825,  p.  293. 
Spermatophilus  Wagl.,  Syst.  Av.  Amphib.,  1830,  p.  22. 
Citilhis  Lichten.,  Darst.  neuer  oder  wenig  bekannt.  Saugeth.,  Heft 

5,  1827-34,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  2. 
Colobotis  Brandt,  Bull.  Classe  Phys-math.  Acad.  Imp.  Scien.  St. 

Petersb.,  n,  1844,  p.  365. 
Otospermophilus   Brandt,    Bull.    Classe    Phys-math.   Acad.    Imp. 

Scien.  St.  Petersb.,  n,  1844,  p.  379. 
Otocolobus  Brandt,  Bull.  Classe  Phys-math.  Acad.  Imp.  Scien.  St. 

Petersb.,  n,  1844,  p.  382. 

Ictidomys  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rod.,  1877,  p.  821. 
Spermophilopsis  Blasius,  Tag.  Deut.  Nat.  Vers.,  1884,  p.  324. 
Ammospermophilus  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vn,  1892,  p.  27. 
Xerospermophilus  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vn,  1892,  p.  27. 
Calospcrmophilns   Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  n,  1897,  p.   189 

(note). 


FIG.  23.   CITELLUS  "AMMOSPERMOPHILUS)  H.  SAXICOLA. 
No.  59869  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


140  CITELLUS. 

Body  rather  slender;  tail  either  long,  moderate,  or  short,  varying 
greatly  in  its  length  among  the  different  species;  ears  large  to  rudi- 
mentary, not  tufted;  cheek  pouches  large;  skull  variable,  short  and 
broad  like  Sciurus,  or  long  and  narrow;  postorbital  processes  strong, 
with  a  downward  direction;  antorbital  foramen  circular,  with  a  well- 
developed  tubercle  on  outer  lower  border. 

KEY  TO  THE  SUBGENEKA. 

A.  Coronoid  process  of  mandible  broad  and  heavy.  PAGE 

a.  Nasals  equal    in    length  to   the    premaxillae 
,  .  .  .  Ammospermophilus     141 

b.  Nasals  not  so  long  as  the  premaxillae.  .  .Xerospermophilus     143 

B.  Coronoid  process  of  mandible  long  and  slender, 
a.  Nasals  longer  than  the  premaxillae. 

a/  Tail  short,  flat Callospermophilus     147 

b/  Tail  long  and  bushy Otospermophilus     148 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Size  small;  tail  short,  narrow. 

a.  Upper  parts  not  spotted. 

a/  Tail  beneath  white  on  central  portion.  PAGE 

a."  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown  and  vina- 

ceous C.  harrisi     141 

b."  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  and  white.  C.  h.  saxicola     142 

c."   Above  grizzled  gray C.  leucurus     142 

d."  Above  iron  gray C.  I.  peninsula     143 

e."  Above  grizzled  gray  and  vinaceous  .  .  .  .  C .  inter pres      143 
b/  Tail  not  white  beneath. 

a."  Above    grizzled    gray    and     yellowish 

brown C.  tereticaudus     1 44 

b."  Above  fawn  color C.I.  sonoricnsis     144 

c."  Above   grizzled   yellowish   brown  and 

black C.  perotensis     145 

b.  Upper  parts  spotted. 

a/  Abeve  reddish  brown C.  spilosoma  145 

b/  Above  russet  brown,  white  spots  bordered 

with  dusky C.  .<?.  microspilotus  145 

c/    Above  dark  reddish  or  yellowish  brown .  .  .  .C.  mexicanus  146 

d/  Above  pale  reddish  brown C.  m.  parvidens  146 

B.  Size  large,  tail  long,  bushy. 

a.  Tail  not  over  one-fourth  total  length C.  madrensis     147 

b.  Tail  less  than  half  total  length, 
a/  Tail  not  annulated. 


CITELLUS.  141 

a."  Shoulders   black,   spotted    with   ferru-  PAGE 

gineous C.  variegatus  148 

b."  Shoulders  mottled  with  black  and  white, 
a/"  Crown    speckled    with    black    and 

white,  or  brown,  black,  and  white .  .C.  v.  grammunts  149 

b/"  Crown  dark  brown C.  v.  fisheri  150 

c."  Shoulders  black,  crown  black C.  v.  atricapillus  150 

d."  Shoulders  blackish  brown  and  whitish; 

crown,  sides,  and  nape  of  head  black .  . C.  v.  ruprcstris  150 

e."  Shoulders  grizzled  grayish  and  black.  .  .  .C.  adocctus  152 
b.'  Tail  annulated. 

a."  Hind  foot  large C.  ammlatus  151 

b."  Hind  foot  small C.  a.  goldmani  151 

A.  Ammospermophilus,  Merr. 

Size  small.  Skull  broad;  interorbital  constriction  slight;  nasals 
short,  broad,  reaching  posterior  end  of  premaxillae;  first  premolar 
less  than  half  the  second  in  size;  tail,  one-third  the  length  of  the 
head  and  body. 


FIG.  24.    CITELLUS  <AMMOSPERMOPHILUSI  L.  PENINSUL/C. 

No.  4948  Am."  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

103.  harrisi  (Spermophilus),  Aud.  &  Bachm.,  Quadr.  N.  Am.,  in, 
1854,  p.  267,  pi.  144,  Fig.  i.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm., 
1901,  p.  85. 

HARRIS'S  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Not  determined. 


142  CITELLUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northeastern  part  of  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico, 
to  southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  into  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  small,  tail  short,  black  dorsal  stripe  wanting; 
angle  of  mandibular  ramus  much\ieveloped. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown,  tinged  with  vinaceous 
posteriorly;  narrow  white  stripe  on  sides;  flanks  tinged  with  pale 
chestnut;  orbital  ring,  and  lower  parts  of  body  yellowish  white; 
tail  flat,  above  black  and  white,  edged  with  white,  beneath  white 
bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  white.  Some  specimens  exhibit 
little  or  no  difference  between  the  upper  and  lower  sides  of  the  tail. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebrae,  88;  hind  foot, 
41.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  39.5;  Hensel,  32;  zygomatic  width, 
23;  interorbital  width,  10;  palatal  length,  19;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  8. 

a. — saxicola  (Spermophilus},  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.   Nat.   Mus.,  1896, 

p.  444.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  86. 
ROCK  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.  Tinajas  Atlas,  Gila  Mountains,  Yuma  County, 
Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to  Gila  Mountains, 
southwestern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.     Colors  pallid ;  tail  rather  long. 

Color.  Like  C.  harrisi,  but  all  hues  much  paler,  and  tail  longer. 
Above  grayish  brown,  all  the  hairs  tipped  with  yellowish  white 
giving  a  grizzled  appearance;  a  narrow  whitish  stripe  on  side  from 
shoulder  to  rump;  flanks  speckled  with  brown  and  rufous;  shoulders 
and  limbs  pale  chestnut,  hair  tipped  with  whitish;  under  parts  white; 
tail  black  mixed  with  white  and  a  narrow  edging  of  the  same;  hands 
and  feet  white  tinged  with  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  245;  tail  vertebras,  93;  hind  foot, 
40.  (ex  Type.)  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  40;  Hensel,  35;  zygo- 
matic width,  23.5;  interorbital  width,  10;  palatal  length,  20;  length 
of  upper  molar  series,  8. 

* 

104.    leucurus  (Tamias),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  1889,  p.  20. 

leucurus  (Spermophilus},     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p. 

86. 
WHITE-TAILED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     San.Gorgonio  Pass,  Riverside  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  to  California,  Utah, 
Arizona,  and  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  C.  harrisi,  tail  shorter,  below  white. 


CITELLUS.  143 

Color.  Above  grizzled  gray,  vinaceous  on  head  and  rump;  out- 
side of  legs  salmon;  white  stripe  on  side  of  back;  under  parts  white; 
tail  above  iron  gray,  with  indistinct  white  border,  beneath  white, 
bordered  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  209;  tail  vertebrae,  69;  hind  foot, 
38.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  40.5;  Hensel,  18;  zygomatic  width, 
23.5;  interorbital  width,  9.5;  palatal  length,  18;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  6. 

a. — peninsulce  (Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.   Am.    Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893, 

p.  197. 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     San  Telmo,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Color  darker  than  C.  harrisi;  tail  very  short. 

Color.  Upper  part  of  back  gray;  top  of  head  and  lower  back 
dusky  or  reddish  brown;  outside  of  arms  and  thighs  reddish  cinna- 
mon; lateral  stripe  and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  iron  gray, 
beneath  white  with  subapical  black  band. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  213;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind  foot, 
35.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  41.5;  Hensel,  34;  zygomatic  width, 
24;  interorbital  width,  10;  length  of  nasals,  10;  palatal  length,  19.5; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  7;  length  of  mandible,  19;  length  of 
lower  molar  series,  6. 

105.    interpres  (Tamias),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  21. 

intcrpres  (Spermophilus}  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  86. 
TRADER  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north  to  Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  C.  leucurus;  tail  long;  lateral  hairs  with 
•two  black  bands. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  grizzled  gray  tinged  with  vina- 
ceous; shoulder,  hips,  outer  surface  of  legs  ochraceous  buff;  white 
stripe  on  eyelids  and  on  each  side  of  back;  under  parts  white;  tail 
above  grizzled  gray  tinged  with  fulvous,  edge  whitish,  beneath 
white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  226;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind  foot,  37. 

B.  Xerospermophilus. 

Siz.e  small.  Skull  short,  broad;  interorbital  constriction  con- 
siderable; nasals  not  reaching  posterior  ends  of  premaxillae.  First 
molar  one-third  the  size  of  second.  Tail  one-third  the  length  of 
body  and  head. 


144 


CITELLUS. 


FIG.  25.    CITELLUS  I.XEROSPERMOPHILUS)  s.  MICROSPILOTUS. 

No.  703  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  4  times.  Enlarged  4  times. 

106.    tereticaudus  (Spennophilus),  Baird,    N.  Am.  Mamm.,    1857,  p. 

315.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  98. 
ROUND-TAILED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Old  Fort  Yuma,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Central  California  to  Lower  California,  Arizona, 
and  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  as  long  as  four-fifths  head  and  body;  no  spots 
on  body ;  feet  broad,  soles  hairy. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  gray  and  yellowish  brown ;  beneath  brown- 
ish white;  tail  like  back,  brown  at  end,  tip  yellowish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  248;  tail  vertebrae,  112;  hind  foot, 
35.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  37;  Hensel,  29;  zygomatic  width, 
23;  interorbital  width,  9;  palatal  length,  17;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  7. 

• 

a. — sonoriensis    (Spermophilus},   Ward,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxv,   1891,  p. 

158. 
SONORAN  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Hermosillo,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  C.  cryptospilotus:  body  without  spots. 

Color.  Upper  parts  fawn  color,  hairs  ringed  with  black,  straw 
yellow,  and  walnut  brown,  and  tipped  with  cream  buff;  sides  paler 


CITELLUS.  145 

fawn;  under  parts  and  inner  sides  of  legs  and  hind  feet  white,  the 
last  washed  with  rufous;  tail  above  at  base  like  back,  remainder 
fawn  color  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  whitish  rufous, 
beneath  pale  rufous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  65;  hind  foot, 
33.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  37.5;  Hensel,  30;  zygomatic  width, 
24;  interorbital  width,  9;  length  of  nasals,  6;  palatal  length,  18; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  alveolar  border,  7. 

107.  perotensis  (Spermophilus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vm, 

1893,  p.  131. 
PEROTE  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Perote,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico;  extreme  eastern  border 
of  tableland.  Altitude  8,000-10,000  feet. 

Genl.Char.  Similar  to  C.  elegans.  Skull  large,  heavy ;  molars  with 
broad  crowns. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  yellowish  brown  irregularly  lined  with 
black  posteriorly;  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  buffy;  tail  above 
mixed  black  and  yellowish  brown,  beneath  ochraceous  buff  with  a 
subapical  black  band. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  253  ;  tail  vertebrae,  68;  hind  foot,  38. 

108.  spilosoma   (Spermophilus),   Bennett,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,   1833,  p. 

40.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  96. 

mexicanus,  Aud.  &  Bachm.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,  in,  1853,  p.  42,  pi. 

cix. 
SPOTTED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.  "That  part  of  California  that  adjoins  Mexico." 
Western  Texas? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Janos,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  into  Texas 
and  New  Mexico.  Altitude,  5,600  feet. 

GcnL  Char.  Size  small ;  ears  very  short ;  tail  about  half  the  length 
of  body. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown  spotted  with  white  (bordered  with 
black  posteriorly  in  the  young) ;  under  parts  yellowish  white ;  tail 
above  like  back,  with  subterminal  black  bar,  tip  yellowish  brown, 
beneath  brownish  yellow,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with 
yellowish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  255;  tail  vertebrae,  75;  hind  foot, 
32- 

a. — niicTospilotus    (Spermophilus),    Merr.,    N.    Am.    Faun.,    No.   4, 
1890,  p.  38.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  96. 


146  CITELLUS. 

SMALL-SPOTTED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Oracle,  Final  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  medium;  dorsal  spots  large,  separate,  distinct. 

Color.  Above  russet  brown;  dorsal  spots  white  bordered  poste- 
riorly with  dusky;  under  parts  whitish;  tail  above,  basal  half  like 
back,  remainder  mixed  buff  and  black,  bordered  with  buff,  beneath 
pale  ochraceous  buff,  with  indistinct  submarginal  black  band. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  74;  hind  foot, 
30.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  36;  Hensel,  27;  zygomatic  width, 
21.5;  interorbital  width,  7;  palatal  length,  16;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  7. 

109.  mexicanus  (Sciurus),  Erxl.,  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  i,  1777,  p.  428. 

mexicanus  (Citillus},  Licht.,  Darst.  Neu.  Saugeth.,  1830,  pi.  31, 
Fig.  2.  (ex  Toluca.) 

mexicanus  (Spermophilus},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  98. 
MEXICAN  SPERMOPHILE.  Urion,  Huron,  in  Mexico. 

Type  locality.     Toluca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     South  central  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  about  half  as  long  as  body;  ears  short;  size 
medium. 

Color.  Above  dark  yellowish  to  reddish  brown,  with  nine  or 
eleven  lines  of  white  spots;  beneath  yellowish  white;  head  above 
mixed  white,  black  and  yellowish;  orbital  ring  and  lower  side  of 
cheek  white;  tail  above  black  and  yellowish  white,  bordered  with 
black  and  edged  with  yellowish  white,  beneath  brownish  white,  bor- 
dered with  black,  and  fringed  with  brownish  white. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  305 ;  tail  vertebrae,  100;  hind  foot,  42. 

*a. — paTvidens  (Spermophilus},  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
xvni,  1896,  p.  443.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  99. 
SMALL-TOOTHED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Clark,  Kinney  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Texas  into  Mexico  ? 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  C.  mexicanus,  but  smaller;  colors  paler; 
teeth  weak. 

Color.  Pattern  like  C.  mexicanus,  colors  paler,  under  parts 
white;  hairs  of  tail  with  two  black  rings  instead  of  three,  and  tips 
grayish  instead  of  yellowish;  back  yellowish  broccoli  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  325;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  hind  foot, 
44.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  41;  Hensel,  19;  zygomatic  width, 

*This  form  doubtless  passes  the  Mexican  boundary,  but  up  to  the  present 
time  it  has  not  been  recorded  from  that  country. 


CITELLUS.  147 

24;  interorbital  width,  9;  palatal  length,  19;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  7. 

0.  *  Oallospermophilus. 

Skull  broad;  interorbital  space  broad;  rostrum  broad,  nasals 
longer  than  premaxillae;  first  premolar  smaller  than  second.  Tail 
less  than  half  the  length  of  head  and  body. 


FIG.  26.    CITELLUS  (CALLOSPERMOPHILUS)  MADRENSIS. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW 

Enlarged  5  times.  Enlarged  5  times. 

110.    madrensis    (Callospcrmophilus),     Merr.,     Proc.     Wash.     Acad. 

Scien.,  in,  1901,  p.  563. 
SIERRA  MADRE  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.  Sierra  Madre,  near  Guadalupe  y  Calvo,  State  of 
Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  C.  lateralis,  but  tail  about  half  as  long; 
rostrum  less  swollen. " 

Color.  Fall  Pelage.  Above  grizzled  grayish;  rump  dull  grayish 
tulvous;  light  lateral  stripe  grizzled  buffy  gray,  black  stripes  faint, 
nearly  obsolete;  under  parts  whitish;  tail  above  grizzled  grayish 
fulvous  and  black,  beneath  yellowish,  the  plumbeous  base  of  hairs 
showing  through;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

*Some  writers  accord  this  subgenus,  generic  rank.  It  does  not  seem  to 
possess  sufficient  claims  for  this  distinction. 


148 


CITELLUS. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  233;  tail  vertebrae,  58;  hind  foot, 
39.  Skull:  total  length,  41;  Hensel,  33;  zygomatic  width,  25;  inter- 
orbital  width,  15;  palatal  length,  18;  width  of  braincase  above 
zygomata,  20;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  8;  length  of  mandible, 
angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  19;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  7.5. 

D.  Otospermophilus,  Brandt. 

"Skull  broad;  molars  small;  edge  of  outer  wall  of  antorbital 
foramina  not  thickened;  coronoid  processes  of  lower  jaw  long  and 
slender;  ears  very  large;  tail  long,  full,  bushy." 


FIG.  27.    CITELLUS  IOTOSPERMOPHILUS>  VARIEGATUS. 

No.  (1250)  4944  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     Nat.  size. 

111.    variegatus  (Sciurus),  Erxl.,  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  i,  1777,  p.  421 
Nelson,  Science,  1898,  p.  898. 


C1TELLUS.  149 

macronnis  (Spermophilus),  Bennett,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1833,  p.  41. 
buccatus  Licht.,  Abh.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berl.,  1827,  p.  115. 
LONG-TAILED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     "California  adjoining  Mexico.  "      State  of  Jalisco? 
Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico.     (J.  A.  Allen.) 
Gcnl.  Char.     Size  large,  color  dark. 


FlG.  XXXI.    ClTELLUS  (OTOSPERMOPHILUS)  VARIEGATUS. 
LONG-TAILED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  brownish  gray;  crown  black;  lips 
and  chin  ferrugineous ;  under  parts  ferrugineous  varied  with  black ; 
tail  black  washed  with  white,  with  an  irregular  black  border  edged 
with  whitish,  and  subapical  black  band. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  470-485;  tail  vertebrae,  178;  to 
end  of  hairs,  216;  hind  foot,  56-63.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  65; 
Hensel,  53;  zygomatic  width,  39.5;  interorbital  width,  16.5;  palatal 
length,  31 ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  13.5. 

(i. — grannnurus  (Sciurus],  Say,  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  n, 
1823,  p.  72. 

couchi  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1855,  p.  311,  pi.  Si. 

grammurus  (Spermophilus)  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  88. 
BUSHY-TAILED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.  Purgatory  Creek,  Colorado,  lat.  37°  32';  long. 
103°  30'- 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to  Parks  of  Central 
Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  long,  full,  bushy;  ears  large;  body  large,  stout; 
soles  of  feet  smooth. 

Color.  Crown  speckled  black  and  white,  or  brown,  black  and 
white;  above  gray,  mottled  with  brownish  white  and  black,  washed 
posteriorly  with  brown;  sides  of  neck  and  flanks  purer  gray;  inside 
of  limbs  brownish  white  or  buff;  under  parts  pale  yellowish  white; 


150  CITELLUS. 

hands  and  feet  gray  or  buff;  tail  grayish  white  and  black  above, 
beneath  with  sometimes  central  area  buff  but  usually  like  upper  part. 
Measurements.  Total  length,  530;  tail  vertebrae,  200;  hind  foot, 
60.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  57;  Hensel  45;  zygomatic  width, 
36;  interorbital  width,  10;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  6. 

b. — fisheri    (Spermophilus),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    vin, 

1893,  p.  133.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  88. 
FISHER'S  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.  Kern  Valley,  twenty-five  miles  above  Kernville, 
Tulare  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  central  and  southern 
California  to  western  border  of  Nevada. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  C.  v.  beecheyi,  but  paler;  white  shoulder  stripes 
longer. 

Color.  Similar  to  C.  v.  beecheyi,  but  sides  of  neck  and  shoulder 
stripes  silvery  white;  body  spotted  on  sides  with  whitish  bordered 
with  dusky;  lower  part  of  face  whitish;  under  parts  and  feet  buffy. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  415;  tail  vertebras,  175;  hind  foot, 
58.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  53;  Hensel,  43;  zygomatic  width, 
32.5 ;  interorbital  width,  8.5 ;  palatal  length,  25  ;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  u. 

c. — atrieapillus    (Spermophilus),  Bryant,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien., 

2d  Ser.,  n,  1889,  p.  26. 
BLACK-HEADED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Comondu,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California.    Northern  Mexico  (?) 

Genl.  Char.     Crown  black,  scapular  region  blackish. 

Color.  Similar  to  C.  v.  grammurus,  but  crown  black  (varying  in 
extent);  orbital  ring  white;- neck,  scapulars,  and  interscapulars  black, 
mixed  with  white  and  buff;  rest  of  upper  parts  mixed  buff  and  black; 
sides  grayish  or  buffy  white;  under  parts  whitish;  hands  and  feet 
buff;  tail  black  above,  the  hairs  tipped  with  buff  at  base  and  whitish 
on  remaining  portions,  and  edged  with  white,  beneath  black  washed 
with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  535;  tail,  235;  hind  foot,  50; 
(skin.) 

d. — rupestris  (Citellus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903,  p.  595. 
ROCK  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Rio  Sestin,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  C.  v.  grammurus,  but  larger,  and  crown 
and  nape  black. 


CITELLUS.  151 

Color.  Front,  top,  and  sides  of  head  black;  nose  and  eyes  grayish 
brown ;  white  patch  above  and  below  eye ;  upper  parts  mixed  blackish 
brown  and  whitish,  darkest  on  anterior  half  of  dorsal  region  and 
suffused  with  yellowish  brown;  sides  paler  and  grayer;  throat,  upper 
breast,  and  axial  region  ochraceous  buff;  rest  .of  under  parts  yellowish 
buff;  fore  feet  yellowish  gray;  hind  feet  more  strongly  yellow;  ear 
black;  tail  above  grizzled  black  and  white,  the  hairs  ringed  with 
black  and  whitish  and  tipped  with  white,  beneath  pale  yellowish 
white,  margined  on  each  side  with  three  black  bands,  the  outer  one 
the  broadest. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  520;  head  and  body,  279;  tail  ver- 
tebrae, 241;  hind  foot,  64;  ear,  25.  Skull:  total  length,  66;  zygo- 
matic  width,  40;  length  of  nasals,  23 ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  13. 

112.    annulatus  (Spermophilus},  Aud.   &   Bachm.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Scien.  Phil.,  vin,  1842,  p.  319. 
RING-TAILED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     None  given;  probably  western  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Plains  of  State  of  Colima,  and  Territorio  de  Tepic, 
western  Mexico;  extent  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  squirrel-like;  tail  long,  rather  bushy,  ringed; 
ears  broad  and  rather  high,  rounded;  claws  short,  curved;  pelage 
coarse,  stiff. 

Color.  Top  of  head  black,  speckled  with  deep  buff;  entire  upper 
parts  and  sides  mixed  black  and  pale  yellow;  sides  of  head,  neck, 
outer  surface  of  arms  and  hands,  legs,  and  feet  reddish  brown,  nearly 
chestnut;  inner  side  of  thighs,  and  under  parts  straw  yellow;  basal 
portion  of  hairs  on  abdomen  black;  tail  at  base  like  back,  rest  of 
upper  part  alternately  banded  with  black  and  pale  yellow,  beneath 
reddish  cinnamon,  with  a  narrow  interrupted  black  border  edged 
with  yellow. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  405 ;  tail  vertebrae,  200 ;  hind  foot,  5 7 . 

a. — goldmani  (Spermophilus},  Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,   xv, 

1902,  p.  69. 
GOLDMAN'S  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.     Santiago,  Territorio  de  Tepic,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  (C.)  annulatus,  but  hind  foot  smaller 
(averaging  52.5  instead  of  56.5);  whitish  eyelids  clearer  and  more 
distinct;  ferrugineous  of  face,  neck,  thighs,  and  tail  less  extensive  and 
usually  less  intense." 

Measurements.  "Type.  Total  length,  430;  tail  vertebrae,  216; 
hind  foot,  52."  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 


152  CITELLUS. 

113.  adocetus  (Citellus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1903,  p.  79. 
PLAIN-TAILED  SPERMOPHILE. 

Type  locality.  La  Salada,  40  miles  south  of  Uruapan,  State  of 
Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Near  C.  annulatits,  but  smaller;  tail  without  rings: 
pelage  harsh;  ears  short,  tail  long.  Skull  has  broader  jugal,  and 
broad  frontal;  long  postorbital  processes  decurved. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  grayish  and  black,  top  of  head 
darker;  superciliary  stripe  buffy,  sometimes  washed  with  pale  ful- 
vous ;  buffy  band  under  eye ;  under  parts  yellowish  buff ;  occasionally 
fulvous  on  throat  and  chin ;  fore  legs,  hands,  and  feet  dull  pale  fulvous ; 
sides  of  neck  washed  with  fulvous;  tail  grizzled  black  and  buffy, 
terminal  half  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with  buffy  fulvous, 
median  line  of  distal  half  beneath  pale  fulvous.  At  certain  seasons 
the  upper  parts  of  body  are  dull  ochraceous  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  350;  tail  vertebrae,  156;  hind  foot, 
48.  Skull:  basal  length,  41 ;  palatal  length,  24;  postpalatal  length,  17  ; 
zygomatic  breadth,  26;  interorbital  breadth,  13;  length  of  tooth  row 
on  alveolus,  8.25;  on  crowns,  7.5. 


The  "Prairie-dogs,"  as  their  name  implies,  are  dwellers  of  the 
plains,  where  they  congregate  in  such  large  numbers  that  their 
countless  burrows  are  known  as  "towns."  The  presence  of  any  one 
approaching  one  of  these  is  immediately  announed  by  the  barking  of 
the  "dogs,"  which,  sitting  bolt]upright  at  the  mouths  of  their  burrows, 
by  shrill  staccato  cries  express  their  disapproval  of  the  intrusion. 
Not  very  brave  are  the  "dogs,"  for  when  a  near  approach  is  threat- 
ened, each  one  disappears  into  the  nearest  hole,  and  does  not  come  out 
again  until  satisfied  that  all  danger  is  past.  In  form  this  Marmot  is 
rather  chunky,  with  short  tail  and  coarse  short  hair,  the  tips  of 
which  have  been  worn  away  by  constant  rubbing  against  the  soil  in 
their  mining  operations.  The  dentition  is  powerful  and  the  fore 
paws  are  formed  for  digging.  The  galleries  in  their  "towns"  ramify 
in  all  directions  and  cover  a  vast  extent  of  ground,  and  it  would  be 
a  useless  effort  to  try  and  dig  out  one  of  these  animals.  They  are 
very  animated,  incessantly  in  motion,  and  when  barking  the  tail  is 
jerked  upward  with  a  spasmodic  action  as  if  the  creature  were  moved 
by  springs.  Owls  and  rattlesnakes  are  fellow-boarders  with  the 
"dogs"  in  these  towns,  by  no  means  dwelling  in  amity,  as  supposed 
by  some,  for  the  snakes  and  owls  destroy  the  various  young,  those  of 
the  "dogs"  being  the  chief  sufferers,  and  doubtless  they  would  be 


CYNOMYS.  153 

only  too  happy  to  be  rid  of  their  unwelcome  neighbors  had  they  the 
power  to  cause  their  removal.  These  animals  seem  to  be  independent 
of  water,  possibly  the  dew  that  often  falls  heavily  in  the  districts  in 
which  they  live  satisfying  their  moderate  needs.  Prairie-dogs  are 
not  easily  caught,  and  when  captured,  are  difficult  to  tame,  the  wild, 
free  life  of  the  plains,  causing  by  comparison,  that  of  a  captive 
to  be  unsupportable.  They  live  on  seeds  and  grasses,  and  their 
cheek  pouches  are  small. 

3  7  .    Cyiiomys. 


Cynomys  Rafin.,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  n,  1817,  p.  45.  Type  Arctomys 
litdoricianns  Ord. 

Anisonyx  Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  n,  1817,  p.  45.  (nee  Latreille, 
1807,  Coleopt.) 

Lipura  Illig.,  Prodr.  Syst.  Mamm.,  et.  Av.,  1811,  p.  95. 

Monax  Warden,  Statist.  Polit.  Hist.  Ace.  U.  S.,  i,  1819,  pp. 
225-228. 

Cheek  pouches  shallow;  ears  rudimentary;  tail  very  short,  flat; 
feet  with  claws  on  all  five  toes;  pollex  large,  nail  well  developed; 
pelage  short,  bristly;  dentition  very  heavy:  molars  large  with  three 
transverse  grooves  on  their  crowns  ;  first  and  second  premolars  nearly 
equal  in  size;  outline  of  molar  series  curved,  divergent  anteriorly, 
approximating  posteriorly;  postorbital  processes  strong,  well  devel- 
oped, decurved;  antorbital  foramina  large,  subtri  angular,  the  tubercle 
at  end  large  and  visible  when  viewed  frcm  above,  and  projecting 
beyond  the  superior  outline  of  skull;  palate  greatly  contracted  pos- 
teriorly; occipital  and  saggital  crests  present. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Size  large.     Check   pouches  present,  shallow; 
palate   greatly   contracted  posteriorly;     post- 
orbital  processes  long,  pointed. 
a.  Tail  short,  flat;  pelage  bristly. 

a/  Under  parts  white;  tail  with  subterminal  PAGE 

bar  of  broccoli  brown  ..................  C.  arizonensis     154 

b.'  Under  parts   yellowish   white;   tail   with 

apical  third  black  ....................  C.  ludovicianus     155 

c/  Under  parts  pale  fulvous  ;  tail  with  apical 

half  mixed  black  and  white  .............  C.  gunnisoni     156 

d/  Under  parts  buffy;  tail  with  apical  half 

black  ................................  C.  mexicanus     156 


154 


CYNOMYS. 


FIG.  28.    CYNOMYS  LUDOVICIANUS. 

No.  3745  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

114.    arizonensis    (Cynomys),  Mearns,  Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.   Hist., 

1890,  p.  305.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  104. 
ARIZONA  PRAIRIE-DOG. 

Type  locality.     Point  of  Mountain,  near  Wilcox,  Cochise  County, 
southern  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  into  Arizona. 


CYNOMYS. 


155 


Gcnl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  nearly  twice  as  long  as  that  of  C. 
gnnuisoui. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  vinaceous  cinnamon ;  below  whit- 
ish; tail  with  a  narrow  subterminal  bar  of  broccoli  brown. 

Winter  Pelage.  Above  pale  sandy  buff;  below  white  tinged  with 
buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  376;  tail  vertebrae,  84;  hind 
foot,  61.  Skull:  basilar  length,  54.3;  total  length,  66;  interorbital 
width,  14;  length  of  nasals,  25;  zygomatic  width,  43.5;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  16.3. 


FIG.  XXXII.    CYNOMYS  LUDOVICIANUS.    PRAIRIE-DOG. 


115.  ludovicianus  (Arctomys),  Ord,  Guth.,  Geog.,  n,  1815,  2d  Am. 
ed.,  p.  292. 

socialis  Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  n,  1817,  p.  45. 

grisea  Rafin. ,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  n,  1817,  p.  45. 

missouriensis  Warden,  Descrip.  Etats  Unis,  v,  1820,  p.  627. 

latrans  Harlan,  Faun.  Am.,  1825,  p.  306. 

ludoricianus  (Cynomys)  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  102. 
PRAIRIE-DOG,  Perrito,  Perrito  del  Campo,  in  Mexico. 

Type  locality.     Plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north  into  western 
Texas  and  Kansas  to  49th  parallel. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Body  stout;  tail  short;  ears  very  small;  claws  long. 


156  CYNOMYS. 

Color.  Slimmer  Pelage.  Above  reddish  brown,  varied  with  gray 
and  black  hairs;  beneath  yellowish  white;  tail  like  the  back  with 
the  apical  third  black. 

Winter  Pelage.  Above  pale  vinaceous  buff,  grizzled  and  mixed 
with  black ;  below  pale  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  393;  tail  vertebrae,  88;  hind  foot, 
57.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  65;  Hensel,  55;  zygomatic  width, 
47;  interorbital  constriction,  15;  palatal  length,  33;  length  of  nasals, 
23  ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  17. 

116.  gunnisoni    (Cynomys),   Baird,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.   Scien.    Phil., 

1855,  p.  334.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  103. 
GUNNISON'S  PRAIRIE-DOG. 

Type  locality.  Cochetopa  Pass,  Rocky  Mountains,  Saguache 
County,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Diego,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  into  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  C.  ludovicianus ;  tail  one-sixth  length 
of  body. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  tawny  fulvous,  mixed  with 
black;  under  parts  pale  fulvous;  tail  like  back  on  basal  half,  rest 
mixed  black  and  white  bordered  and  tipped  with  white. 

Winter  Pelage.  Above  pale  buff,  mixed,  with  black;  under  parts 
pale  yellow  to  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  360;  tail  vertebrae,  69; 
hind  foot,  60.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  57.5  ;  Hensel,  28;  zygoma- 
tic  width,  41;  interorbital  constriction,  11.5;  palatal  length,  28.5; 
length  of  nasals,  20;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  14. 

117.  mexicanus  (Cynomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vn,  1892, 

P-  157- 
MEXICAN  PRAIRIE-DOG. 

Type  locality.     La  Ventura,  State  of  Coahuila,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Eastern  and  northern  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large.  Similar  to  C ' .  ludovicianus,  tail  longer  and 
blacker;  nasals  as  long  as  distance  from  anterior  edge  of  foramen 
magnum  to  posterior  edge  of  palate. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  buffy  fulvous  mixed  with  long  black 
hairs;  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  buffy;  tail,  basal  half  above  like 
back,  bordered  with  black,  remainder  black,  beneath  basal  half  buffy, 
remainder  black  and  buff  grizzled. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  419 ;  tail  vertebrae,  107 ;  hind  foot,  63. 


SC1UROPTERUS. 


157 


The  Flying  Squirrels  are  so  called,  not  because  they  are  capable 
of  any  true  flight,  but  on  account  of  a  fold  of  skin  attached  to  the 
front  and  hind  limbs  and  body,  which  when  stretched  by  the  exten- 
sion of  the  arms  and  legs  enables  the  animal  to  sail  in  a  descending 
line  for  a  considerable  distance  as  if  carried  by  a  parachute.  They 
are  beautiful  creatures  with  velvety  fur  and  large,  expressive  eyes, 
nocturnal  in  their  habits,  and  live  in  nests  or  holes  in  trees.  Their 
aerial  flights  occur  usually  about  dusk,  and  at  this  time  in  the  locali- 
ties they  frequent,  several  may  be  seen  gliding  from  lofty  branches  to 
the  base  of  a  distant  tree,  up  the  trunk  of  which  they  hasten  until  the 
top  is  nearly  reached,  when  the  voyager  is  ready  for  another  trip 
through  space. 

Subfam.  II.     Pteromyinee. 
38.    Sciuropterus. 


Sciuropterus  F.  Cuv.,  Dent's  du  Mamm.,  1825,  p.  255.  Id.     Ann.  du 
Mus.,  x,  182  5,  p.  126,  pi.  x.     Type  Sciurus  volans  Linnaeus. 

Limbs  connected  by  a  furred  membrane  extending  outwardly 
from  the  sides,  and  supported  by  a  process  from  the  olecranon.  Tail 
depressed,  flattened,  thick;  ears  large;  pelage  of  velvet  softness. 


FIG.  29.    SCIUROPTERUS  VOLANS. 
No.  928  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  4  times.  Enlarged  4  times. 


158 


SCIUROPTERUS. 


118.  volans  (Mus.)  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  63;  I,  1776,  p.  85. 
(nee  Sciurus,  p.  88.) 

volucella  Pall.,  Nov.  Spec.  Glires,  1788,  p.  351. 

volans  (Scuiropterus'),  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  109. 
FLYING  SQUIRREL. 

Type  locality.     Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  northern  border  of  Mexico  into  Guatemala, 
Central  America.  In  United  States  to  northern  New  York  and 
southern  New  Hampshire;  not  in  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  winter  and  summer  pelage  alike  in 
color;  hairs  of  under  parts  white  to  base. 


FlG.  XXXIII.      SCIUROPTERUS    VOLANS.     FLYING  SQUIRREL. 

Color.  Upper  parts  drab  shaded  with  russet,  tail  slightly  darker; 
hands  above  grayish  white,  feet  drab;  black  orbital  ring;  under  parts 
pure  white,  washed  in  some  specimens  with  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  234.5;  tail  vertebrae,  99.6;  hind 
foot,  31.4.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  34;  Hensel,  27;  zygomatic 
width,  20;  interorbital  width,  7;  palatal  length,  9;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  6. 


Largest  of  North  American  rodents,  attaining  a  weight  of  fifty 
pounds  or  more,  the  Beaver,  which  at  one  time  extended  its  range 
over  nearly  all  forest-covered  land  in  the  northern  Hemisphere,  has 


CASTOR.  159 

now  become  extinct  in  the  majority  of  localities.  Its  skin  and  scent 
bags  were  too  valuable  commercially  to  preserve  it  from  man's 
rapacity.  It  is  probably  one  of  the  best -known  rodents  in  the  land, 
and  most  persons  have  some  knowledge  of  the  beaver's  house  and 
dam,  or  have  seen  the  trunks  of  trees  that  have  been  cut  down  by 
the  wonderful  adze-like  incisors.  Clothed  in  a  dense  furry  coat  im- 
pervious to  water,  and  provided  with  paddle-like  hind  feet  and  a  broad 
rudder-like  tail,  the  beaver  is  at  home  in  the  lake  or  river,  where 
most  of  its  life  is  passed.  It  shuns  the  vicinity  of  man,  and  exists 
only  in  the  virgin  wilderness. 

Fam.   II.    Castoriche.    Beavers. 

Skull  massive,  no  postorbital  processes,  superior  outline  nearly 
straight;  molars  single-rooted,  with  re-entering  of  enamel  folds,  and 
decreasing  in  size  posteriorly;  the  molar  series  is  not  parallel  but  con- 
verges anteriorly,  and  the  palate  is  arched,  contracted  anteriorly. 
Incisors  large,  powerful,  the  lower  much  longer  than  the  upper,  with 
chisel-like  edges,  and  a  deep  orange  red  color  exteriorly.  Lower  jaw 
massive;  angle  of  mandible  rounded. 

39.    Castor.    Beaver. 

Tim-  P!=I-  M^=  20 

1-i-i'    r'l— I'    1Yi'3-3 

Castor  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  58;  i,  1766,  p.  78.     Type  Castor 
fiber  Linnaeus. 

Feet  four-toed,  hind  feet  large,  webbed;  upper  molars  subequal, 
with  one  inner  and  two  outer  enamel  folds;  tail  broad,  flat,  scaly; 
molars  with  dentinal  pulp  persisting  until  quite  late  in  life. 

canadcnsis  frondator   (Castor),    Mearns,     Proc. .  U.     S.     Nat.    Mus., 

1897,  P-  502-     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  116. 
SONORAN  BEAVER. 

Type  locality.  San  Pedro  River,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  near 
monument  No.  98,  Mexican  boundary. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  to  Wyoming  and 
Montana. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  large;  scaly  portion  of  tail  less  than  twice  as 
long  as  wide. 

Color.  Upper  parts  russet,  chocolate  at  root  of  tail;  under  parts 
grayish  cinnamon  to  ferrugineous  beneath  tail;  sides  wood  brown 
varied  with  tawny  olive;  feet  burnt  sienna. 


160 


CASTOR. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  1070;  tail  vertebrae,  360;  scaly  por- 
tion of  tail  290X125;  hind  foot,  185.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length, 
134;  Hensel,  122;  zygomatic  width,  97;  interorbital  constriction,  22 


FIG.  30.    CASTOR  c.  FRONDATOR. 
No.  35883  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Type. 

palatal  length,  78;  length  of  nasals,  46;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
32;  length  of  mandible,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisors,  96;  height  at 
condyle,  22;  at  coronoid  process,  52. 


CASTOR. 


MURID^E. 


161 


FIG.  XXXIV.    CASTOR  c.  FRONDATOR.    SONORAN  BEAVER. 


The  MuRiD^E  is  the  largest  family  of  the  rodents  and  is  cosmo- 
politan, some  members,  such  as  the  Brown  Rat  being  met  with 
throughout  the  world,  carried  from  place  to  place  in  ships.  It  includes 
a  vast  number  of  genera,  embracing  both  terrestrial  and  aquatic 
animals  of  varied  structure  and  habits,  while  the  size  of  the  numerous 
species  ranges  from  that  of  the  pigmy  Harvest  Mouse  (genus  Rhithro- 
dontomys)  to  that  of  the  Musk-rat.  Every  land  possesses  its  own 
peculiar  species,  and  North  America  has  a  large  number  indigenous 
to  it.  They  are  of  a  great  variety  and  are  dwellers  of  the  woods, 
cultivated  fields,  prairie  lands,  swamps,  lakes,  and  rivers,  each  seeking, 
after  its  kind,  localities  best  suited  to  its  mode  of  life. 

The  subfamily  Murince  is  typified  by  the  Rat  and  Mouse  of  our 
houses,  and  these  have  their  representatives  in  other  subfamilies 
of  many  varied  forms  and  structures.  Some  are  possessed  of  cheek 
pouches.  The  tubercular  teeth  have  their  crowns  worn  by  constant 
use  to  a  flat  surface  and  they  then  exhibit  various  tracery  patterns, 


162  MURIDJE.  MURINJE.  MUS. 

and  the  consequent  angles  and  loops  shown,  more  readily  indicate 
the  relationship  of  their  owner  to  other  forms.  Members  of  the 
Muridce  have  a  certain  family  resemblance  to  each  other,  in  the  more 
or  less  lengthened  tail,  generally  naked  and  scaly,  bright  eyes,  and  a 
modest  coloration  suitable  for  concealing  them  from  their  foes. 

Fam.  III.     JIuri<l;i'.     Rats,  Mice,  Voles,  etc. 

Premolars  none;  molars  with  or  without  roots,  tuberculate,  or 
with  enamel  folds;  lower  incisors  compressed;  frontals  greatly  con- 
tracted anteriorly. 

Subfam.  I.     Murinae. 

Molars  rooted,  tuberculate;  root  of  under  incisor  creating  a  swell- 
ing on  outer  side  of  mandible  between  processes  of  the  condyle  and 
coronoid;  descending  process  of  mandible  below  the  plane  of  the 
molars.  Palate  nearly  flat. 

The  genus  M  us,  has  more  members  than  any  other  of  the  Mammalia 
and  its  representatives  are  found  throughout  the  world,  except  in 
Madagascar,  and  possibly  other  islands  whose  faunae  are  unknown. 
The  habits  of  the  various  species  are  similar,  although  some  are 
arboreal  and  others  even  aquatic. 

4O.    Mus.    Mice,  Rats. 


Mus  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  59;   n,   1766,  p.  79.     Type  Mus 

rattus  Linnaeus. 

Ears  large,  prominent;  tail  long,  scaly;  nose  acute;  molars  with 
transverse  series  of  tubercles,  three  in  a  series,  longitudinal. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Size  small  ;  tail  moderately  long.  PAGE 

a.  Pelage    above    grayish    brown   and   black, 

beneath  ashy  plumbeous  ..................  M.  musculus     162 

b.  Pelage  above  black,  beneath  buffy  gray  .....  M.  nt.  jalapce     163 

B.  Size  large,  tail  very  long,  naked,  scaly. 

a.  Pelage  black  on  upper  parts  ..................  M.  rattus     163 

b.  Pelage  brownish  on  upper  parts. 

a/  Under  parts  ashy  white  ................  M.  norvegictis     164 

b.'  Under  parts  yellowish  white  ..........  M.  alexandrinus     164 

119.    musculus    (Mus),    Linn.,  Syst.   Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  62;  n,  1766, 
p.  83.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  118. 


MUS. 


163 


FIG.  31.    Mus  RATTUS. 

No.  4670  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW 

Enlarged  4  times.  Enlarged  4  times. 


HOUSE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Sweden. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cosmopolitan. 

Genl.   Char.     Tail  longer  than  body;    soles  naked;    size   small. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown,  lined  with  blackish;  beneath  ashy 
plumbeous,  tinged  with  reddish;  tail  dusky;  feet  ashy  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebrae,  83;  hind  foot, 
18;  ear,  13.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  20;  Hensel,  15;  zygo- 
matic  width,  10;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  length  of  nasals,  6; 
palatal  length,  8;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  3. 

a. — jalapce  (Mus),  Allen  &  Chapman,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1897,  p.  198. 
JALAPA  HOUSE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     General  hue  dark,  dorsal  band  broad. 

Color.  Above  black ;  sides  mouse  color ;  under  parts  buffy  gray  ; 
tail  black;  feet  and  ears  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  164;  tail  vertebrae,  82;  hind  foot, 
18;  ear,  14. 

120.    rattus  (Mus),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  r,  1758,  p.  61;  i,  1766,  p.  83. 
Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  117. 


164 


MUS. 


FIG.  XXXV.    Mus  RATTUS.    BLACK  RAT. 

BLACK  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Sweden. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cosmopolitan. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  little  longer  than  head  and  body. 

Color.     Above  sooty  black;  beneath  plumbeous;  feet  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  368;  tail  vertebrae,  190.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  37;  Hensel,  30;  zygomatic  width,  17.5;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  5.5;  length  of  nasals,  12;  palatal  length,  16.5; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6. 

121.  norvegicus  (Mus),     Erxl.,    Syst.    Reg.    Anim.,    1777,    p.    381. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  Suppl.,  1901,  p.  428. 

decumanus  Pall.,  Glir.,  1778,  p.  91.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm., 

1901,  p.  117. 
NORWAY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Norway. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cosmopolitan.     Introduced  into  North  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  little  shorter  than  head  and  body,  sparsely 
haired;  annuli  about  200. 

Color.  Above  rusty  grayish  brown;  sides  grayer;  beneath  ashy 
white;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  310;  tail  vertebrae,  146;  hind  foot, 
38.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  44;  Hensel,  21;  zygomatic  width, 
22;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length  of  nasals,  14;  palatal  length, 
20.5;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6. 

122.  alexandrinus   (Mus),  I.  Geoff.,  Descr.   Egypt,  n,  1818,  p.  733, 

Atlas,  pi.  v,  fig.  i.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  118. 
tectorum  Savi,  Nov.  Giorn.,  1825. 


MUS.  ONYCHOMYS.  165 

BROWN*   RAT. 

Type  locality.     Alexandria,  Egypt. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cosmopolitan. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Smaller  than  M.  norvegicus;  tail  considerably  longer 
than  head  and  body;  annuli  about  240. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  tinged  with  reddish;  flanks 
grayish;  under  parts  and  upper  surface  of  feet  yellowish  white;  tail 
dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  356;  tail  vertebrae,  198;  hind  foot, 
35.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  43;  Hensel,  34;  zygomatic  width, 
19;  interorbital  constriction,  6.5;  length  of  nasals,  15;  palatal  length, 
20;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6.5. 


The  next  genus  contains  the  Mole  Mice,  little  creatures  with  a 
soft,  velvety  pelage  and  rather  short  tails.  They  have  usually  a  pale 
coloration,  with  white  or  whitish  belly,  hands,  and  feet. 

41.     Oiiycliomys.    Mole  Mice. 

Onychomys  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  458.     Type  Hypudaus 

leucogastcr,  Max. 
Hypudaus.     Max.,  Reise,  N.  Am.  1841,  p.  99.     (nee  Auct.) 

"Form  arvicoline;  tail  less  than  half  the  body  in  length;  claws 
very  large,  fossorial,  the  anterior  longest;  soles  with  only  four  tuber- 
cles, the  two  posterior  of  the  other  groups  wanting;  posterior  two- 
thirds  of  soles  densely  furred.  Skull  without  orbital  crest;  the  upper 
margin  of  orbit  sharp." 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Tail  slightly  over  one-fourth  the  total  length  PAGE 
of  head  and  body. 

a.  Upper  parts  tawny  cinnamon  and  black.  .  .O.  melanophrys     166 

b.  Upper  parts  pale  cinnamon  and  little  black. O.  m.  pallescens     166 

c.  Upper  parts  grayish  vinaceous  buff O.  ramona     167 

B.  Tail  one-third  or  over  the  total  length  of  head 
and  body. 

a.  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown O.  iorridus  167 

b.  Upper  parts  drab  gray 0.  t.  arcnicola  168 

c.  Upper  parts  cinereous O.  t.  perpallidus  168 

d.  Upper  parts  ashy  vinaceous O.  macrotis  169 


166 


ONYCHOMYS. 


FIG.  32.    ONYCHOMYS  TORRIDUS. 

No.  701  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  10  times.  Enlarged  10  times. 


123.   melanophrys  (Onychomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  i< 

p.  2,  and  No.  3,  1890,  p.  61.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm., 
1901,  p.  120. 
BLACK-BROWED  MOLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Kanab,  Kane  County,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to  Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  O.  leucogaster ;  ear  a  little  smaller;  hind  foot 
densely  furred  to  base  of  toes. 

Color.  Above  rich  tawny  cinnamon,  well  mixed  with  black- 
tipped  hairs  on  the  back,  and  brightest  on  the  sides;  a  distinct  black 
ring  around  the  eye,  broadest  above.  "This  ring  is  considerably 
broader  and  more  conspicuous  than  the  very  narrow  ring  of  leuco- 
gaster." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  154;  tail,  41;  hind  foot,  21;  ear 
from  crown,  10.  Skull:  Hensel,  22.3;  zygomatic  breadth,  15.4; 
interorbital  constriction,  5.2;  length  of  nasals,  10.7;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  4.8;  length  of  mandible,  15.7.  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

a. — pallescens    (Onychomys},    Merr.,   N.   Am.   Faun.,   No.   3,    1890, 
p.  61.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  121. 


ONYCHOMYS.  167 

PALE  MOLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Moki  Pueblos,  Apache  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  into  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  exceeded  only  by  O.  longipes  of  Concho 
County,  Texas;  ears,  feet,  and  tail  much  as  in  O.  melanophrys ;  fur 
full,  long,  and  soft;  orbital  ring  absent  or  inconspicuous;  lanuginous 
tuft  at  base  of  ear  well  developed. 

Color.  Above  pale  tawny  cinnamon,  palest  anteriorly,  and 
brightest  on  the  flanks  and  rump,  not  noticeably  mixed  with  black- 
tipped  hairs;  below  pure  white  to  the  roots  of  hairs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  168;  head  and  body,  125;  tail,  45; 
hind  foot,  22;  ear  from  crown,  12;  from  anterior  root,  16.5.  (Merr. , 
1.  c.)  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  20;  Hensel,  23;  zygomatic  width, 
15;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  n;  palatal  length, 
ii ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4. 

124.    ramona    (Onychomys) ,  Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.,  xxvn,  1893,  p.  833. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  121. 
RAMONA  MOLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Bernardino  Valley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico,  and  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Larger  than  O.  torridus,  with  larger  ears. 

Color.  Similar  to  O.  longicaudus ;  above  grayish  vinaceous  buff, 
dorsal  part  darker;  beneath  white;  tail  bicolor,  dark  above,  lighter 
below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  147  ;  tail  vertebrae,  48;  hind  foot,  18; 
ear,  12.  Skull:  Hensel,  19;  zygomatic  breadth,  32.6;  parietal  breadth, 
11.5;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  10;  from  foramen 
magnum  to  incisive  foramina,  13.4;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
alveolar  border,  3.8;  length  of  mandible,  15;  height  of  coronoid 
process,  6.8. 


FIG.  XXXVI.    ONYCHOMYS  TORRIDUS.    TROPICAL  MOLE  MOUSE. 

125.    torridus  (Onychomys} ,   Coues,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Scien.    Phil., 
1874,  p.  183.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  122. 


168  ONYCHOMYS. 

TROPICAL  MOLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Camp  Grant,  Graham  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Chihuahua  and  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to 
Upper  Missouri. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  0.  leucogaster;  tail  longer;  ears  larger; 
colors  more  yellowish. 

Color.  General  color  more  yellowish  than  0.  leucogastcr ;  no 
dorsal  stripe;  feet  and  under  parts  tawny  white;  tail  above  dusky, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  70  tail  vertebrae,  51;  hind  foot,  20; 
ear,  19.  Skull:  Hensel,  18.5;  zygomatic  width,  12.5;  interorbital 
constriction,  4.2;  length  of  nasals,  9.6;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 

3-5- 

a. — arenicola    (Onychomys),    Mearns,   Proc.   U.  S.   Nat.   Mus.,  xix, 

1896,  p.  139.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  122. 
SAND-LOVING  MOLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Rio  Grande  near  El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  into  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  torridus,  but  slightly  smaller,  with 
relatively  smaller  ears  and  a  very  much  paler  coloration. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray,  inclining  to  fawn  color  on  sides;  dorsal 
area  with  very  little  admixture  of  black-edged  or  black-tipped  hairs; 
a  conspicuous  tuft  of  white  hairs  at  anterior  base  of  ears;  dark 
spot  on  anterior  band  of  ear,  drab  (not  black) ;  whiskers  more  white 
than  black;  under  parts,  feet,  and  end  of  tail  white;  basal  two- 
thirds  of  upper  side  of  tail  drab,  some  of  the  hairs  with  hoary  tips. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  137;  tail  vertebrae,  53  (to  end  of 
pencil,  57);  hind  foot,  21.  Skull:  25.5X13.5.  (Mearns,  I.e.) 

b. — perpallidus  (Onychomys),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xix, 

1896,  p.  140.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  122. 
DRAB  GRAY  MOLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Colorado  River  at  Monument  No.  204,  Mexican 
boundary  line,  Yuma  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California  and  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  to 
Gila  City  across  Yuma  and  Colorado  Deserts  to  Coast  Range  of 
Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  O.  torridus,  with  relatively  larger  ears, 
longer  tail,  and  a  much  paler  coloration. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray,  becoming  more  cinereous  anteriorly; 
sides  and  rump  barely  tinged  with  fawn  color;  dusky  line  on  basal 
three-fourths  of  tail  nearly  obsolete,  much  obscured  by  whitish  hairs; 
ears  less  densely  clothed  than  in  the  other  forms  of  0.  torridus,  and 


ONYCHOMYS.  PEROMYSCUS.  169 

without  a  well-defined  dusky  spot ;  whiskers  mostly  white  or  colorless ; 
under  parts,  feet,  and  end  of  tail  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  157;  tail  vertebrae,  57;  ear  from 
crown,  16;  hind  foot,  22.  Skull,  26  x  13.7.  (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

126.   macrotis   (Onychomys),    Elliot,   Pub.  Field    Columb.   Mus.,   in, 

1903,  p.  155.    Zoology. 
LARGE-EARED  MOLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Head  of  San  Antonio  River,  Lower  California, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Quentin  to  San  Antonio  River,  Trinidad  Val- 
ley and  plain  of  El  Alamo,  to  about  5,000  feet  elevation  in  the  San 
Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  medium,  color  pale;  ears  and  hind  feet  long; 
tail  rather  long,  without  white  tip ;  no  black  spot  on  ear. 

Color.  Above  ashy  vinaceous  finely  lined  on  dorsal  surface  and 
top  of  head  with  blackish  brown,  causing  these  parts  to  be  darker 
than  the  rest  of  upper  surface;  sides  of  body  ashy  vinaceous;  orbital 
ring  black;  lips,  cheeks,  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  pure  white; 
tail  dusky  above,  white  beneath;  ears  pale  grayish  brown,  outer 
edge  blackish ;  tuft  of  white  hairs  at  base  of  ears. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  155;  tail  vertebras,  55;  hind  foot, 
21 ;  ear,  20.5;  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26;  Hensel,  20;  zygo- 
matic  breadth,  13.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  length  of  nasals, 
7.5;  palatal  arch  to  alveoli  of  incisors,  10;  greatest  width  of  brain- 
case,  ii. 


The  next  genus,  PEROMYSCUS,  contains  numerous  species,  and  is 
well  represented  in  North  America,  and  for  its  most  characteristic 
member  may  be  selected  the  White-footed  or  Deer  Mouse,  with  its 
various  races.  This  little  animal  with  white  feet,  large  ears,  subdued 
coloring,  bright  eyes  like  shining  black  beads,  and  velvet  fur  is  most 
attractive.  It  has  small  cheek  pouches  into  which  it  stores  the 
seeds  and  grain  while  on  its  foraging  expeditions  for  providing  a  food 
supply  against  the  approaching  winter;  and  it  is  not  particular  as  to 
its  choice  of  abode,  often  taking  up  its  residence  in  man's  habitation 
if  situated  sufficiently  convenient  to  its  beloved  fields  and  woods. 
Among  the  large  number  of  species  comprising  this  genus,  there  are, 
as  may  be  supposed,  those  of  all  sizes  and  varieties  of  coloration. 
The  most  striking  perhaps  among  them  all  is  the  Golden  Mouse, 
P.  nuttalli,  of  the  Central  and  Southern  United  States,  with  its  golden 


170  PEROMYSCUS. 

cinnamon  coat  bordered  with  white  beneath.  The  majority,  how- 
ever, are  modestly  dressed  in  the  hue  for  which  their  familiar  family 
name  has  provided  an  appellation  —  mouse  color,  varied  with  shades 
of  black,  russet,  and  numerous  tints  of  yellows  and  browns,  with 
white  harmoniously  applied  and  blended.  Usually  the  under  parts 
are  white,  as  are  the  hands  and  feet  also;  but  again  these  latter  are 
often  plumbeous  in  different  shades.  They  are  the  gleaners  of  our 
fields  and  woods,  often  graceful  of  shape  and  always  agile  of  foot,  the 
"small  deer"  of  our  land. 

No  careful  revision  of  Peromyscus  has  as  yet  been  made,  and 
until  that  is  done,  the  status  of  many  of  the  forms  now  deemed 
distinct  and  the  arrangement  of  the  species  cannot  be  satisfactorily 
determined. 

4:2.    Peromyscus.    Field  Mice,  Deer  Mice. 


Peromyscus  Gloger,  Handb.  und  Hilfsb.  Naturg.,  1841,  p.  95.  Type 
Peromyscus  arbor  eus  Gloger  =Mus  sylvaticus  noveboracensis 
Fischer. 

Calomys  Aud.,  Quad.  N.  Amer.,  n,  1851,  p.  303.  (nee  Waterh., 
P.  Z.  S.,  1837,  p.  21.) 

Vesperimus  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1874,  p.  178. 

Baiomys  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1894,  xvi,  p.  758. 

Trinodontomys  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1894,  p.  257. 

Haplomylomys  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn,   1904,  p.  53. 

Size  moderate,  eyes  rather  prominent;  face  rather  long,  nose 
pointed;  ears  thin,  rather  rounded,  in  some  species  very  large.  Feet 
small,  digits  slender,  palms  naked;  hind  feet  long,  soles  with  six 
tubercles;  tail  terete,  tapering,  slender,  hairy,  sometimes  longer  than 
head  and  body,  and  occasionally  tufted;  pelage  soft,  frequently  glossy. 
Skull  thin,  papery;  braincase  broad,  rather  flat,  superior  outline 
curving  both  ways  from  highest  point  just  behind  orbits  ;  zygomata 
slender,  threadlike,  dipping  midway  to  level  of  the  palate,  zygomatic 
arch  composed  mainly  of  processes  of  the  maxillary  and  squamosal. 
Orbital  foramina  just  above  the  level  of  the  alveolus;  interorbital 
constriction  considerable,  but  wider  than  rostrum;  nasals  and  inter- 
maxillae  project  beyond  the  incisors;  auditory  bullae  small,  thin,  and 
obliquely  situated;  lower  jaw  straight;  coronoid  very  short;  molar 
series  short,  narrow,  the  teeth  decreasing  in  size  from  front  to  rear; 
upper  molars  with  three  roots  each,  the  lower  with  two,  and  the  un- 
worn teeth  have  a  double  series  of  conical  tubercles,  which  gradually 
are  reduced  by  abrasion,  and  the  pattern  varies  constantly. 


PEROMYSCUS. 


171 


FIG.  33.    PEROMYSCUS  FURVUS. 

No.  10768  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  10  times.  Enlarged  10  times. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.     Size  small,  not  over  190  mm. 

a.  Tail  equal  to  or  less  than  half  the  length  of 
the  body  and  head, 
a/  Above  drab  gray. 

a."  Under  parts  white,  ears  large P.  tiburonensis 

b."  Under  parts  buffy,  ears  small. 

a/"  Smaller  .  .  .P.  musculus 


175 


175 


172  PEROMYSCUS. 

PAGE 

b/"  Larger P.  allex  175 

b.'  Above  dark  gray  buff  and  black P.m.  brunneus  176 

c.'  Above  Vandyke  brown  and  blackish.  ...P.m.  nigrescens  176 

d/  Above  pale  grayish  fulvous,  ears  large P.  thurberi  176 

e.'  Above  Prout's  brown P.  t.  mesomelas  177 

f.'    Above  Prout's  brown  and  burnt  umber.  .  .P.  t.  castaneus  177 
g.'  Above    dark    grayish   fulvous,    auricular 

white  spot P.  labecula  178 

h/  Above  dark  grayish  fulvous,  no  auricular 

white  spot P.  cecilii  1 78 

i/    Above  yellowish  brown  and  dusky P.  melanotis  178 

j/   Above  cinnamon  rufous P.m.  zamelas  179 

k/  Above  yellowish  brown  and  dusky P.  spicilegus  179 

I/    Above  tawny. 

a."  Tail  bicolor P.  s.  evides  179 

b/'  Tail  unicolor P.  s.  simulus  180 

m/  Above  fulvous  brown  and  black. 

a."  Sides  ochraceous P.  affinis  180 

b."  Sides  drab  gray P.  a.  musculoides  180 

c."  Sides  grayish  and  fulvous  brown P.  cozumela  181 

d."  Sides  pale  fulvous P.  geronimensis  181 

e."  Sides  brownish  fulvous P.  dubius  181 

n/  Above  dark  cinnamon  and  brownish  gray  P.  I.  sonoriensis  181 

o/  Above  vinaceous  buff P.I.  blandus  182 

p/  Above  russet P.I.  ftilviis  183 

q.'  Above  dark  rufous P.  exiguus  183 

r.'  Above  brownish  mouse  gray. 

a."  Sides  yellowish  gray P.  mexicanus  207 

b."  Sides  chestnut P.m.  teapensis  207 

s/   Above  mummy  brown P.  allophilus  208 

b.  Tail  longer  than  half  the  length  of  the  body 

and  head, 
a/  Above  gray  brown  suffused  with  pinkish 

buff P.  paulns  1 76 

b.'  Above  fulvous  brown  and  black P.  cherrii  183 

c/  Above  rusty  red  and  rufous P.  aztecus  184 

d/  Above  brownish  fulvous  and  black,  head 

and  shoulders  gray P.  beata  184 

e/  Above  yellowish  wood  brown  and  black.  .P.  jratcrculns  184 
f .'    Above  blackish  brown  tinged  with  grayish 

fulvous P.  propinquus  185 

g.'  Above  ash  gray  and  black P.  anthonyi  185 

h.'  Above  ochraceous  buff P.  goldmani  186 


PEROMYSCUS.  173 

PAGE 

i/   Above  cinereous  pale  brown P.  texensis  186 

j.'   Above  dark  plumbeous  slate P.  t.  arizona  186 

k.'  Above  dark  fawn  brown P.  t.  flaccidus  187 

I/    Above  drab  tinged  with  burnt  umber P.  t.  dementis  187 

m.'  Above  dull  buffy P.  t.  coolidgii  187 

n/  Above  pale  cinereous  drab P.  t.  deserticola  188 

B.  Size   medium,  not    under    190  mm.  nor  over 

230  mm. 
a.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body. 

a/  Above  light  broccoli  brown P.  tornillo  188 

b/  Above  bistre  brown P.  gymnotis  188 

c/  Above  olive  buff P.  r.  pinalis  189 

d/  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  and  black. 

a."  Sides  tawny P.  martirensis  189 

b."  Sides  fulvous. 

a.'"  Supraorbital  bead  well  developed. 

a.*    Ankles  brown P.  banderanns  189 

b.4   Ankles  sooty  black P.  b.  vicinior  190 

b/"  Supraorbital  bead  obsolete P.  b.  angelensis  190 

e.'  Above  grayish  cream  buff P.  stephensi  190 

f.'    Above  pale  yellowish  gray  and  black P.  eremicus  191 

g/  Above  dark  yellowish  gray  and  black.  .  .  .P.  e.  phaurus  191 

h.'  Above  pale  ochraceous  drab  and  black.  .  . P.  e.  arenarius  191 

i.'    Above  pale  ochraceous  buff  and  black.  .  .P.  a.  pectoralis  192 

j.'    Above  pinkish  buff  and  dusky.". P.  a.  cremicoidcs  192 

k/  Above  mixed  black  and  orange  buff;  tail 

hairy,  with  pencil P.  metallicola  192 

I/    Above  dark  brown  tinged  with  pale  fulvous. 

a."  Sides  ochraceous P.  cedrosensis  185 

b."  Sides  buffy  cinnamon P.  difjicilis  193 

c."  Sides  tawny  ochraceous P.  bullatus  193 

d/'  Sides  grayish  brown  and  buff P.  sagax  194 

m/  Above  fulvous  and  black,  lateral  line  ful- 
vous   P.  yucatanicus  194 

n.'  Above  darker,  lateral  line  cinnamon  ru- 
fous    P.  y.  badius  194 

o/  Above  ash  gray  and  black   tinged  with 

fulvous P.  cineritius  195 

p.'  Above  grayish  brown P.  levipes  195 

q.'  Above  mixed  glossy  brown  and  pale  yel- 
lowish brown P.  boylii  195 

r/   Above  drab  gray  tinged  with  ochraceous 

buff P.  b.  penicillatus  196 


174  PEROMYSCUS. 

PAGE 

s/   Above  grayish  broccoli  brown P.  polius  196 

t/  Above  pale  buffy  fulvous P.  grains  196 

u/  Above  ochraceous  buff  and  dusky P.  g.  gentilis  197 

v/  Above  mixed  buffy  and  brownish  black P.  pavidus  197 

w/  Above  mixed  ochraceous P.  madrensis  197 

x/  Above  sandy  rufous  lined  with  black P.  eva  198 

y/  Above  dark  brown  tinged  with  rufous P.  nudipes  198 

z.'  Above  pale  yellowish  gray  and  black P.  merriami  198 

za. 'Above  cream  buff  and  black P.  hemionotis  199 

zb. 'Above  ochraceous  buff  and  black. 

a."  Tail  above  wood  brown P.  gaurus  199 

b."  Tail  above  black P.  homochroia  200 

zc.7  Above  pinkish  buff  and  black P.  oresterus  200 

C.  Size  large,  not  under  230  mm.  in  total  length ;  ears  large, 
a.  Tail  more  than  half  the  length  of  head  and  body. 

a.'  Above  cinereous  gray  lined  with  black P.  leucurus  200 

b/  Above  pale  brown  tinged  with  buff P.I.  gadovi  201 

c/  Above  gray  tinged  with  fulvous P.  melanophrys  201 

d.'  Above  darker,  tawny  band  on  breast.  .  .  .P.  m.  zamora  202 

e/  Above  tawny  ochraceous  and  black.  .  .P.m.  consobrinus  202 

f/    Above  grayish  fawn  and  black P.  xenurus  202 

g/  Above  grayish  brown,  face  tawny P.  zelotes  203 

h.7  Above  light  brownish  gray  and  black P.  insignis  203 

i/    Above  dark  gray  brown  and  black. 

a."  Sides  yellowish  brown P.  calijornicus  203 

b."  Sides  buffy  ochraceous P.  hylocetes  204 

c."  Sides  brownish  fulvous. 

a.'"  Total  length,  238  mm P.  Upturns  204 

b/"  Smaller  and  paler P.  lophurus  204 

c.'"  Miniature  of  P.  lophurus P.  simulatus  205 

d."  Sides  grayish  brown P.  jelipensis  205 

j.'   Above  uniform  clay  color P.  ampins  205 

k.'    Above  fulvous  and  black. 

a."  Cheeks  and  sides  buffy  fulvous P.  tehuantepecus  206 

b/7  Cheeks  and  sides  pale  rufous P.  oaxacensis  206 

c."  Cheeks  and  sides  golden  fulvous P.  comptus  206 

1.'    Above  dusky  seal  brown P.  m.  orizabce  207 

m/  Above  grayish  fulvous  and  black P.m.  saxatilis  207 

n/  Above  dusky  brown,  almost  black.  .  .  .P.m.  totontepecus  208 
o.'  Above  grayish  brown  and  black. 

a/7  Sides  pale  fulvous,  upper  lip  gray P.  auritus  209 

b/7  Sides  reddish  fulvous,  upper  lip  black P.  furvus  208 

p.7  Above  dusky P.  zarhynchus  209 


PEROMYSCUS.  175 

PAGE 

q.'  Above  fulvous  brown P.  z.  cristobalcnsis  209 

r.'   Rostrum  elongated,  bullae  small. 

a."  Above  fulvous  chestnut  and  black P.  megalops  210 

b."  Smaller  and  darker. 

a/"  Tail  unicolor P.  melanocarpus  210 

b/"  Tail  with  white  line  beneath P.  altilaneus  210 

c."  Above  blackish  gray P.  guatemalensis  211 

d."  Above  sooty  brown P.  cacabatus  211 

b.  Tail  nearly  two-thirds  the  length  of  head  and 

body.     Ears  large P.  mecisturus  212 

127.  tiburonensis    (Pe romyscus) ,   Mearns,    Proc.    U.    S.    Nat.    Mus., 

1897,  P-  720- 
ISLAND  OF  TIBURON  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tiburon  Island,  Gulf  of  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  very  small;  ears  nearly  naked. 

Color.  Upper  parts  drab  gray  and  black;  sides  ochraceous  cin- 
namon; under  parts  white;  tail  blackish  brown;  hands  and  feet 
white;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  175;  tail  vertebrae,  85;  hind  foot, 
19;  ear,  16.  Skull:  total  length,  24;  greatest  width,  12.  (Mearns, 
I.e.) 

*127a.    allex   (Peromyscus} ,  Osgood,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  76. 
DWARF  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Colima,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  P.  musculus,  but  smaller;  nasals  short;  bullae 
very  small. 

Color.     Exactly  like  P.  musculus. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  113;  tail  vertebrae,  47;  hind  foot, 
14;  ear  from  notch,  9.7.  Skull:  greatest  length,  18.4;  Hensel,  14.6; 
zygomatic  width,  9.6;  interorbital  constriction,  3.2;  length  of  nasals, 
6.3;  interparietal,  5.5  X  1.3;  palate,  3;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3. 

128.  musculus  (Sitomys),  Merr.,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vm,  1892, 

p.  170. 
COLIMA  CITY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Near  Colima  City,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 
Geogr.  Distr.     States  of  Colima  and  Jalisco,  Mexico. 
Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  taylori,  but  lighter  and  larger. 

*Descriptions  of  numerous  forms  of  Peromyscus  by  Mr.  Osgood  (1.  c.)  were 
published  too  late  to  be  included  here  in  their  regular  numerical  order. 


176  PEROMYSCUS. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray  and  black,  tinged  with  tawny;  under 
parts  buffy;  tail  above  like  back,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  123;  tail  vertebrae,  48;  hind  foot, 
17 ;  ear,  5.5  (dried  skin). 

a. — brunneus   (Peromyscus),  Allen  &   Chapman,   Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p.  203. 
JALAPA  BROWN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  P.  musculus,  and  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  drab  gray  thickly  flecked  with  buff,  tinged 
with  rufous,  and  varied  with  black;  sides  similar  but  paler;  under 
parts  yellowish;  ears  dark  brown;  tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath 
paler;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  121;  tail  vertebrae,  48;  hind  foot, 
15;  ear,  13.  Skull:  total  length,  15;  basal  length,  12.5;  zygomatic 
breadth,  n;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  7.5;  palatal 
length,  7  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  3.2.  (ex  Type.) 

b. — nigrescens  (Peromyscus),  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  76. 
SOOTY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Valley  of  Comitan,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  musculus,  but  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  Vandyke  brown  and  sooty  blackish; 
under  parts  cream  buff;  tail  dusky  above,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  113-120;  tail  vertebrae,  40-45;  hind 
foot,  14.5-16.  Skull:  greatest  length,  20.1;  Hensel,  15.2;  zygomatic 
width,  10.5;  interorbital  constriction,  3.4;  length  of  nasals,  8;  inter- 
parietal,  6.4;  palate,  2.8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.2. 

129.  paulus  (Peromysctis),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903,  p.  598. 
TINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Rio  Sestin,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  P.  musculus,  color  lighter  and  grayer. 

Color.  Upper  parts  gray  brown  suffused  with  pinkish  buff; 
under  parts  grayish  white,  base  of  hairs  plumbeous,  tips  whitish; 
belly  sometimes  tinged  with  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  108;  head  and  body,  62;  tail  verte- 
bras, 44 ;  hind  foot,  14 ;  ear  from  notch,  13 ;  from  crown,  1 1 . 

130.  thurberi. 

americanus  thurberi  (Sitomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
1893,  p.  185. 


PEROMYSCUS.  177 

texanus !  medius    Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.   Mus.,   1895,  p.   446. 

texensis  medius  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  130. 
THURBER'S  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  7,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Region  of  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower 
California,  Mexico,  north  into  southern  California  to  Colorado  desert 
at  least. 

Genl.  Char,     General  color  pale  grayish  fulvous  lined  with  black. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grayish  fulvous,  darkest  on  dorsal  line  where 
it  is  blackish;  sides  fulvous;  lower  sides  and  under  parts  and  feet 
white;  ears  dusky,  at  base  a  tuft  colored  like  head;  tail  blackish 
above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  177;  tail  vertebrae,  78;  hind  foot, 
21 ;  ear,  18.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  25.1;  Hensel,  99.2;  zygo- 
matic  width,  13;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  9.2; 
width  of  braincase  above  roots  of  zygomata,  11.5;  palatal  length,  to; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  4;  length  of  lower  molar  series,  4. 

a. — rnesonielas  (Peromyscus},  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 
1904,  p.  57. 

Type  locality.     Orizaba,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  thurberi,  darker;  tail  shorter;  hind 
foot  larger;  pectoral  spot  present. 

Color.  Upper  parts  Prout's  brown;  under  parts  creamy  white; 
pectoral  spot  fawn;  hands  and  feet  white;  ankles  dusky  brownish; 
tail  bicolor;  ears  dusky,  edges  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  169;  tail  vertebrae,  76;  hind  foot, 
23.  Skull:  greatest  length,  26.5;  Hensel,  20.2;  zygomatic  width, 
13.6;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  interparietal,  8.6  X  2.3;  length  of 
nasals,  10.4;  palatal  length,  3.8;  palatal  foramina,  5.2  x  2;  postpalatal 
length,  9.1;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.7. 

b. — castaneus  (Peromyscus},  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 
1904,  p.  58. 

YOHALTUN    MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Yohaltun,  State  of  Campeche,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  mesomelas,  but  smaller;  no  pectoral 
spot. 

Color.  Upper  parts  between  Prout's  brown  and  burnt  umber; 
under  parts  white;  no  lateral  line;  hands  and  feet  white;  ankles  dusky. 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  average  of  ten  adults,  163  (156- 
169);  tail  vertebras,  73  (68-79);  nmd  foot,  21.5  (20-22).  Skull  of 
type:  greatest  length,  25.3;  Hensel,  19;  zygomatic  breadth,  13;  inter- 


178  PEROMYSCUS. 

orbital  constriction,  4;  interparietal,  8x2.3;  length  of  nasals,  9.3; 
palatal  length,  4;  palatine  slits,  4.2  x  19;  diastema,  6.2;  postpalatal 
length,  9.5;  upper  molar  series,  3.5." 

131.  labecula   (Peromyscus) ,    Elliot,   Pub.   Field  Columb.   Mus.,   in, 

1902,  p.  143.     Zoology. 
WHITE-SPOT  DEER  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Ocotlan,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  thurberi  in  color,  but  cranial  characters 
very  different ;  tail  short ;  skull  with  braincase  more  nearly  square- 
shaped  than  that  of  P.  thurberi,  outer  edge  of  frontals  more  curved ; 
interorbital  constriction  greater ;  nasals  shorter  and  broader  anteriorly ; 
palatine  foramina  shorter  and  narrower;  pterygoids  shorter;  maxil- 
lary branch  of  zygoma  broader  and  heavier;  pelage  soft,  thick. 

Color.  Above  dark  grayish  fulvous;  top  of  nose  grayish  buff; 
conspicuous  white  spot  at  posterior  base  of  ears;  shoulders  mixed 
buff  and  black ;  lateral  line  from  upper  lip  to  thigh  tawny  ochraceous ; 
lips  and  under  parts  white;  thighs  like  sides;  arms,  hands,  and  feet 
white;  tail  hairy,  above  black,  sides  and  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  144;  tail,  57;  hind  foot,  18.  (Skin.) 
Skull:  greatest  length,  25;  Hensel,  20;  zygomatic  width,  13;  mastoid 
width,  ii ;  length  of  nasals,  10;  greatest  width  of  rostrum,  4;  palatal 
length,  4;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  4. 

132.  cecilii   (Peromyscus),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser., 

xi,  1903,  p.  486. 
CECIL'S  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Santa  Barbara  Camp,  southern  slope  of  Mt.  Ori- 
zaba, State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  Altitude,  12,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  ears  medium;  tail  heavily  haired. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  grayish  fulvous,  dorsal  area  heavily 
lined  with  black;  sides  dull  fulvous  brown;  under  parts  dull  gray; 
tail  black  above,  white  on  sides  and  beneath;  hands  and  feet  dull 
whitish,  ankles  dusky;  ears  black  with  white  edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  169;  tail  vertebrae,  75;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear,  18.  Skull:  greatest  length,  26.5;  basilar  length,  20;  nasals, 
11X3;  interorbital  constriction,  3.9;  palatal  length,  10.9;  palatal 
foramina,  5.8x2;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.7. 

133  melanotis     (Peromyscus),    Allen   &    Chapman,  Bull.    Am.   Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p.  203. 
BLACK-EARED  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Las  Vigas,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 


PEROMYSCUS.  17!! 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  rufinus ;  colors  paler,  ears  larger. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  with  a  tinge  of  reddish,  darkest 
on  dorsal  line;  sides  brighter;  under  parts  and  feet  white;  tail  black 
above,  rest  white;  ears  black,  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  160-164;  tail  vertebrae,  66-71;  hind 
foot,  20;  ear,  20.  Skull:  total,  length,  27;  basal  length,  22;  zygo- 
matic  breadth,  14;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  11.5; 
palatal  length,  n ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  4.  (Type.) 

a. — zamelas  (Peromyscus),  Osgood,    Proc.    Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,   xvn, 

1904,  p.  59. 
JET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Colonia  Garcia,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 6,700  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  mclanotis,  but  more  sooty;  size  small. 

Color.  Broad  black  stripe  from  top  of  head  to  base  of  tail ;  sides 
dark  cinnamon  rufous  suffused  with  sooty;  orbital  ring  and  base  of 
whiskers  black;  sides  of  face  sooty;  patch  below  eye  and  lateral 
line  rufous;  under  parts  white,  plumbeous  under  fur  showing;  tail 
above  black,  beneath  white;  hands  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  160;  tail  vertebras,  63;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  greatest  length,  25.9;  Hensel,  19.3;  zygomatic  width,  13; 
interorbital  constriction,  4;  interparietal,  8x2.2;  length  of  nasals, 
ii ;  palatal  length,  3.8;  palatine  foramina,  5.3X2.1 ;  postpalatal  length, 
8.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.3. 

134.  spicilegus   (Peromyscus) ,   Allen,   Bull.   Amer.   Mus.   Nat.  Hist., 

1897,  p.  50. 
JALISCO  SMALL-EARED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mineral  San  Sebastian,  Mascota,  State  of  Jalisco, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  floridanus;  ears  smaller,  tail  longer. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  dusky,  darkest  on  dorsal  line ; 
sides  yellowish;  lateral  line  ochraceous;  under  parts  white;  outer 
surface  of  arms  to  wrist  fulvous;  tarsus  dusky,  hands  and  feet  white; 
ears  dusky;  tail  above  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  188;  tail  vertebrae,  92;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  total  length,  28;  basal  length,  22;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 5;  length  of  nasals,  10.  (ex  Type.) 

a. — evides    (Peromyscus),   Osgood,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xvn., 

1904,  p.  64. 
JUQUILA  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Juquila,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 


180  PEROMYSCUS. 

GcnL  Char.  Similar  to  P.  spicilegus;  dusky  area  on  hind  foot 
from  ankle  to  base  of  toes.  Skull  heavier;  teeth  larger. 

Color.  Upper  parts  tawny  mixed  with  dusky;  orbital  ring  and 
base  of  whiskers  black;  pectoral  spot  tawny;  under  parts  creamy 
white;  tail  above  blackish,  below  white;  forearm  sooty  to  wrist; 
hands  white;  ankle  and  proximal  half  of  foot  above  sooty. 

Measurements.  Average  of  five  adults:  Total  length,  211;  tail 
vertebrae,  106;  hind  foot,  25.  Skull:  greatest  length,  29;  Hensel, 
22;  zygomatic  width,  14.4;  interorbital  constriction,  4.6;  interparietal 
9.3X3.2;  length  of  nasals,  11.5;  palate,  4.7;  postpalatal  length,  9.1; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  5. 

b. — simulus   (Peromyscus) ,    Osgood,  Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,   xvii, 

1904,  p.  64. 
MIMIC  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Bias,  Territorio  de  Tepic,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.    Similar  to  P.  spicilegus.   Skull  smaller;  nasals  shorter. 

Color.  Upper  parts  cinnamon  rufous;  dorsal  area  darker;  under 
parts  white;  pectoral  spot  rufous;  tail  bicolor;  hands  and  feet  white; 
ankles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Average  of  three  adults:  Total  length,  208;  tail 
vertebras,  in;  hind  foot,  23.  Skull:  greatest  length,  26.3;  Hensel, 
20.3;  zygomatic  width,  14;  interorbital  constriction,  4.1;  length  of 
nasals,  9.4;  palate,  3.6;  postpalatal  length,  9.4;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  3.8. 

135.  affinis  (Hesperomys},  Allen,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1891,  p.  195. 
ALLIED  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Barrio,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southeastern  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  melanophrys,  but  darker. 

Color.  Above  mixed  fulvous  brown  and  black,  dorsal  area  dark- 
est; flanks  fulvous;  under  parts  white  tinged  with  yellow;  ears 
brownish  with  white  edges;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above  brown, 
beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  157-171;  tail  vertebrae,  76-83; 
hind  foot,  19.8;  ear,  4.5.  Skull:  total  length,  26.4;  basal  length,  25.9; 
length  of  nasals,  11.4;  length  of  mandible,  16;  height  at  angle,  6.4. 
(ex  Type.) 

a. — musculoides  (Peromyscus'),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn, 

1898,  p.  124. 
ALLIED  HOUSE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Cuicatlan,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 


PEROMYSCUS.  181 

Gcogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 
Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  similar  to  Mus  miiscnlns. 
Color.     Above  drab  gray,  sides  brownish;  sides  of  nose,  lips,  under 
parts,  hands,  and  feet  white;  tail  brownish  above,  white  beneath. 
Measurements.     Total  length,  187 ;  tail  vertebrae,  88;  hind  foot,  2.5. 

136.  cozumelte  (Peromyscus},   Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,    xiv, 

1901,  p.  103. 
ISLAND  OF  COZUMEL  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Island  of  Cozumel,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  medium;  ears  large;  similar  to  P.  affinis. 

Color.  Above  from  grayish  to  fulvous  brown;  beneath  white; 
tail  brownish  dusky  above,  whitish  beneath ;  wrists  and  ankles  dusky ; 
hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  180;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind  foot,  23. 

137.  geronimensis  (Pcromyscus) ,  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1898,  p.  156. 
SAN  GERONIMO  ISLAND  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Geronimo  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico;  Island  form. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  texensis;  size  larger. 

Color.  Above  fulvous  brown  and  black,  darker  dorsal  band  per- 
ceptible; sides  pale  fulvous;  under  parts  white;  tail  above  dusky, 
sides  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  175;  tail  vertebrae,  83;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  total  length,  25;  basal  length,  21;  mastoid  breadth,  n; 
interorbital  constriction,  3.8;  length  of  nasals,  8.  (ex  Type.) 

138.  dubius  (Peromyscus) ,  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 

P-  157- 
TODOS  SANTOS  ISLAND  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Todos  Santos  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  rather  large;  color  dark. 

Color.  Above  grayish  fulvous  brown,  and  black;  sides  fulvous; 
lateral  line  brownish  fulvous;  under  parts  white;  hands  and  feet 
whitish;  tail,  basal  third  blackish  brown,  sides  and  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  175;  tail  vertebrae,  82;  hind  foot, 
1 8.  Skull:  total  length,  26;  basal  length,  21.5;  zygomatic  breadth, 
12;  mastoid  breadth,  n;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  length  of 
nasals,  9.5.  (ex  Type.) 

It'ueopus   sonoriensis   (Hesperomys),   Le    Conte,    Proc.    Acad.   Nat. 
Scien.  Phil.,  1853,  p.  413. 


182  PEROMYSCUS. 

americanus  sonoriensis  (Peromyscus) ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm., 

1901,  p.  125. 
SONORA  WHITE-FOOTED  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Santa  Cruz,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  boundary 
line  Mexico  and  United  States. 


FIG.  XXXVII.    PEROMYSCUS  L.  SONORIENSIS. 
SONORA  WHITE-FOOTED  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Zapotlan,  Sierra  Nevada  de  Colima,  State  of 
Jalisco,  north  to  British  Columbia  west  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.     Medium  size;  tail  short;  color  pale. 

Color.  Above  dark  cinereous,  mixed  with  brownish  gray;  under 
parts  whitish;  feet  brownish  white;  tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath 
paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  166;  tail  vertebrae,  69;  hind  foot, 
21.5;  ear,  20.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  24;  Hensel,  18;  zygo- 
matic  width,  11.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  palatal  length,  10; 
length  of  nasals,  10;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  3. 

leucopus  blandus. 

sonoriensis  blandus  (Peromyscus),  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 

xvn,  1904,  p.  56. 
GENTLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Escalon,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  I.  sonoriensis,  but  smaller;  tail  shorter. 

Color.  Upper  parts  vinaceous  buff  sprinkled  with  dusky;  lateral 
line  vinaceous  buff ;  under  parts  creamy  white ;  hands  and  feet  white ; 
ankles  with  traces  of  dusky  or  buffy;  ears  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  145;  tail  vertebras,  61;  hind  foot, 
21.  Skull:  greatest  length,  25.4;  Hensel,  19.7;  zygomatic  width, 
12.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  interparietal,  8X1.9;  length  of  nasals, 


PEROMYSCUS.  183 

9.8X2.5;  palatal  length,  3.5;  palatine  foramina,  5.7x2;  postpalatal 
length,  9.1;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.8. 

leueopus  fulvus. 

sonoriensis  fulvus  (Peromyscus) ,  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 

xvii,  1904,  p.  57. 
FULVOUS  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Oaxaca  City,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  I.  sonoriensis,  but  darker.  "  Skull  with 
anterior  part  of  zygoma  heavier,  more  deeply  notched  by  infraorbital 
foramen." 

Color.  Upper  parts  russet;  middle  of  back  mars  and  Prout's 
brown;  under  parts  creamy  white;  ear  tufts  buffy  or  pale  cream 
color;  hands,  arms,  and  feet  white;  outer  side  of  ankles  brownish; 
tail  above  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  167;  tail  vertebrae,  68;  hind  foot, 
22.  Skull:  greatest  length,  25;  Hensel,  19.5;  zygomatic  width,  12.8; 
interorbital  constriction,  4;  interparietal,  8x2.1;  length  of  nasals,  10; 
length  of  palate,  3.7  ;  palatal  foramina,  5.6x2 ;  postpalatal  length,  8.7  ; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.8. 

139.  exiguus  (Peromyscus},  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 

P-  157- 
SAN  MARTIN  ISLAND  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Martin  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  t.  dementis,  smaller,  tail  shorter. 

Color.  Head  and  back  dark  rufous  brown,  darkest  on  upper 
back,  but  no  dorsal  stripe;  flanks  pale  rufous;  upper  lip,  chin,  and 
under  parts  pure  white;  orbital  ring  black;  ears  like  back;  tail  above 
dark  brown,  beneath  white;  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  158;  tail  vertebras,  69;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  total  length,  26.5;  basal  length,  22;  mastoid  breadth, 
11.5;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  length  of  nasals,  10.  (ex  Type.) 

140.  cherrii    (Hesperomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 

p.  21 i. 
CHERRIE'S  COSTA  RICAN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     La  Carpintera,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  nuttalli,  but  whiter  beneath;  ears 
larger,  tail  much  longer. 

Color.  Above  dark  cinnamon  rufous,  lined  with  black  on  the 
head  and  dorsal  region;  flanks  rusty  cinnamon;  upper  lip  on  a  line 


1B4  PEROMYSCUS. 

from  nose,  under  parts  of  arms,  legs,  and  body  pure  white;  orbital 
ring  and  line  between  eyes  and  nose  black;  limbs  dusky  brown;  tail 
dusky  brown,  naked;  hands  and  feet  dusky  brown;  fingers  and  toes 
whitish;  ears  naked,  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  182.4-187.10;  tail,  108-114.3;  hind 
foot,  18.3;  ear,  12.7.  Skull:  basal  length,  20.3;  total  length,  24.6; 
interorbital  constriction,  4.3;  length  of  nasals,  9.4;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  4.6;  length  of  mandible,  13.5. 

141.  aztecus  (Hesperomys),  Sauss.,  Rev.  Zool.,  2me  Se"r.,  1860,  p.  105. 
AZTEC  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     ' '  Mexico . ' ' 

Geogr.  Distr.  Cape  St.  Lucas,  Lower  California,  Sierra  de  Juan- 
acutlan,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico.  Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Coloring  rich  and  dark,  tail  long. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  rusty  red  or  rusty  orange,  extending 
over  the  arms  to  the  wrists  and  on  the  hind  leg  onto  the  metatarsus ; 
dorsal  area  brownish  black ;  top  of  head  not  so  dark  as  back ;  sides  of 
lips,  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white;  tail  above  blackish,  beneath 
paler. 

Meas^^rements.  Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebrae,  107;  hind 
foot,  21. 

142.  beatae   (Peromyscus) ,  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser., 

xi,  1903,  p.  485. 

XOMETLA    MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Xometla  Camp,  Mt.  Orizaba,  State  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Mexico.  Altitude  8,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  large;  tail  longer  than  head  and 
body,  well  haired.  Skull :  supraorbital  edges  square ;  interparietal  large. 
^Color.  Upper  parts  brownish  fulvous,  grayer  on  head  and  fore- 
quarters  and  lined  with  black  on  dorsal  surface;  sides  dull  fulvous; 
under  surface  dull  gray,  with  a  buff  pectoral  spot ;  hands  and  feet  dull 
white,  ankles  dusky;  tail  blackish  above,  dull  white  below;  ears 
blackish  with  faint  white  edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  215;  tail,  118;  hind  foot,  21 ;  ear,  20. 
Skull:  greatest  length,  28.2;  basilar  length,  21.6;  nasals,  11.5X3.3; 
interorbital  constriction,  4.2;  interparietal,  3.9x9.4;  palatal  length, 
11.5;  palatal  foramen,  6.8x2.3;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.5. 

143.  fraterculus  (Vesperimus),  Miller,  Amer.  Nat.,  1892,  p.  261. 
jratcrculus  (Peromyscus),  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  136. 

RELATED  WHITE-FOOTED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Dulzura,  San  Diego,  California. 


PEROMYSCUS.  185 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  and  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Medium;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body,  thinly 
haired;  soles  naked;  ears  large. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  wood  brown  mixed  with  black,  darkest 
on  median  line;  flanks  fulvous  with  distinct  lateral  stripe;  feet  white; 
under  parts  yellowish  white  with  fulvous  pectoral  spot;  tail  above 
brownish,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  185;  tail  vertebrae,  113;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear,  18.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  25;  Hensel,  18.5;  zygo- 
matic  breadth,  12;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  9; 
palatal  length,  9;  width  of  braincase,  11.5. 

144.  propinquus. 

eremicus  propinquus  (Peromyscus),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  1898,  p.  154. 
ALLIED  DESERT  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  San  Pablo  Point,  San  Pablo  Bay,  Lower  California, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  fraterculus,  but  blacker. 

Color.  Above  mixed  blackish  brown  and  grayish  fulvous;  lateral 
line  deep  fulvous;  under  parts  white;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail 
brownish  above,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebrae,  100;  hind 
foot,  18.5. 

145.  cedrosensis  (Peromyscus),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1898,  p.  154. 
CERROS  ISLAND  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Cerros  or  Cedros  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  fraterculus,  but  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  brown,  tinged  with  fulvous  and  blackish; 
lateral  line  broad,  ochraceous;  under  parts  white  with  pectoral  ful- 
vous line,  sometimes  reaching  the  abdomen;  hands  and  feet  white; 
ears  large,  pale  brown;  tail  pale  brown  above,  lighter  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  194;  tail  vertebrae,  107;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  total  length,  26;  basal  length,  21;  zygomatic  width,  10; 
mastoid  width,  10.5;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  length  of  nasals, 
9.6.  (ex  Type.) 

146.  anthonyi  (Hesperomys),  Merr.,Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  iv,  1887^.5. 
ANTHONY'S  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Camp  Apache,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 


186  PEROMYSCUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north 
into  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  ears  large; 
soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  ash  gray,  lined  with  black;  sides  buffy  fulvous; 
under  parts  white;  tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  144;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind  foot, 
18.5;  ear,  12.  Skull:  basilar  length,  20.3;  Hensel,  18;  zygomatic 
width,  12.8;  interorbital  constriction,  3.9;  length  of  nasals,  7.8; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.8;  length  of  mandible,  12.9. 

146a.  goldmani   (Peromyscus) ,  Osgood,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  75. 
GOLDMAN'S  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Alamos,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  anthonyi;  tail  long,  hairy;  heel  slightly 
hairy. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  ochraceous  buff  mixed  with  black; 
under  parts  creamy  white;  pectoral  spot  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  217;  tail  vertebras,  117;  hind  foot, 
24.  Skull:  greatest  length,  27.3;  Hensel,  21.1;  zygomatic  width,  14.2; 
interorbital  constriction,  4;  interparietal,  8.6x3.2;  length  of  nasals, 
9.6;  palate,  4.2 ;  postpalatal  length,  10;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4. 

147.    texensis  (Hesperomys),  Woodh.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1853,  p.  242. 

texensis  (Peromyscus),  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  130. 
TEXAN  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Rio  Grande  near  El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  Texas,  into  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Small;  tail  equal  to  head  and  body;  ears  small. 

Color.  Above  cinereous  mixed  with  pale  brown;  lower  sides,  feet 
and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  106.6;  tail  vertebrae,  53.3;  hind  foot, 
44;  ear,  10.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  23;  Hensel,  17.5;  zygo- 
matic width,  12;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  length  of  nasals,  7.5; 
palatal  length,  9.5. 

a. — arizonce. 

americanus  arizonce  (Sitomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1894,  p.  321. 
americanus   arizonce  (Peromyscus},  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm., 

1901,  p.  125. 
ARIZONA  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Fairbank,  Cochise  County,  Arizona. 


PEROMYSCUS.  187 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chihuahua,  north  to  White,  Chiricahua 
and  Graham  Mountains  of  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  gambeli,  but  smaller;  longer  ears  and 
shorter  tail. 

Color.     Above  dark  plumbeous  slate;  below  whitish;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  158;  tail  vertebrae,  67;  hind  foot, 
24.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  24;  Hensel,  10;  zygomatic  width, 
12;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  10;  palatal  length, 
10 ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3. 

ft. — flaocidus  (Peromyscus) ,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903, 

P-  599- 
FEEBLE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Rio  Sestin,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
7,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  t.  arizon®,  but  paler;  tail  longer;  hind 
foot  shorter. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  fawn  brown,  blackish  on  median  area; 
lateral  line  fulvous;  head  grayer  than  body;  under  parts  pure  white, 
under  fur  plumbeous;  fore  legs  white  to  shoulder;  body  color  extend- 
ing on  hind  leg  to  tarsal  joint;  tail  above  dark  brown  on  upper  third, 
rest  grayish  white,  beneath  paler;  ear  gray  brown  margined  nar- 
rowly with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  177;  tail  vertebrae,  79;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear  from  crown,  14;  from  notch,  18. 

c. — dementis    (Peromyscus},   Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1896, 

p.  446.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  130. 
SAN  CLEMENTE  ISLAND  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Clemente  Island,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coronodos  Islands,  Mexico,  and  San  Clemente 
Island,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Much  blacker  than  P.  thurberi,  and  of  a  more  red- 
dish coloration,  save  on  the  head. 

Color.  Top  of  head  drab  gray;  upper  parts  drab,  tinged  with 
burnt  umber;  ears  black;  feet  and  under  surface  white;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  177;  tail  vertebrae,  77;  hind  foot, 
21 ;  ear,  17. 

d. — coolidjSii   (Peromyscus),  Thomas,    Ann.    Mag.    Nat.    Hist.,    7th 

Ser.,  i,  1898,  p.  45. 
COOLIDGE'S  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.    Santa  Anita,  Cape  Region,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  Region,  Lower  California. 


188  PEROMYSCUS. 

Genl.  Char.     Like  P.  I.  nebrascensis ,  tail  slightly  haired. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dull  buffy,  darker  on  dorsal  line,  lighter  on 
sides;  tail  brown  above,  white  below.  (O.  Thomas  in  litt.,  ex  Type.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  167;  tail,  76;  hind  foot,  22;  ear,  20. 
Skull:  basilar  length,  19.5;  greatest  breadth,  13;  length  of  nasals,  9.5; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.7. 

e. — deserticola. 

leucopus  deserticola  (Hesperomys),  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  n,  1890,  p.  285,  Desc.  p.  287. 

americanus  deserticola  (Peromyscus) ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm., 

1901,  p.  125. 
DESERT  WHITE-FOOTED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Mojave  Desert,  San  Bernardino  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California  and  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  and 
desert  regions  of  California  and  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.     Ears  medium;  tail  long;  pelage  short. 

Color.  Above  pale  cinereous  drab,  slightly  darker  on  median 
line,  light  fulvous  on  sides  and  rump;  tail  narrowly  striped  above 
with  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  168;  tail,  78.7;  hind  foot,  20.8. 
Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  25.5;  Hensel,  20;  zygomatic  width,  12.5; 
interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  5.5;  palatal  length,  10. 

148.  tornillo    (Peromysctis) ,  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1896,  p. 

445.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  126. 
Rio  GRANDE  WHITE-FOOTED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Rio  Grande,  six  miles  above  El  Paso,  El  Paso 
County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chihuahua,  north  into  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  t.  arizonce,  but  paler,  ears  smaller,  body 
stouter.  (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

Color.  Above  light  broccoli  brown;  feet  and  under  parts  pure 
white;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  192;  tail  vertebrae,  90;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  12. 

149.  gymnotis    (Pcromyscus) ,   Thomas,   Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,   6th 

Ser.,  xiv,  1894,  p.  365. 
NAKED-EARED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  ears  long,  naked;  tail  shorter  than 
head  and  body. 


PEROMYSCUS.  189 

Color.  Upper  parts  bistre  brown,  beneath  slaty  buff;  tail  dark 
brown  above  and  beneath;  hands  and  feet  silvery  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  191;  tail,  92;  hind  foot,  22;  ear,  17. 
Skull:  greatest  length,  30.5;  basal  length,  25;  Hensel,  23.1;  greatest 
breadth,  15.4;  length  of  nasals,  12X3.3;  interorbital  constriction, 
4.6;  palatal  length,  12.4;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.1;  length  of 
mandible,  condyle  to  tip  of  incisor,  18;  height  of  coronoid  process,  7.3. 

rotrlt'iji  pinulis  (Sitomys},   Miller,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893, 

P-  33i. 
rowleyi  pinalis  (Peromyscus) ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901, 

P-  135- 
ROWLEY'S  PINE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Granite  Gap,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  P.  rowleyi,  more  yellowish  in  color. 

Color.  Above  olive  buff,  darker  on  dorsal  region,  and  grayer  on 
head  and  face;  hairs  sepia-tipped;  indistinct  orbital  ring;  feet  and 
under  parts  pure  white;  tail  brown  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  196;  tail,  104;  hind  foot,  23;  ear, 
20.  (ex  Type.)  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26;  Hensel,  19;  zygo- 
matic  width,  13;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  palatal  length,  10.5; 
length  of  nasals,  9.5 ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4. 

150.  martirensis    (Sitomys},    Allen,    Bull.  Amer.   Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1893,  p.  187. 
SAN  PEDRO  MARTIR  MOUNTAINS  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  7,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Pedro  Martir  and  Hanson  Laguna  Mountains, 
Lower  California,  Mexico.  Altitude  above  5,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  truii;  tail  longer. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  varied  with  blackish;  sides 
tawny;  under  parts  white;  sometimes  a  tawny  pectoral  spot;  orbital 
ring  blackish;  ears  naked,  dusky;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above 
blackish,  beneath  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  195;  tail  vertebrae,  102;  hind  foot, 
22.  Skull:  total  length,  28;  basilar  length,  23.4;  Hensel,  21;  zygo- 
matic  width,  13.7;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  10; 
palatal  length,  n;  width  of  braincase,  13;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  4;  length  of  mandible,  9.5;  length  of  lower  molar  series,  4. 

151.  banderanus  (P eromy sous') ,  Allen,  Bull.   Am.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist., 

1897,  p.  51. 


190  PEROMYSCUS. 

BANDERAS  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Terro  Tepic,  Valle  de  Banderas,  State  of  Jalisco, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  dorsal  region  with 
black-tipped  hairs;  lateral  line  fulvous;  outside  of  arms,  under  parts, 
hands,  and  feet  white ;  outer  side  of  legs  grayish ;  ears  brownish ;  tail 
above  brown,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  226;  tail  vertebrae,  112;  hind  foot, 
24.  Skull:  total  length,  31;  basal  length,  25;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 5;  length  of  nasals,  11.5.  (ex  Type.) 

a. — vicinior   (Peromyscus) ,  Osgood,   Proc.    Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,   xvn, 

1904,  p.  68. 
LA  SALADA  DEER  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     La  Salada,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  banderamis,  but  darker;  skull  narrower; 
anterior  palatine  foramina  nearly  elliptical. 

Color.  "Slightly  darker  and  more  vinaceous  than  P.  banderamis 
in  worn  or  summer  pelage;  decidedly  darker  in  winter  pelage,  with 
a  definite  dusky  median  dorsal  area;  markings  about  eyes,  whiskers 
and  ankles  sooty  black  instead  of  brown;  upper  side  of  tail  sooty 
instead  of  brownish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  216;  tail  vertebrae,  107;  hind  foot, 
27.  Skull:  greatest  length,  31-32;  Hensel,  23.3-24.1;  zygomatic 
width,  14-14.3;  interorbital  constriction,  4.8-5;  length  of  nasals, 
11.8-12.4;  interparietal,  3.7x10.2-4.5x10.2;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  4.4-4.6. 

b. — angelensis  (Peromyscus},  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  69. 
PUERTO  ANGEL  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Puerto  Angel,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  banderanus,  but  larger;  supra-orbital 
bead  nearly  obsolete. 

Color.     Like  P.  banderanus,  possibly  slightly  darker. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  235;  tail  vertebras,  123;  hind  foot, 
26.5.  Skull:  greatest  length,  31.3-33.4;  Hensel,  23.4-24.9;  zygomatic 
width,  15-15.4;  interorbital  constriction,  5-5.2;  length  of  nasals, 
11.7-12.8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.6. 

152.    Stephens!  (Peromyscus'),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1897, 
p.  721.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  136. 


PEROMYSCUS.  191 

STEPHEN'S  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Canon  at  east  base  of  Coast  Range  Mountains,  in 
San  Diego  County,  California,  near  Mexican  boundary. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  California  into  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  eremicus,  but  smaller,  tail  longer,  and 
colors  paler. 

Color.  Above  grayish  cream  buff;  sides  and  rump  pale  ochra- 
ceous  buff;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  dusky,  below  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  193;  tail  vertebrae,  108;  hind  foot, 
19;  ear,  18.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  24;  Hensel,  18;  zygo- 
matic  width,  12;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  palatal  length,  9; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  3. 

153.    eremicus  (Hesperomys),  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  479. 

eremicus  (Peromyscus),  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  136. 
DESERT  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Old  Fort  Yuma,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California  and  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  into 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  very  large;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body; 
palms  and  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray,  mixed  with  black;  pale  ful- 
vous band  on  cheeks  and  sides;  tail  obscurely  bicolor,  above  little 
darker  than  dorsal  region;  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebrae,  96.5;  hind  foot, 
22;  ear,  19.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26.5;  Hensel,  19;  zygo- 
matic  width,  13;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  palatal  length,  10; 
length  of  nasals,  10;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3. 

a. — arenarius  (Peromyscus) ,   Mearns,   Proc.  U.   S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1896, 

p.  138.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  136. 
SAND-LOVING  MOUSE. 

Type   locality.      Rio   Grande,    near   El    Paso,    El    Paso   County, 
Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  into  southern  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  eremicus,  without  dark  dorsal  line. 

Color.  Above  and  sides  pale  ochraceous  drab  mixed  with  black; 
tail  above  dusky  drab  and  hoary,  below  pure  white;  head  grayish; 
orbital  ring  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  198;  tail  vertebrae,  106;  hind  foot, 
21.5;  ear,  15. 

b. — phceurus  (Peromyscus},  Osgood,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,    xvn, 
I9°4,  P-  75- 


191}  PEROMYSCUS. 

BLACK-TAILED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Hacienda  La  Parada,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Middle  portion  of  tableland  in  States  of  San  Luis 
Potosi,  Zacatecas  and  Nuevo  Leon. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  eremicus,  but  darker;  tail  unicolor. 

Color.  Shades  of  buff  deeper  than  in  P.  eremicus  and  upper 
parts  more  heavily  mixed  with  black ;  under  parts  white ;  tail  blackish 
brown  above  and  below;  hands  and  feet  white;  ankles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  176-195 ;  tail  vertebrae,  92-103 ;  hind 
foot,  21. 

attwateri  pectoralis  (Peromyscus] ,  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 

xvii,  1904,  p.  59. 
JALPAN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Jalpan,  State  of  Queretaro,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  attwateri;  pectoral  spot  prominent. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  ochraceous  buff  thickly  sprinkled  with 
dusky;  sides  of  head  behind  eyes  grayish;  a  narrow  black  orbital 
ring;  pectoral  spot  buffy  ochraceous;  under  parts  white;  tail  above 
dusky,  beneath  white;  hands  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  200;  tail  vertebras,  114;  hind  foot, 
22.  Skull:  greatest  length,  27;  Hensel,  19.7;  zygomatic  width,  13.7; 
interorbital  constriction,  4.2;  length  of  nasals,  9.9;  palatal  length, 
3.7;  palatine  foramina,  4.9X2;  postpalatal  length,  9.4;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  3.8. 

attwateri  eremicoides  (Peromyscus},  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 

xvii,  1904,  p.  60. 
ALLIED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Mapimi,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  eremicus,  but  molar  enamel  pattern 
having  accessory  cusps. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  pinkish  buff  and  dusky;  lateral  line 
pinkish  buff;  facial  region  grayish;  under  parts  pale  creamy  white; 
tail  above  dusky,  beneath  white;  hands,  feet,  and  ankles  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  180-195;  tail  vertebrae,  102-111; 
hind  foot,  20-21.  Skull:  greatest  length,  24;  Hensel,  18;  zygomatic 
width,  12;  interorbital  constriction,  3.9;  interparietal,  8.3X3;  length 
of  nasals,  8.5;  palate,  3.5;  palatine  foramina,  4.5x1.5;  postpalatal 
length,  8.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.5. 

154.  metallicola  Elliot,  Pub.   Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in,  1903,  p.  245. 
Zoology. 


PEROMYSCUS.  193 

Type  locality.     Providentia  Mines,  northwestern  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  eremicus,  but  tail  hairy  and  with  a 
pencil ;  sides  deep  orange  buff  instead  of  pale  fulvous. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  black  and  orange  buff;  forehead  and 
nose  gray  and  buff  mixed;  sides  of  face,  shoulders,  sides,  and  rump 
about  base  of  tail  deep  orange  buff;  orbital  ring  black;  lips  and 
entire  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  pure  white;  tail  above  dusky, 
sides  and  beneath  white;  ears  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190.5;  tail  vertebrae,  101.6;  hind 
foot,  25.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26;  Hensel,  20;  zygomatic 
width,  13;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  width  of  braincase,  12; 
length  of  nasals,  10;  palatal  length,  10.5;  length  of  upper  tooth  row, 
4;  length  of  mandible,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  10;  length  of  lower 
tooth  row,  4. 

155.    difficilis  (Vesperimus),  Allen,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1891,  p.  298. 
TROUBLESOME  MOUSE. 

Type    locality.      Sierra     de     Valparaiso,     State    of     Zacatecas, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Allied  to  P.  megalotis;  ears  smaller;  hind  feet  larger; 
color  darker. 

Color.  Above  dusky  brown  tinged  with  pale  fulvous;  nape  and 
shoulders  ashy;  sides  buffy  cinnamon;  orbital  ring  blackish;  under 
parts  white;  tail  above  blackish,  beneath  whitish;  hands  and  feet 
whitish;  ears  large,  naked,  with  gray  edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  201;  tail  vertebras,  103;  hind  foot, 
25.4.  Skull:  total  length,  29.7;  basal  length,  24.1;  zygomatic  width, 
14.7;  length  of  mandible,  18.3.  (ex  Type.) 

155a.  bullatus  (Peromyscus} ,   Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  63. 
PEROTE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Perote,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  truii;  audital  bullae  greatly  inflated; 
ears  very  large;  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  tawny  ochraceous;  middle  of  back 
dusky;  top  of  head  and  nose  broccoli  brown;  sides  of  head  grayish; 
orbital  ring  dusky ;  under  parts  creamy  white ;  tail  bicolor ;  hands  and 
feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  200;  tail  vertebrae,  93;  hind  foot, 
23.  Skull:  greatest  length,  28.9;  Hensel,  22;  zygomatic  width,  14.5; 
interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  interparietal,  10X3;  length  of  nasals, 


194  PEROMYSCUS. 

10.4;  palate,  4.2;  postpalatal  length,  10;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
4.3;  greatest  diameter  of  audital  bullae,  6.5. 

156.  sagax  (Pcromyscus),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in,  1903, 

p.  142.     Zoology. 
LA  PALMA  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     La  Palma,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  color  to  P.  difficilis,  Allen,  but  skull  very 
different;  ears  large;  braincase  broad,  nearly  square;  interorbital 
constriction  considerable.  Compared  with  that  of  P.  difficilis,  the 
skull  is  shorter  and  narrower,  with  shorter  nasals,  but  of  about  equal 
width;  bullae  smaller  and  closer  together,  and  molars  much  smaller. 

Color.  Top  of  head  and  dorsal  region  mixed  grayish  black  and 
buff,  the  former  predominating;  sides  grayish  brown  and  buff,  with 
an  indistinct  buff  lateral  line;  orbital  ring  and  spot  behind  nose 
black,  with  a  buff  spot  between  this  and  the  eye;  sides  of  head  and 
shoulders  buffy  gray;  under  parts  white;  upper  side  of  arms  buffy 
gray;  thighs  like  sides;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  black  above,  white 
beneath;  ears  large,  brown  at  base,  blackish  at  tip,  with  narrow  white 
edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  192;  tail  vertebrae,  107;  hind  foot, 
22.  Skull:  total  length,  26;  Hensel,  20;  zygomatic  width,  13;  mastoid 
width,  12;  length  of  nasals,  10;  greatest  width  of  rostrum,  4;  palatal 
length,  4;  interorbital  constriction,  4.3  ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4. 

157.  yucatanicus    (Peromyscus) ,    Allen    &    Chapman,    Bull.    Amer. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  P-  8- 
YUCATAN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  naked;  size  medium. 

Color.  Above  fulvous  mixed  with  black;  lateral  line  bright 
fulvous ;  under  parts  white ;  outer  surface  of  limbs  like  back ;  hands 
and  feet  white;  tail  naked,  unicolor,  brown;  ears  brownish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  100;  hind  foot, 
22;  ear,  20.  Skull:  total  length,  31;  basal  length,  25;  interorbital 
constriction,  5 ;  length  of  nasals,  12.  (ex  Type.) 

ft. — badius  (Pcromyscus},   Osgood,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xvn, 

1904,  p.  70. 
APAZOTE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Apazote,  State  of  Campeche,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  yucatanicus,  but  darker. 

Color.  Dorsal  area  and  sides  strongly  mixed  with  black;  lateral 
line  cinnamon  rufous;  orbital  ring  black;  under  parts  suffused  with 


PEROMYSCUS.  195 

yellow;  tail  above  blackish  brown,  beneath  yellowish  white  blotched 
with  dusky;  hands  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  193.4;  tail  vertebrae,  96.7  ;  hind  foot, 
23.5.  Skull:  greatest  length,  28.2;  Hensel,  20.7;  zygomatic  width, 
14.1;  interorbital  constriction,  4.7;  interparietal,  9.2X3.1;  length  of 
nasals,  10.4;  palate,  4.2;  postpalatal  length,  9.9;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  4.1. 

158.  cineritius   (Peromyscus) ,    Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1898,  p.  155. 
ASHY  GRAY  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Roque  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large,  colors  pale. 

Color.  Above  ash  gray  tinged  with  fulvous,  with  black  hairs 
intermixed;  under  parts  white;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above 
brown,  sides  and  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  191;  tail  vertebras,  83;  hind  foot, 
21.  Skull:  total  length,  27.5;  basal  length,  23;  mastoid  breadth,  n; 
interorbital  width,  3.3;  length  of  nasals,  9.5.  (ex  Type.) 

159.  levipes  (Peromyscus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

p.  123. 
MOUNT  MALINCHE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mount  Malinche,  State  of  Tlaxcala,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 8,400  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Tlaxcala,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  large;  tail  longer  than  head  and 
body.  Similar  to  P.  grains,  but  rostrum  heavier,  nasals  longer; 
bulls  smaller. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown;  sides  and  cheeks  buffy  fulvous; 
under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white;  salmon  spot  on  breast;  tail  above 
dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  200;  tail  vertebrae,  102;  hind  foot, 
23-5- 

160.  boylii    (Hesperomys),    Baird,  Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

l85S.P-  335- 

gilberti,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893,  p.  188. 

boylii  (Peromyscus) ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  132. 
BOYLE'S  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Middle  fork  of  American  River,  Eldorado  County, 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico,  north  to  California. 


196  PEROMYSCUS. 

Genl.  Char.     Body  stout ;  ears  very  large ;  tail  longer  than  the  body. 

Color.  Above  mixed  glossy  brown  and  pale  yellowish  brown; 
hands,  feet,  and  lower  parts  white ;  white  on  sides  bordered  by  a  line 
of  reddish  buff,  which  grades  into  the  color  of  the  upper  parts;  tail 
above  dusky,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  195;  tail  vertebrae,  101;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  22.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  29;  Hensel,  22;  zygomatic 
width,  14;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  n;  palatal 
length,  ii ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4. 

*a. — penicillatus  (Peromyscus*),    Mearns,    Proc.    U.   S.  Nat.    Mus., 

1896,  p.  139.    Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  133. 
FRANKLIN  MOUNTAINS  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Franklin  Mountains,  near  El  Paso,  El  Paso 
County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Texas,  probably  into  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Nasal  bones  of  skull  truncate  posteriorly,  and 
ending  in  front  of  the  posterior  ends  of  premaxillae. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray  tinged  with  ochraceous  buff  on  rump 
and  sides;  hands,  feet,  and  under  parts  pure  white;  tail  dusky  drab 
above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  202;  tail  vertebrae,  115;  hind  foot, 
22 ;  ear,  14. 

160a.   polius    (Peromyscus} ,   Osgood,   Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xvn, 

1904,  p.  61. 
GRIZZLED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Colonia  Garcia,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  boylii  rowleyi,  but  larger  and  grayer. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grayish  broccoli  brown;  lateral  line  pinkish 
buff;  orbital  ring  dusky;  under  parts  white;  tail  bicolor;  hands,  feet, 
and  ankles  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210-234;  tail  vertebras,  111-120; 
hind  foot,  25-26.  Skull:  greatest  length,  29.9;  Hensel,  22.9;  zygo- 
matic width,  14.8;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  interparietal, 
10.5x2.8;  length  of  nasals,  n.6;  palate,  4.4;  postpalatal  length,  10; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.7. 

161.    gratus  (Peromyscus},  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  x,    1898, 

p.  123. 
TLALPAM  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tlalpam,  Valley  of  Mexico. 

*  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns  informs  me  that  this  mouse  has  been  taken  within  a  mile 
of  the  Mexican  border. 


PEROMYSCUS.  107 

Gcogr.  Distr.     State  of  Mexico,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small ;  ears  large ;  similar  to  P.  truii. 

Color.  Above  pale  buffy  fulvous  and  black;  side  buffy  fulvous; 
under  parts  white  as  are  also  the  hands  and  feet;  tail  dusky,  the 
sides  slightly  paler. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  209 ;  tail  vertebrae,  114;  hind  foot,  23. 

((. — gentilis  (Peromyscus},   Osgood,   Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xvn, 

1904,  p.  61. 
FOREIGN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Lagos,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  gratus,  but  paler;  molars  slightly 
smaller. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  ochraceous  buff  and  dusky ;  sides  of  head 
ochraceous  buff;  under  parts  white;  tail  above  blackish,  beneath 
white;  hands  and  feet  white;  ankles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  194-210;  tail  vertebras,  103-120; 
hind  foot,  23-24.5.  Skull:  greatest  length,  27.2;  zygomatic  width, 
14;  length  of  nasals,  9.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4.4;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  4. 

162.  pavidus  (Peromyscus] ,   Elliot,   Pub.   Field   Columb.   Mus.,   in, 

1903,  p.  142.     Zoology. 
SHY  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Patzcuaro,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  long,  ears  large,  colors  dark.  Skull  with  very 
broad  braincase,  mastoid  width  being  apparently  the  greatest; 
rostrum  long  and  rather  slender,  its  greatest  width  being  less  than 
the  least  interorbital  width,  the  palatine  foramina  broad,  their 
posterior  ends  just  reaching  the  anterior  line  of  the  first  premolar. 
Skulls  of  all  the  specimens  are  badly  broken.  Somewhat  similar  to 
P.  grains  in  color,  but  larger  in  all  its  dimensions. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  buff  and  brownish  black,  palest  on 
hind  neck ;  orbital  ring  black ;  lateral  line  from  lip  to  rump  ochraceous 
buff,  sides  buff;  under  parts  white,  tinged  with  buff  on  chest;  arms 
buff ;  legs  and  ankles  dusky ;  hands  and  feet  white ;  tail  above  blackish 
or  brownish  black,  beneath  white;  ears  brown. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  238 ;  tail  vertebrae,  130 ;  hind  foot,  23. 

163.  madrensis   (Peromyscus) ,   Merr.,   Proc.  Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xn, 

1898,  p.  16. 
MARIA  MADRE  ISLAND  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Maria  Madre  Island,  Tres  Marias  Islands,  State  of 
Jalisco,  Mexico. 


198  PEROMYSCUS. 

Geogr,  Distr.     Tres  Marias  Islands,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  tail  long;  similar  to  P.  spicilegus,  but 
larger.  No  superciliary  ridges  on  skull. 

Color.  Above  and  on  sides  pale  ochraceous  buff,  dorsal  region 
darkest;  under  parts  white  with  salmon  spot  on  breast;  tail  above 
and  tip  dark,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  222;  tail  vertebrae,  119;  hind  foot  ,26. 

164.  eva    (Peromyscus*) ,  Thomas,    Ann.   Mag.   Nat.  Hist.,   ;th  Ser., 

i,  1898,  p.  44. 
EVE'S  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Jose  del  Cabo,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  region  of  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  sandy  rufous,  lined  with  black  on  dorsal  region; 
sides  rufous;  under  parts  white,  base  of  hairs  slate;  hands  and 
feet  silvery  white;  ankles  dusky;  tail  above  brown,  paler  beneath; 
ear  pale  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  196-216;  tail  vertebrae,  108-128; 
hind  foot,  21;  ear,  17.  Skull:  "basal  length,  20.3;  basilar  length, 
18.8;  greatest  breadth,  12.8;  length  of  nasals,  9.6;  interorbital  con- 
striction, 4;  interparietal,  3.7  x  9;  width  of  braincase  at  squamosals, 
11.7;  palate,  length  from  henselion,  10;  diastema,  6.6;  palatal  foram- 
ina, 4.8X  2.1 ;  upper  molar  series,  3.6.  " 

165.  nudipes    (Hesperomys),   Allen,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1891,  p.  213. 
LA  CARPINTERA  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     La  Carpintera,  Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears,  tail,  and  feet  naked,  the  first  very  large.  Skull 
has  rostrum  very  narrow,  lengthened. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown,  hairs  tipped  with  rufous;  sides  deeper 
rufous;  nose  grayish;  dusky  spot  at  base  of  whiskers,  and  another  in 
front  of  eye;  under  parts  grayish  white,  breast  crossed  by  a  band  of 
pale  chestnut;  hands  and  feet  naked,  flesh  color;  tail  naked,  grayish 
brown,  paler  at  tip. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  230.9;  tail,  139.7;  hind  foot,  28.5; 
ear  from  crown,  20.3.  Skull:  total  length,  36.9;  basal  length,  31.2; 
greatest  breadth,  16.5;  length  of  nasals,  14.5;  length  of  mandible, 
22.4;  height  at  condyle,  7.9;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.1. 

166.  merriami   (Pcromyscus) ,  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1896, 

P-  138. 
SONOYTA  DESERT  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.    Sonoyta,  on  Sonoyta  River,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 


PEROMYSCUS.  199 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico;  extent  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  color  to  P.  eremicus;  soles  bare;  ears 
naked ;  tail  long  and  scantily  haired. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray  mixed  with  black;  cheeks, 
outer  side  of  arms,  and  sides  pale  fulvous  or  cinnamon;  under 
parts  white  with  buff  spot  on  chest ;  hands  and  feet  white ;  tail  above 
little  darker  than  back,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  217 ;  tail  vertebrae,  113;  hind  foot,  23. 

167.  hemionotis  (Peromyscus) ,  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in, 

1903,  p.  157.     Zoology. 
MULE-EARED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Rosarito  Divide,  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains, 
Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  color  to  P.  stephcnsi;  ears  enormous;  tail 
very  long. 

Color.  Nose  and  tufts  in  front  of  ears  dark  gray;  top  of  head 
and  upper  parts  cream  buff  finely  lined  with  black ;  bright  ochraceous 
lateral  line  from  lips  to  root  of  tail;  under  parts  pure  white,  base  of 
hairs  plumbeous  showing  through;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above 
brownish  black,  beneath  white;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  222;  tail  vertebrae,  126;  hind  foot, 
22.5;  ear,  25.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  27;  Hensel,  20.3;  zygo- 
matic  width,  13;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  breadth  of  braincase, 
13;  palatal  arch  to  alveoli  of  incisors,  10.5;  length  of  nasals,  10; 
greatest  breadth  of  rostrum,  4;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  4;  length 
of  mandible,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisors,  n. 

168.  gaurus    (Peromyscus),   Elliot,    Pub.    Field    Columb.    Mus.,    in, 

1903,  p.  157.     Zoology. 
FRISKY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  San  Antonio,  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower 
California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  tail  very  long,  colors  pale.  Skull  with 
broad  braincase;  nasals  long;  interorbital  space  broad. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff,  finely  lined  with  black;  deepest 
and  brightest  on  lower  back  and  rump,  becoming  grayish  cream  buff; 
lined  with  black  on  upper  back  and  top  of  head  and  nose,  cheeks, 
sides,  thighs,  and  upper  parts  of  arms,  legs,  and  entire  under  parts 
pure  white,  the  plumbeous  under  fur  showing  through;  hands  and 
feet  white;  tail  above  dark  wood  brown,  beneath  cream  color;  ears 
blackish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  222;  tail  vertebrae,  122;  hind  foot, 
22;  ear,  20.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  27;  Hensel.  21;  zygomatic 


200  PEROMYSCUS. 

width,  14;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  9;  palatal 
length,  ii ;  postpalatal  length,  9;  greatest  breadth  of  rostrum,  4; 
length  of  mandible,  n ;  height  at  coronoid  process,  7. 

169.  homochroia  (Peromyscus) ,  Elliot,    Pub.    Field    Columb.    Mus., 

in,  1903,  p.  158.     Zoology. 
SAN  QUENTIN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Quentin,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  in  color  to'P.  gaurus,  but  smaller;  tail  shorter, 
and  black  above  instead  of  wood  brown;  ears  comparatively  longer. 
Skull  is  shorter,  braincase  narrower,  nasals  shorter  and  more  pointed 
interorbital  constriction  greater,  pterygoids  and  palate  narrower. 

Color.  Above  similar  to  P.  gaurus,  beneath  white  with  buff 
patch  on  chest  between  arms;  sides  ochraceous;  hands  and  feet 
white;  tail  above  black  with  apical  third  black  all  round,  beneath 
whitish;  in  some  specimens  the  tail  is  black  above  and  beneath;  ears 
brownish  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  185;  tail  vertebrae,  100;  hind  foot, 
20;  ears,  21.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  24.2;  Hensel,  18;  zygo- 
matic  width,  8;  interorbital  constriction,  3.8;  width  of  braincase,  6.6; 
length  of  nasals,  6.5 ;  palatal  length,  9 ;  postpalatal  length,  8.2 ;  greatest 
breadth  of  rostrum,  3 ;  length  of  mandible,  10. 

170.  oresterus   (Peromyscus),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in, 

1903.  P-  i59-     Zoology. 
MOUNTAIN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Vallecitos,  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower 
California,  Mexico,  9,000  feet  elevation. 

Genl.  Char.  Color  pale;  tail  medium;  skull  with  braincase  and 
nasals  broad;  rostrum  heavy. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pinkish  buff,  lined  with  black  on  top  of  head 
and  dorsal  region;  line  from  nose  to  below  the  eye;  shoulders  and 
upper  part  of  sides  of  body  pinkish  buff;  end  of  nose,  lips,  cheeks, 
lower  parts  of  sides  of  body,  and  entire  under  parts  pure  white;  base 
of  fur  plumbeous;  tail  above  dusky,  sides  and  beneath  white;  hands 
and  feet  white;  ears  brownish  black  with  tufts  of  creamy  buff  hairs 
on  basal  half. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  201;  tail  vertebrae,  96;  hind  foot, 
21 ;  ear,  20.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26;  Hensel,  20;  zygo- 
matic  width,  12;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  9; 
breadth  of  rostrum,  4;  palatal  length,  10;  postpalatal  length,  7;  width 
of  braincase,  n. 

171.  leucurus    (Peromyscus),    Thomas,    Ann.  Mag.   Nat.    Hist.,    6th 

Ser.,  1894,  p.  364. 


PEROMYSCUS.  201 

WHITE-TAILED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tehuantepec,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  about  that  of  P.  calif ornicus ;  ears  large;  tail 
long,  distal  half  white. 

Color.  Above  cinereous  gray  lined  with  black ;  under  parts  white ; 
hands  and  feet  white;  tail,  proximal  half  brown,  distal  half  white; 
ears  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  260;  tail,  142;  hind  foot,  25.5;  ear 
from  notch,  17.5.  Skull:  greatest  length,  30.3;  greatest  breadth,  15; 
length  of  nasals,  11.2;  breadth  of  nasals,  3.4;  interorbital  constriction, 
5.1 ;  interparietal  breadth,  10;  interparietal  length,  3.9;  palatal  length, 
11.9;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.5;  length  of  mandible,  condyle 
to  tip  of  incisor,  18.2;  height  of  coronoid  process,  7.4. 

a. — gadovi  (Peromyscus) ,  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser., 

xi,  1903,  p.  484. 
GADOW'S  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  San  Carlos,  Yautepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  2,250  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  leucurus,  color  darker,  ears  larger. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  brown  tinged  with  buff ;  sides  like  back ; 
under  parts  soiled  grayish;  chin  white;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail 
black  above  and  at  tip,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  265;  tail,  150;  hind  foot,  27.6;  ear, 
25.  Skull:  greatest  length,  31.5;  basilar  length,  24;  zygomatic 
breadth,  4.2;  breadth  of  braincase,  14;  interparietal,  4.2X11.5; 
palatal  length,  12.5;  palatal  foramina,  6.6X2.6;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  4.7. 

172.  melanophrys    (Hesperomys),    Coues,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien. 

Phil.,  1874,  p.  181. 
BLACK-BROWED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Santa  Efigenia,  Tehuantepec,  State  of  Oaxaca, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Mexico,  Tehuacan  and  Tehuantepec, 
States  of  Puebla  and  Oaxaca. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  ears 
large.  Skull :  palate  ending  opposite  last  molars. 

Color.  Above  gray,  tinged  with  fulvous,  darker  on  dorsal  line; 
sides  fulvous;  head  gray;  orbital  ring  black;  under  parts  pure  white; 
hairs  at  base  plumbeous;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above  like  the 
back,  beneath  gray. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  245;  tail  vertebrae,  135;  hind  foot, 


202  PEROMVSCUS. 

26;   ear   above   notch,    19.4.     (ex   Type.)     Skull:   total   length,  30; 
width,  17. 

a. — zamorce  (Peromyscus) ,  Osgood,   Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xvn, 

1904,  p.  65. 
ZAMORA  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Zamora,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  melanophrys;  tawny  band  across 
pectoral  region. 

Color.  Like  P.  melanophrys,  but  darker;  tawny  pectoral  band; 
tail  above  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebrae,  141;  hind  foot, 
29.  Skull:  adults,  greatest  length,  31.3-32;  Hensel,  25-25.9;  zygo- 
matic  width,  16.5-16.9;  length  of  nasals,  12-12;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  4.7-4.8. 

b. — consobrinus  (Peromyscus'),  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  66. 
KINDRED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Berriozabal,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  melanophrys,  but  tail  shorter.  Skull 
with  larger  audital  bullae;  shorter  and  broader  nasals;  brain  case 
more  bulging. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  tawny  ochraceous  thickly  lined  with 
black;  lateral  line  tawny;  orbital  ring  black;  sides  of  face  grayish; 
pectoral  spot  tawny;  under  parts  creamy  white;  tail  white  beneath; 
hands  and  feet  creamy  white;  ankles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebras,  131;  hind  foot, 
26.5.  Skull:  greatest  length,  30.8;  Hensel,  25.3;  zygomatic  width, 
16.3;  interorbital  constriction,  4.9;  length  of  nasals,  n.i;  palate, 
4.4;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.7. 

172a.  xenurus   (Peromyscus'),  Osgood,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  67. 
ODD-TAILED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Durango,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  black,  with  ventral  white  line;  large  pectoral 
spot. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grayish  fawn  mixed  with  black;  rump  fawn; 
cheeks  mixed  fawn  and  gray;  large  pectoral  spot  bright  fawn;  under 
parts  white;  tail  black  all  around,  except  a  narrow  white  stripe 
beneath;  hind  feet  dusky  brown  to  base  of  toes,  latter  creamy  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  246-248;  tail  vertebrae,  140-142; 
hind  foot,  28.  Skull:  greatest  length,  30;  Hensel,  23.8;  zygomatic 


PEROMYSCUS.  '203 

width,    115.5;  interorbital   constriction,   4.9;  length  of  nasals,    10.2; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.9. 

172b.  zelotes  (Peromyscus),  Osgood,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.  Wash.,   xvii, 

1904,  p.  67. 
ENERGETIC  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Querendaro,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  mclanophrys ;  tail  longer  than  head 
and  body. 

Color.  "Similar  in  general  to  P.  melanophrys,  but  facial  region 
more  suffused  with  tawny  and  the  gray  very  much  reduced ;  somewhat 
similar  to  P.  levipes,  but  paler  throughout;  no  trace  of  a  pectoral 
spot." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  218;  tail  vertebrae,  115;  hind  foot, 
23.  Skull:  greatest  length,  28.3;  Hensel,  21.6;  zygomatic  width, 
14.2;  interorbital  constriction,  4.9;  length  of  nasals,  10.6;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  4.6. 

173.  insignis   (Peromyscus] ,   Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1895,  p.  33.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  138. 
SACHEM  OR  CHIEF  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Dulzura,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  California,  and  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  tail  very  long,  exceeding  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  light  brownish  gray,  mingled  with  black;  darkest 
on  back,  brownest  on  rump  and  thighs;  flanks  ochraceous;  hands, 
feet,  and  under  surface  grayish  white ;  tail  above  sooty,  below  grayish 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  233;  tail  vertebra?,  132;  hind  foot, 
26;  ear,  23.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  29;  Hensel,  n;  zygomatic 
width',  9 ;  interorbital  constriction,  4 ;  length  of  nasals,  1 1 ;  palatal 
length,  ii ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4. 

174.  californicus   (Mus),    Gambel,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1848,  p.  78. 

californicus  (Pcromyscus),  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  137 
CALIFORNIA  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Monterey,  Monterey  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  north  along  the  coast  of 
California. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  tail  long;  ears  large,  sparsely  haired. 

Color.  Above  dark  gray  mixed  with  light  brown;  sides  fulvous; 
under  parts  grayish  buff;  tail  blackish  brown  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  265;  tail  vertebrae,  142;  hind  foot, 


204  PEROMYSCUS. 

28;  ear,  26.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  29;  Hensel,  22;  zygomatic 
width,  15;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  width  of  braincase,  13.2; 
length  of  nasals,  10;  palatal  length,  12. 

175.  hy locates    (Pcromyscus),  Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn, 

1898,  p.  124. 
DRYAD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Patzcuaro,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico.  Altitude 
8,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  shorter  than  head  and  body;  size  large. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray,  darkest  on  dorsal  region;  sides  buffy 
ochraceous;  under  parts,  lips,  and  hands  whitish;  basal  part  of  hind 
foot,  wrists,  and  ankles  dusky;  tail  above  dusky,  below  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  238 ;  tail  vertebrae,  114;  hind  foot,  25. 

176.  lepturus  (Peromyscus) ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  118. 
MOUNT  ZEMPOALTEPEC  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mount  Zempoaltepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  8,200  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long  as  head  and  body,  nearly  hair- 
less; molars  large. 

Color.  Above  brownish,  dorsal  area  dusky,  almost  black;  cheeks 
and  sides  brownish  fulvous;  orbital  ring  dusky;  under  parts  white; 
tail  above  dusky,  paler  beneath;  hands  whitish;  wrists,  ankles,  and 
hind  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  238;  tail  vertebrae,  114;  hind  foot, 
28.  (ex  Type.) 

176a.  lophurus  (Peromyscus),  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  72. 
CRESTED-TAILED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Todos  Santos,  Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  lepturus,  but  smaller  and  paler;  tail 
long,  hairy,  penicillate. 

Color.  Upper  parts  between  wood  brown  and  fawn;  middle  of 
back  dusky;  lateral  line  pale  ochraceous  buff;  under  parts  white; 
orbital  ring  dusky;  tail  sepia  brown,  unicolor;  hands  white;  forearm 
dusky;  feet  dusky  brownish  to  base  of  toes,  the  latter  white. 

Measurements.  Average  of  four  adults.  Total  length,  208;  tail 
vertebras,  105;  hind  foot,  24.5.  Skull:  greatest  length,  27.5;  Hensel, 
20.8;  zygomatic  width,  14.7;  interorbital  constriction,  4.3;  inter- 
parietal,  10X4.5;  length  of  nasals,  10;  palate,  4;  postpalatal  length, 
9.6;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.7. 


PEROMYSCUS.  205 

176b.    simulatus    (Peromy sens') ,    Osgood,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash. 

xvn,  1904,  p.  72. 
IMITATOR  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Jico,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Miniature  of  P.  lophurus;  tail  long,  hairy,  crested; 
audital  bullae  relatively  large. 

Color.  Like  P.  lophurus;  tail  brown,  narrow  line  of  white  on  under 
surface. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  169;  tail  vertebrae,  87;  hind  foot, 
21 ;  ear  from  notch,  14.3.  Skull:  greatest  length,  24.4;  Hensel,  18; 
zygomatic  width,  12.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4.3;  interparietal 
8.2X3;  length  of  nasals,  9;  palate,  3.5;  postpalatal  length,  8;  length 
of  upper  molar  series,  8.9. 

177.    felipensis    (Peromyscus) ,   Merr.,    Proc.   Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn, 

1898,  p.  122. 
SAN  FELIPE  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Cerro  San  Felipe,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 10,200  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  difficilis,  but  larger  and  darker. 

Color.  Above  dusky  gray,  blackish  on  dorsal  region;  lips,  sides 
of  nose,  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white;  flanks  grayish  brown; 
spot  on  breast  salmon;  orbital  ring  black;  tail  above  brown,  beneath 
whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  238;  tail  vertebras,  125;  hind 
foot,  27.5. 

177a.  amplus  (Peromyscus),  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  62. 
CHUBBY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Coixtlahuaca,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  felepensis,  but  paler. 

Color.  Upper  parts  clay  color,  being  a  mixture  of  ochraceous 
buff  and  dusky;  lateral  line  ochraceous  buff;  forehead  and  orbital 
region  grayish;  under  parts  creamy  white;  pectoral  spot  ochraceous 
buff;  tail  above  dusky  brownish,  beneath  white;  hands  and  feet 
white;  ankles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Average  of  ten  adults:  total  length,  248  (235- 
260);  tail  vertebrae,  136  (128-145);  hind  foot,  27  (26-28).  Skull  of 
type:  zygomatic  width,  10.4;  inttrorbital  constriction,  4.5;  interpa- 
rietal, 10.4X3.7;  length  of  nasals,  11.3;  palate,  4.6;  postpalatal 
length,  10.2;  upper  molar  series,  4.8. 


•jc.f,  PEROMYSCUS. 

178.  tehuantepecus  (Peromyscus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn, 

1898,  p.  122. 
TEHUANTEPEC  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tehuantepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico;  range  undetermined. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Size  medium;  similar  to  P.  mexicanus,  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  pale  fulvous  lined  with  black,  darkest  on  back; 
cheeks  and  sides  buffy  fulvous;  under  parts  whitish,  with  a  salmon 
pectoral  spot,  and  sometimes  tinged  with  buff;  tail  dusky,  sides 
orange  chrome;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  243;  tail  vertebrae,  124;  hind 
foot,  26. 

179.  oaxacensis    (Peromyscus),   Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xn, 

1898,  p.  122. 
OAXACA  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Cerro  San  Felipe,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 10,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico;  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  long.  Skull  similar  to  that  of 
P.  mexicanus,  but  bullae  larger,  and  first  lower  molar  with  a  "supple- 
mentary enamel  loop  on  outer  side  in  front  of  posterior  cusp." 

Color.  Upper  parts  fulvous,  darkest  on  dorsal  region;  orbital 
ring  dusky;  cheeks  and  sides  cinnamon  rufous;  under  parts  and 
hands  white;  feet  white,  their  basal  portion  dusky;  tail  above  dusky, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  242;  tail  vertebrae,  122;  hind 
foot,  27. 

180.  comptus    (Peromyscus},  Merr.,   Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn, 

1898,  p.  1 20. 
CHILPANCINGO  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  near  Chilpancingo,  State  of  Guerero, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Guerero,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  similar  to  P.  auritus,  but  more  fulvous; 
tail  long. 

Color.  Upper  parts  golden  fulvous  lined  with  black,  dorsal 
region  darkest;  orbital  ring  blackish;  under  parts  white,  some  speci- 
mens tinged  with  yellowish;  wrists  and  ankles  dusky;  tail  dusky 
above,  whitish  beneath;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  285;  tail  vertebrae,  150;  hind 
foot,  31. 


PEROMYSCUS.  207 

181.    mexicanus   (Hcspcromys),  Sauss.,    Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  1860,  2me 

Se>.,  p.  103,  pi.  ix,  figs.  i.  ia. 
MEXICAN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

(,'cnl.  Char.     Size  large;  ears  large,  longer  than  wide;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  dark  brownish  mouse  gray;  silvery  shade  on  back; 
flanks  yellowish  gray;  cheeks  rusty  gray;  lips  and  chin  yellowish 
gray;  under  parts  grayish  white,  with  a  yellow  wash  on  breast; 
hands  white;  hind  feet  brown;  toes  white;  tail  black  above,  white 
beneath. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  180;  tail  vertebrae,  78;  hind  foot,  26. 

a.  —  teapensis  (Perotnyscus),  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  69. 
TEAPA  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Teapa,  State  of  Tabasco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  m.  totontepecus,  but  sides  brighter. 

Color.  Dorsal  region  blackish;  sides  chestnut;  orbital  ring  black; 
under  parts  creamy  white;  pectoral  spot  often  present;  tail  black, 
with  a  few  yellowish  white  spots  beneath;  hands  white;  feet  white, 
with  a  dusky  area  from  ankles  nearly  to  base  of  toes. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  234-254;  tail  vertebrae,  121-136; 
hind  foot,  27-28.5.  Skull:  greatest  length,  33;  Hensel,  24.6;  zygo- 
matic  width,  16.2;  length  of  nasals,  12.7;  interorbital  constriction, 
5.4;  palate,  4.7  ;  postpalatal  length,  11.9;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
4-5- 


b.  —  oi'izfihfc   (Peromyscus)  ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,   1898, 

p.    121. 

ORIZABA  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Orizaba,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
4,200  feet. 

Gcogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  mexicanus,  but  larger;  tail  and  hind 
feet  longer. 

Color.  Top  of  head  and  upper  parts  dark  seal  brown;  sides  and 
cheeks  chestnut  fulvous;  orbital  ring  and  nose  dusky;  lips,  under 
parts,  wrists,  and  hands  white;  salmon  tinge  on  breast;  hind  feet 
basally  dusky,  rest  whitish  ;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  yellowish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  257;  tail  vertebrae,  139;  hind 
foot,  29.5. 

c.  —  saxatilis  (Peromyscus]  ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

p.    121. 


208  PEROMYSCUS. 

ROCK  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Jacaltenango,  Huehuetenango,  Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala;  range  unknown. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  mexicanus;  paler. 

Color.  Above  grayish  fulvous,  lined  with  black;  dorsal  area  dark, 
almost  black;  sides  fulvous;  lips,  wrists,  hands,  feet,  and  under  parts 
white;  ankles  dusky;  orbital  ring  blackish;  cheeks  pale  fulvous;  tail 
above  dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  245.5;  tail  vertebrae,  127.5;  hind 
foot,  27.5. 

d. — totontepecus   (Pcromyscus),   Merr.,  Proc.    Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn, 

1898,  p.    I2O. 

TOTONTEPEC  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Totontepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
6,500  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico ;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  mexicanus,  but  larger  and  darker. 

Color.  Above  dusky  brown;  black  on  dorsal  region;  sides  and 
cheeks  fulvous  brown;  under  parts  whitish,  with  sometimes  a  salmon 
patch  on  breast;  tail  above  dusky,  yellowish  white  below;  hands 
whitish;  ankles  and  basal  portions  of  hind  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  261;  tail  vertebrae,  136;  hind 
foot.  28. 

181a.  allophylus    (Peromyscus),  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvii, 

1904,  p.  71. 
ALIEN  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Huehuetan,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  shorter  than  head  and  body;  tail  scaly  as  in 
Oryzomys;  proximal  soles  of  hind  feet  finely  haired. 

Color.  Dorsal  area  blackish  brown;  sides  mummy  brown;  under 
parts  yellowish  white;  slate  of  under  fur  showing;  orbital  ring  and 
antorbital  spot  black;  tail  unicolor,  dusky  blackish;  hands  and  feet 
whitish;  ankles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  202;  tail  vertebras,  95;  hind  foot, 
25.  Skull:  greatest  length,  29.8;  Hensel,  22.5;  zygomatic  width, 
14.5;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  n;  palate,  4;  post- 
palatal  length,  10.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4. 

182.    furvus  (Peromyscus},    Allen   &    Chapman,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p.  201. 
JALAPA  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 


PEROMYSCUS.  209 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  large,  strong;  .rostrum  broad,  inflated  ante- 
riorly, bell-shaped;  nasals  pointed  posteriorly  and  extending  beyond 
the  intermaxillae ;  palate  with  slightly  upturned  posterior  border; 
anterior  palatine  foramina  very  broad. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown,  washed  with  grayish,  blackish  on 
dorsal  line;  inclined  to  reddish  on  sides;  under  parts  and  hind  feet 
grayish  white;  fore  feet  white;  rufous  patch  on  breast;  ears  and  tail 
dark  brown,  naked;  tip  of  tail  sometimes  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  248-282;  tail  vertebrae,  123-145: 
hind  foot,  26-29;  ear,  20-23.  Skull:  total  length,  35;  basal  length, 
29;  zygomatic  width,  16.7;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of 
nasals,  8;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  5.  (ex  Type.) 

183.  zarhynchus  (Peromyscus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn, 

1898,  p.  117. 
LONG-NOSED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tumbala,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico;  limit  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  large;  tail  long,  naked;  hind  feet 
long.  Skull:  rostrum  elongated,  bullae  small;  interparietal  narrow. 

Color.  Above  dusky  with  a  chestnut  tinge;  flanks  seal  brown  or 
chestnut;  under  parts  buff,  with  a  chestnut  tinge  on  breast,  extend- 
ing in  some  specimens  over  the  belly;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath 
yellowish  white;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  324;  tail  vertebrae,  176;  hind  foot, 
35- 

a. — cristobalensis    (Peromyscus) ,    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash., 

xn,  1898,  p.  117. 
SAN  CRISTOBAL  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Cristobal,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  zarhynchus,  but  lighter  and  more 
rufous. 

Color.  Above  dusky  brown  and  fulvous  mixed,  darkest  on  dorsal 
line;  cheeks  and  sides  fulvous;  under  parts  whitish,  with  chest  tinged 
with  chestnut;  tail  dusky  above,  yellowish  white  beneath;  hands 
and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  322;  tail  vertebras,  170;  hind  foot, 
34- 

184.  auritus  (Peromyscus} ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

p.  119. 


210  PEROMYSCUS. 

LARGE-EARED  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  west  of  Oaxaca  City,  State  of  Oaxaca, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico;  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  megalops  ;  ears  and  bullae  larger. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown,  back  blackish;  cheeks  and  sides 
washed  with  fulvous;  under  parts  whitish;  hands  and  feet  whitish; 
wrists  and  ankles  dusky;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  288;  tail  vertebrae,  148;  hind  foot, 
30. 

185.    megalops  (Peromyscus},   Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn, 

1898,  p.  119. 
OZOLOTEPEC  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  near  Ozolotepec,  State  of  Oaxaca, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large  ;  ears  short  ;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  mixed  fulvous  and  black,  darkest  between  ears 
and  on  dorsal  region;  cheeks  and  sides  of  body  salmon  fulvous; 
under  parts  whitish,  breast  tinged  with  salmon  fulvous;  hands 
white  ;  wrists,  ankles,  and  hind  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  282;  tail  vertebrae,  150;  hind  foot, 


185a.  melanocarpus   (Peromyscus},  Osgood,  Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash., 

xvii,  1904,  p.  73. 
BLACK-FOOTED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mount  Zempoaltepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  8,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  megalops,  but  smaller  and  darker; 
hands  blackish  to  digits. 

Color.  Upper  parts  blackish  and  mummy  brown,  darkest  on 
middle  of  back;  under  parts  blackish  slate,  washed  with  creamy 
white;  pectoral  region  cinnamon  rufous;  black  line  from  nostril 
through  eye;  tail  blackish,  slightly  paler  on  under  side;  hands  and 
feet  dusky  brownish  to  base  of  toes. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  241;  tail  vertebrae,  125;  hind  foot, 
27.  Skull:  greatest  length,  31.6;  Hensel,  24.3;  zygomatic  width, 
15.2;  length  of  nasals,  12;  interorbital  constriction,  5.4;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  5. 

185b.  altilaneus   (Peromyscus)  ,  Osgood,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 
1904,  p.  74. 


PEROMYSCUS.  -Jll 

FLUFFY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Todos  Santos,  Guatemala.     Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  melanocarpus,  but  smaller  and  with 
a  shorter  and  less  hairy  tail;  hands  white. 

Color.  Like  P.  melanocarpus ;  tail  blotched  with  yellowish  white 
on  under  side;  hands  and  part  of  forearm  white;  hind  foot  with 
V-shaped  dusky  mark  from  ankle  half-way  to  base  of  toes;  rest  of 
foot  white;  pectoral  spot  strongly  developed. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebrae,  115;  hind  foot, 
28.  Skull:  greatest  length,  31;  Hensel,  24;  zygomatic  width,  14.6; 
interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  11.5;  palate,  4.8;  post- 
palatal  length,  11.2;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.6. 

186.  guatemalensis  (Pcromyscus),  Merr.,   Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash., 

xn,  1898,  p.  118. 
TODOS  SANTOS  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Todos  Santos,  Guatemala.     Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  into  Guatemala;  range 
unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  tail  long,  hairs  scanty;  fur  long,  soft. 

Color.  Above  mixed  dusky  and  grayish,  blackish  on  dorsal 
region;  indistinct  line  from  nose  to  ear;  flanks  brownish  fulvous,  as 
are  also  the  cheeks;  salmon  fulvous  patch  on  breast;  under  parts 
and  hands  white;  hind  feet  dusky,  then  white;  wrists  and  ankles 
blackish;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  273;  tail  vertebrae,  141;  hind  foot, 
31.  (ex Type.)  Skull:  zygomatic  width,  16.5;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 5;  length  of  nasals,  14.5;  palatal  length,  14;  length  of  upper 
tooth  row,  4;  length  of  mandible,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  15; 
height  at  coronoid  process,  6.2  ;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  5. 

187.  cacabatus    (Pcromyscus) ,    Bangs,     Bull.    Mus.    Comp.     Zool., 

xxxix,  1902,  p.  29. 
SOOTY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  5,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Allied  to  P.  guatemalensis,  but  paler  and  with  a 
shorter  tail. 

Color.  Dorsal  region  sooty;  sides  brownish  grading  into  dull 
orange  buff  on  lower  sides;  sides  of  nose  buffy  white;  top  of  nose 
and  orbital  ring  black;  under  parts  varying  from  dull  grayish  white 
to  pinkish  buff;  pectoral  collar  orange  buff;  feet  and  hands  white; 
tail  above  dusky,  beneath  pale  yellowish  gray;  ear  dusky. 


212  PEROMYSCUS.  MEGADONTOMYS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  252-270;  tail  vertebrae,  120-135; 
hind  foot,  25-27;  ear,  20-21.  Skull:  basal  length,  28.8;  occipito- 
nasal  length,  32.4;  zygomatic  width,  15.6;  mastoid  width,  13.6; 
length  of  nasals,  13;  width  of  nasals,  3.4;  length  of  palatal  slits,  6.2; 
width  of  palatal  slits,  3.2;  length  of  palate  to  palatal  notch,  12.8;  to 
end  of  pterygoid,  19;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5;  length  of  single 
half  mandible,  17.4.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

188.  mecisturus  (Peromyscus} ,  Merr.,  Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xn, 

1898,  p.  124. 
GREAT-TAILED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Chalchicomula,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 8,400  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  tail  very  long;  ears  large. 

Color.  Above  anteriorly  gray  lined  with  black,  and  suffused 
with  fulvous;  rump  pale  fulvous;  orbital  ring  dusky;  chin  whitish; 
under  parts  whitish  buff;  breast  buffy;  wrists  dusky;  hands  white; 
sides  of  ankles,  and  the  toes  white;  tail  above  dusky,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  249;  tail  vertebrae,  155;  hind  foot, 
24. 

43.    Megadoiitomys. 

i.j=|;  M.t3=I6. 

Megadontomys   Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn,    1898,   p.   115. 
Type  Megadontomys  thomasi  Merriam. 

Size  large;  ears  and  tail  long,  scantily  haired;  pelage  long,  soft, 
and  very  dense.  Skull  similar  in  general  to  that  of  Peromyscus, 
but  very  large  and  massive;  rostrum  and  nasals  much  produced, 
the  latter  expanded  anteriorly  and  projecting  far  beyond  incisors. 
Molars  very  large  and  heavy,  with  short  tubercles  which  wear  off 
when  the  animal  is  still  young,  leaving  flat  crowns;  first  and  second 
lower  molars  with  a  supplementary  narrow  enamel  loop  on  each 
side;  third  lower  molar  with  three  salient  and  two  reentrant  angles 
on  each  side.  Plantar  tubercles,  7  ;  Mammae,  6;  pectoral  |^|,  inguinal 
^.  (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

PAGE 

A.  Above  mixed  fulvous  and  black M.  thomasi     213 

B.  Above  grayish  brown M.  nelsoni     214 

C.  Above  brownish  cinnamon M.  flavidus     214 


MEGADONTOMYS. 


FIG.  34.    MEGADONTOMYS  THOMASI. 

No.  70144  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 

189.    thomasi   (Peromyscus),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn, 

1898,  p.  116. 
THOMAS'  GUERRERO  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Mountains  near  Chilpancingo,  State  of  Guerrero, 
Mexico.     Altitude,  9,700  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Guerrero,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  tail  very  long;  ears  large,  both  nearly 
naked. 

Color.     Above    fulvous,    mixed    with    black    on    back;    beneath 
white;   breast   sometimes   tinged  with   yellowish   buff;   orbital   ring 


•JU  MEGADONTOMYS.  NYCTOMYS. 

blackish;    hands  and   feet   white;    tail  above  dusky,   almost   black, 
beneath  paler. 

Mcafiirt-mcnts.     Total  length,  350;  tail  vertebra?,  188;  hind  foot, 
Skull:  oceipito-nusal  length,  65;  Hensel,  54;  zygomatic  width, 
32;  interorlntal  constriction,  q;  length  of  nasals,  26;  palatal  length, 
33.5  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  1  1. 

190.  nelsoni    (I\-rowyscus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  it 

p.  116. 
NELSON'S  FIELD  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Jico,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
6.000  feet. 

(rcogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

(icnl.  Char.     Similar  to  M.  thomasi,  but  darker. 

Color.  Above  and  sides  grayish  brown,  darkest  on  dorsal  region; 
under  parts  white:  tail  dusky;  hands  white;  hind  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  302;  tail  vertebrae,  172;  hind  foot, 
35- 

191.  flavidus    (Mcgadontomys),     Bangs,    Bull.     Mus.     Comp.     Zool., 

XXXIX.    IQ02,  p.    2-. 

BOQUETE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  Altitude,  4,000 
feet. 

(rcnl.  Char.  Braincase  rounded  and  elevated;  palatal  slits  very 
wide;  audital  bullse  small;  ears  small. 

Color.  Above  brownish  cinnamon,  inclined  to  rusty  on  the  rump; 
sides  orange  buff;  black  patch  at  base  of  whiskers;  under  parts  white; 
pectoral  collar  buffy;  hands  and  feet  whitish;  tail  above  dusky, 
beneath  grayish:  ears  dusky  inside,  silvery  outside. 

Mtasmnmtmls,  Total  length,  320—375:  tail  vertebrae,  155-205; 
hind  foot,  31-33;  ear,  20—24.  Skull:  basal  length,  35.4;  occipito- 
nasal  length,  40.2;  zygomatic  width,  iq.6;  mastoid  width.  15;  length 
of  nasals,  17.8;  width  of  nasals.  4.8:  length  of  palatal  slits.  7.4;  width 
of  palatal  slits,  3.4;  length  of  palate  to  palatal  notch.  17;  to  end  of 
pterygoid.  24.4:  length  of  upper  molar  series.  5.6;  length  of  single 
half  mandible.  21.8.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

44.     Nyctomys.      Vesper  Rat*. 


Nyctomys    Sauss.,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool..  2me  Ser.,  1860,  p.   106.     Type 

Hespcromys  sumichrasti  Saussure. 
Myoxamys  Tomes,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1861.  p.  284,  pi.  xxxi. 


NYCTOMYS. 


215 


Muzzle  short;  ears  not  hidden  in  fur,  which  is  short  and  fine;  feet 
short,  broad ;  tail  as  long  as  body,  hairy.  Skull :  rostrum  very  slender, 
short  braincase  and  zygomata  expanded;  orbital  space  broad  and  a 
well-developed  supraorbital  crest;  antorbital  foramen  large,  opening 
forwards ;  palate  only  reaching  to  the  forward  margin  of  molar  series ; 
palatal  slits  short ;  mammae  four. 


FIG.  35.    NYCTOMYS  SUMICHRASTI. 

No.  12204  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW 

Enlarged  8  times.  Enlarged  8  times. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


PAGE 


A.  Upper  parts  isabella  or  pale  orange N.  sumichrasti     216 

B.  Upper  parts  brownish  isabelline N.  decolorus     216 

C.  Upper  parts  yellowish  cinnamon N.  nitellinus     216 


•216  NYCTOMYS. 

192.  sumichrasti   (Hesperomys),  Sauss.,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  2me  Se"r., 

1860,  p.  107,  pi.  9,  fig.  2. 
SUMICHRAST'S  VESPER  RAT. 

Type  locality.  "Habite  le  versant  oriental  de  la  Cordiliere, " 
State  of  Vera  Cruz,  ?  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  Mexico,  State  of  Vera  Cruz  to  Isthmus  of 
Tehuantepec. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  long,  higher  than  wide;  nose  pointed;  hind 
feet  short. 

Color.  Upper  parts  isabella  or  pale  orange,  clearer  on  flanks; 
under  parts,  chin,  and  lower  jaw  on  side  of  face  pure  white;  tail 
brownish  red;  feet  pale  yellowish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  230;  tail,  106;  hind  foot,  23.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  58;  Hensel,  49;  zygomatic  width,  30.5;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  10;  length  of  nasals,  16;  palatal  length,  25; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  10. 

193.  decolorus  (Sitomys),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1894,  p.  689. 
FADED  VESPER  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Rio  de  las  Piedras,  Honduras. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Tehuantepec,  Mexico,  into  Honduras,  Central 
America. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  sumichrasti,  but  paler,  tail  shorter; 
ear  naked,  prominent;  soles  naked;  tail  covered  with  long  hairs. 

Color.  Above  brownish  isabelline,  middle  of  back  washed  with 
gray;  under  parts  and  cheeks  white;  orbital  ring  dark  brown;  tail 
chocolate  brown;  hands  like  back,  feet  dusky,  toes  whitish;  ears 
chocolate  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  193;  tail  vertebrae,  85;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  14. 

194.  nitellinus  (Nyctomys),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix, 

1902,  p.  30. 
BOQUETE  VESPER  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  Altitude,  4,000 
feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  decolorus,  but  larger  and  darker. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  cinnamon,  dorsal  region  darker;  lower 
sides  shaded  with  orange  buff ;  orbital  ring,  and  space  between  eyes 
and  nose  black;  under  parts  white;  tail  blackish,  unicolor;  hands 
white;  feet,  toes,  and  sides  of  tarsus  white;  middle  of  tarsus  dark 
brown;  ears  dusky. 


NYCTOMYS.  TVLOMYS.  217 

Measurements.  Total  length,  250-260;  tail  vertebrae,  120-125; 
hind  foot,  25;  ear,  17.  Skull:  basal  length,  28;  occipito-nasal  length, 
32.4;  zygomatic  width,  18;  mastoid  width,  13;  interorbital  width, 
it  ;  length  of  nasals,  10.6;  width  of  nasals,  3.2;  length  of  palatal 
slits,  4.6;  width  of  palatal  slits,  2.2;  length  of  palate  to  palatal  notch, 
12.4;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.8;  length  of  single  half  mandible, 
18.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

45.     Tylomys. 


Tylomys  Peters,  Monatsb.  K.  Preuss.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1866,  p. 
404.     Type  Hesperomys  midicaudus  Peters. 

"  Ears  rather  large,  naked  ;  tail  and  soles  of  feet  naked.  Skull  with 
no  raised  supraorbital  ridges,  but  with  a  broad  horizontal  edge  over 
orbits;  antorbital  foramen  not  visible  from  above." 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Broad    horizontal    edge     above    orbits;    ears 

large,  naked;  tail  long.  PAGE 

a.  Upper  parts  ferrugineous  ................  T.  nudicaudus     217 

b.  Upper  parts  dark  gray  ..................  T.  tumbalcnsis     218 

c.  Upper    parts     pale    gray?     Specimen     too 

young  to  characterize  ....................  .  .  T.  bullaris     219 

d.  Upper  parts  rufous  fawn  and  black  ..........  T.  watsoni     219 

e.  Upper  parts  mouse  color  and  black  .......  T.  panamensis     219 

195.    nudicaudus  (Hesperomys},  Peters,  Monatsb.    K.   Preuss.  Akad. 
Wiss.  Berlin,  1866,  p.  404,  pi.  i,  figs.  1-4. 

X  A  RED-TAILED    RAT. 

Type  locality.     Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southeastern  Mexico  (State  of  Chiapas),  into 
Guatemala. 

Color.  Upper  parts  ferrugineous,  base  of  hairs  plumbeous,  under 
parts  white;  tail  naked,  basal  half  black,  remainder  yellow;  hands 
and  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  403.75;  tail,  207.5.  Skull:  occipito- 
nasal  length,  46;  Hensel,  38;  zygomatic  width,  24;  interorbital  con- 
striction, 8.6;  length  of  nasals,  14.8;  palatal  length,  19.3;  length  of 
mandible,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  35;  length  of  upper  tooth 
row,  8.6. 


218 


TYLOMYS. 


FIG.  36.    TYLOMYS  NUDICAUDUS. 

No.  77919  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Enlarged  1A. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  6  times.  Enlarged  6  times. 

196.    tumbalensis  (Tylomys),   Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in, 

1901,  p.  560. 
TUMBALA  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tumbala,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  large,  naked;  tail  long.  Skull  simi- 
lar to  that  of  T.  nudicaudus,  but  more  slender  and  weaker;  molar 
series  large. 


TYLOMYS.  219 

Color.  Above  dark  gray,  blackish  on  posterior  half;  orbital  ring 
dusky;  chin,  breast,  and  patch  between  hind  legs  white;  throat  and 
belly  plumbeous  tinged  with  fulvous;  hands  and  feet  dark  brown; 
tail  blackish  above  on  basal  half,  yellow  on  remainder. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  448;  tail  vertebrae,  234;  hind 
foot,  46. 

197.  bullaris    (Tylomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in,  1901, 

p.  561. 
TUXTLA  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tuxtla,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Unique  specimen  too  young  for  reliable  characters. 

Color.  "Similar  to  the  young  of  T.  nudicaudus,  but  grayer; 
under  parts  white ;  upper  lip  and  patch  on  side  of  nose  whitish ;  hands 
brown;  hind  feet  dark  brown;  toes  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length  juv.,  324;  tail,  158;  hind  foot,  37.5. 

198.  watsoni    (Tylomys),   Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser., 

iv,  1897,  p.  278. 
WATSON'S  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Bogava,   Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  8,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  nudicaudus,  but  more  rufous;  size 
medium;  fur  glossy;  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  rufous  fawn,  lined  with  blackish;  cheeks  and  sides 
paler  and  more  gray;  space  between  eyes  and  ears  black;  belly  and 
inner  side  of  hind  limbs  whitish  buff;  rest  of  under  parts  and  inner 
side  of  fore  limbs  white;  tail  dark  on  basal,  white  on  distal  half;  toes 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  493;  tail,  243;  hind  foot,  38. 
Skull:  greatest  length,  54;  Hensel,  42.5;  greatest  breadth,  26.5; 
length  of  nasals,  18;  interorbital  constriction,  10.5;  palatal  length 
from  henselion,  22.2;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  8.4. 

199.  panamensis  (Neomys),  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  Ser., 

xn,  1873,  p.  417. 
PANAMA  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Panama. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Panama,  Southern  Central  America. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mouse  color,  lined  with  black;  sides  paler; 
throat  and  under  parts  and  inner  side  of  arms  and  legs  white;  tail 
black,  tip  white;  hands  and  feet  brownish;  claws  covered  with  white 
hairs. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  412.5;  tail,  200. 


220  OTOTYLOMYS. 

4(>.     Ototylomys. 

T  1-I-  M  3~3  —  T  6 
1'i-i»   1V1'3-3~ 

Ototylomys    Merr.,     Proc.   Wash.   Acad.    Scien.,    in,   1901,  p.    561. 
Type  Ototylomys  phyllotis  Merriam. 

Rat -like;  ears  large,  thin,  and  naked;  tail  long  and  naked.  Skull: 
superciliary  ridge  present  and  reaching  to  occiput;  bullae  with  axes 
parallel  to  that  of  skull;  width  and  depth  equal,  and  no  anterior 
prolongation ;  maxillary  root  of  zygoma  notched  above ;  anterior  open- 
ing of  antorbital  vacuity  vertical ;  incisive  foramina  equal  in  width  at 


FIG.  37.    OTOTYLOMYS  PHYLLOTIS. 

No.  10809$  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Enlarged  X. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 


OTOTYLOMYS.  221 

both  ends;  mandible  with  angle  excavated  posteriorly,  a  backward  pro- 
jecting point;  infracondyloid  notch  long  and  deep ;  coronoid  process 
minute;  postcoronoid  notch  flat,  nearly  horizontal,  (ex  Merr.,  1.  c.) 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
A.  Ears  very  large;  tail  long  as  head  and  body, 

naked,  scaly, 
a.  Above  grayish  or  fulvous  brown.  PAGE 

a.'  Size  large;  back  uniform  in  color O.  phyllotis     221 

b/  Size  smaller;  back  varying  in  color 0.  p.  ph&us     221 

200.   phyllotis  (Ototylomys] ,    Merr.,  Proc.    Wash.  Acad.    Scien.,   in, 

1901,  p.  562. 
TUNKAS  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tunkas,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  Tylomys  in  appearance;  characters  those 
of  the  genus. 

Color.  Above  grayish  or  fulvous  brown,  sometimes  mixed  with 
black-tipped  hairs ;  under  parts  and  inner  sides  of  legs  white ;  cheeks 
and  about  eyes  fulvous ;  tail  above  brownish  dusky,  beneath  yellowish ; 
hands  and  feet  whitish;  wrists  and  ankles  dark;  ears  flesh  color  at 
base,  rest  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  303;  tail,  148;  hind  foot,  28. 
(ex Type.)  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  39;  Hensel,  31.8;  zygomatic 
width,  24.3;  interorbital  constriction,  5.6;  length  of  nasals,  14; 
palatal  length,  15.6;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.3;  length  of 
mandible,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  18.6. 

a. — phceus    (Ototylomys) ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in,  1901, 

P-  563- 
APAZOTE  RAT. 

Type  locality.    Apazote,  near  Yohaltun,  State  of  Campeche,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  phyllotis,  but  smaller;  tail  shorter; 
colors  darker. 

Color.  Above  dark  grayish  brown,  mixed  with  black,  hinder 
part  of  dorsal  region  dusky;  anterior  part  of  back  and  sides  grayish 
brown,  tinged  with  fulvous;  arms  white;  legs  grayish  brown;  hands 
and  feet  white;  tail  dark  brown  above,  yellow  beneath;  ears  flesh 
color  at  base,  rest  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  266;  tail,  136;  hind  foot,  26.5. 
(ex  Type.) 

The  Genus  HOLOCHILUS  introduced  here  by  Miller  and  Rehn. 
Syst.  Res.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1902,  p.  89,  to  follow  TYLOMYS,  has  no 
species  north  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  H .  piloridcs,  Pallas,  is 
a  native  of  the  island  of  Ceylon. 


222  SIGMODON. 

SIGMODON  contains  the  well-known  Cotton  Rats  of  the  Southern 
States  and  Mexico.  They  have  a  coarse,  grizzled  coat,  harsh  in  feel- 
ing, and  a  bicolor  tail.  There  is  a  very  close  general  resemblance 
between  the  longest  known  species,  5.  hispidus,  and  the  several  races 
that  have  been  separated  from  it,  and  they  are  not  always  easy  to 
be  distinguished,  especially  if  the  locality  of  a  specimen  is  unknown. 
They  are  rather  short,  thickset  animals,  about  half  the  size  of  a  fully 
grown  house  rat,  and  are  often  found  in  large  colonies  in  the  localities 
they  frequent. 

47.     Sigiuodcm.     Cotton  Rats. 


V.  Bailey.  Synopsis  of  North  America  Species  of  Sigmodon, 
Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  pp.  101-116. 

Sigmodon    Say  &  Ord,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1825,  p.  352, 
pi.  xxn,  figs.  5-8. 

Skull  short  and  wide,  length  less  than  twice  the  zygomatic  width  ; 
rostrum  short,  swollen;  superior  outline  of  skull  arched;  pointed 
process  of  lamellar  plate  of  maxillary  nearly  dividing  the  lower  part 
of  the  antorbital  foramen  from  the  upper;  an  azygos  median  process 
on  palatal  arch  ;  prominent  bead  on  the  supraorbital  border  extending 
obliquely  backwards  to  occiput;  audital  bullae  small;  upper  molars 
three-rooted;  front  lower  molar  four-rooted;  second  and  third  lower 
molars  three-rooted;  sometimes  minute  accessory  fangs  are  present; 
upper  molars  with  two  reentrant  folds  ;  the  front  one  has  two  similar 
interior  folds,  the  others  only  one  each;  front  lower  molar  has  two 
exterior  and  three  interior  reentrant  folds  ;  the  last  two  lower  molars 
have  generally  but  one  reentrant  lobe  on  each  exterior  and  interior 
side  ;  pelage  coarse,  bristly  ;  form  stout  ;  tail  generally  shorter  than  the 
body;  ears  large;  front  feet  small;  hind  feet  very  long,  soles  naked. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Tail  nearly  bare. 

a.  Size  small;  hind  foot  less  than  32  mm.  PAGE 

a/  Under  parts  grayish  or  buffy  white. 

a."  Above  dull  tawny  ......................  S.  alleni     224 

b."  Above    yellowish    brown    and  black, 

tinged  with  chestnut  ................  5.  h.  borucce     224 

c."  Above  deep  yellowish  brown  ......  S.  h.  chiriquensis     225 

d."   Above  dark  reddish  brown. 

a/"    Beneath  cinnamon  brown  ........  S.  h.  saturatus     225 


SIGMODON. 


FIG.  38.    SIGMODON  H.  BORUC/E. 

No.  10050  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 

b.'"  Beneath  ochraceous S.  h.  furvus 

e."  Above    mixed    yellowish    and    black, 

no  chestnut  tinge 5.  h.  toltecus 

i."   Above  dark  dull  brown S.  h.  microdon 

g."   Above  gray  brown S.  h.  baileyi 

Size  large;  hind  foot  32  mm.  or  more, 
a/  Under  parts  white. 

a."  Above  pale  cinnamon  brown S.  h.  mascotensis 


PAGE 
225 

226 
226 
226 


227 


•224  SIGMODON. 

PAGE 

b."  Above  yellowish  gray S.  h.  ercmicus  227 

c."  Above  buffy  gray  and  black S.  h.  berlandieri  227 

d."  Above  light  yellowish  brown S.  h.  arizona  228 

e."  Above  light  brownish  gray 5.  h.  major  228 

b.'  Under  parts  creamy  white 5.  h.  tonalcnsis  229 

c.'  Under  parts  grayish  white S.  h.  inexoratus  229 

B.  Tail  well  haired. 

a.  Size  small;  hind  foot  less  than  30  mm. 

a.'  Under    parts    pale    buff;    above    mixed 

brown,  gray,  and  black S.  minimus     230 

b/  Under  parts  white  or  whitish. 

a."  Above  dull  brownish  gray 5.  leucotis     230 

b."  Above   yellowish    gray,    tinged    with 

ochraceous 5.  ochrognathus     230 

c/  Under  parts  pale  cinnamon. 

a."  Above     dark     ochraceous,     or      light 

umber  brown S.  alticola     231 

b."  Above  dull  tawny  gray 5.  a.  amoles     231 

b.  Size  large;  hind  foot  over  30  mm. 

a/  Under  parts  white 5.  austerulus     231 

b.'  Under  parts  ochraceous  buff S.  fuLviventer     232 

c.'  Under  parts  dark  rusty  ochraceous 5.  mclanotis     232 

201.  alien!  (Sigmodon},  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  p.  112. 
ALLEN'S  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Sebastian,  Mascota,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  part  of  State  of  Jalisco,  and  southern  part 
of  Province  of  Tepic,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Hands,  feet,  and  tail  slender;  colors  bright. 

Color.  Above  dull  tawny;  beneath  white  or  buffy;  hands  and 
feet  yellowish  brown;  tail  above  black,  beneath  brownish. 

Measurements.  "Average  of  8  adults:  total  length,  244;  tail, 
112;  hind  foot,  31.6.  Skull  of  type:  basal  length,  29.3;  nasals,  13; 
zygomatic  breadth,  19.3;  mastoid  breadth,  13;  alveolar  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  6.4."  (Bailey,  1.  c.) 

liispidus  borucce. 

boruccB  (Sigmodon},  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p. 

40. 
BORUCA  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Boruca,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  tinged  with  chestnut  and  lined 
with  black,  paler  on  the  sides;  under  parts  grayish  white;  limbs  like 


SIGMODON.  225 

the  body;  feet  grayish  brown;  tail  naked,  blackish  above,  paler 
beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  275;  tail,  115;  hind  foot,  30. 
Skull:  basal  length,  29;  zygomatic  breadth,  18;  length  of  nasals,  12; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  5.5. 

hispidus  chiriquensis. 

borucae  chiriquensis  (Sigmodon),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1904,  p.   68. 
BOQUERON  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Boqueron,  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  h.  saturatns,  but  bullae  more  pyriform 
and  postpalatal  opening  much  broader. 

Color.  Like  S.  h.  boruccz  but  darker;  upper  parts  dark  yellowish 
brown  varied  with  black ;  under  parts  buffy ;  nose  and  sides  of  upper 
lip  ochraceous  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind  foot, 
32;  ear,  20. 

liixjtidiiN  sitturatus  (Sigmodon),  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv, 

1902,  p.  in. 
TEAPA  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Teapa,  State  of  Tabasco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Chiapas,  Tabasco,  and  southern  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  of  S.  h.  berlandieri ;  tail  shorter. 

Color.  Above  dark  reddish  brown;  beneath  dull  cinnamon 
brown,  sometimes  whitish;  hands  and  feet  yellowish  brown;  tail 
above  black,  lighter  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebras,  103;  hind  foot, 
31.2.  Skull  of  type:  basal  length,  29.5;  nasals,  12.7;  zygomatic 
breadth,  19;  mastoid  breadth,  13.5;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  6.  (Bailey,  1.  c.) 

liixjndus  fuTi-us  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  1903,  xxxix,  p.  158. 
CEIBA  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Ceiba,  Honduras. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  h.  saturatns,  but  darker.  Skull  with 
audital  bullae  wider  and  flatter,  basioccipital  longer  and  narrower. 

Color.  Upper  parts  between  mummy  brown  and  burnt 
umber,  varied  with  brownish,  black-tipped  hairs,  redder  on  rump; 
under  parts  ochraceous;  feet  and  hands  dark  brown;  tail  black,  the 
under  side  slightly  paler;  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  265;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind  foot, 
with  claw,  32;  ear  from  notch,  18.  Skull:  basal  length,  31.4: 


226  SIGMODON. 

occipito-nasal  length,  35.8;  zygomatic  width,  20.4;  length  of  palate 
to  palatal  notch,  16.2;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  6;  length  of 
single  half  mandible,  20. 

hispidus  t-oltecus. 

toltecus  (Hesperomys),  Sauss.,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  2me  Se"r.,  1860,  p. 

98. 
TOLTEC  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     "Cordilleras  of  Vera  Cruz,"  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Alta  Mira,  State  of  Tamaulipas,  southward  to 
Orizaba,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  rarely  equaling  head  and  body;  similar  to 
S.  hispidus;  soles  and  tail  naked. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  yellowish  brown;  flanks  paler, 
the  brown  color  predominating;  chin  and  under  parts  grayish  white; 
tail  bicolor,  above  blackish,  paler  beneath;  feet  grayish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  207-235;  tail,  100-146;  hind  foot, 
17-28.  Skull:  basal  length,  32;  zygomatic  breadth,  21;  mastoid 
breadth,  15;  length  of  nasals,  14;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6.7. 

hispidus  rnicTodon  (Sigmodon),  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv, 

1902,  p.  in. 
SMALL-TOOTHED  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Puerto  Morelos,  Yucatan. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern  Yucatan,  and  State  of  Campeche,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  teeth  small;  tail  short. 

Color.  Above  dark  dull  brown;  beneath  grayish  white  or  buffy; 
tail  above  black,  beneath  brownish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  243;  tail,  96;  hind  foot,  32.  Skull 
of  type:  basal  length,  28.4;  nasals,  12.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  18; 
mastoid  breadth,  13;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.5. 
(Bailey,  1.  c.) 

hispidus  baileyi. 

baileyi  (Sigmodon),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903,  p.  601. 
BAILEY'S  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  La  Cienega  de  las  Vacas,  State  of  Durango, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  8,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  S.  h.  major,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Upper  parts  gray  brown,  sides  tinged  with  buff,  with  the 
long  hairs  tipped  with  white  or  black;  under  parts  white,  basal  part 
of  hairs  plumbeous;  side  of  nose  .ochraceous  buff;  base  of  tail  suffused 
with  cinnamon  buff;  feet  pale  buffy  gray;  tail  blackish  brown  above, 
pale  buffy  gray  beneath;  ears  dark  gray. 


SIGMODON.  227 

Measurements.  Total  length,  198;  tail,  90;  hind  foot,  25;  ear 
from  notch,  18.  Skull:  total  length,  31.5;  Hensel,  27.3;  length  of 
nasals,  12.5;  zygomatic  width,  18.3;  mastoid  width,  13.3;  alveolar 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.6. 

hispidus  in ffsrofensis. 

mascotensis  (Sigmodon),  Allen,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 
1897,  p.  54. 

colimce  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p.  55. 
MASCOTA  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Mineral  San  Sebastian,  Mascota,  State  of  Jalisco, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  portion  of  State  of  Jalisco  to  southern 
part  of  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  5.  h.  berlandieri,  tail  longer,  hind  foot, 
larger. 

Color.  Above  cinnamon  brown;  sides  paler;  belly  white;  hands 
and  feet  yellowish  gray;  tail  above  dark  brown,  sides  and  beneath 
paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  272;  tail  vertebrae,  117;  hind  foot, 
32.  Skull:  total  length,  34.5;  basal  length,  30.4;  zygomatic  breadth, 
19.5;  mastoid  breadth,  13.2;  interorbital  constriction,  4.8;  length  of 
nasals,  13.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  6.7. 

hispidus   eremicus    (Sigmodon),    Mearns,   Proc.   U.   S.   Nat.   Mus., 

1897,  p.  504. 
WESTERN  DESERT  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Cienega  Well,  Colorado  River,  State  of  Sonora, 
Mexico,  thirty  miles  south  of  Monument  No.  204,  Mexican  boun- 
dary line. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  Desert  Tract,  Lower  Colorado  River, 
State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Nasals  spatulate  at  extremity;  coloring  yellowish 
instead  of  grayish. 

Color.  Yellowish  gray,  the  sides  and  rump  tinged  with  ochra- 
ceous;  under  surface  white;  feet  grayish  white;  tail  inclined  to  black- 
ish above. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebrae,  128;  hind  foot, 
34;  ear,  15.  Skull:  basal  length,  30.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  20.3; 
mastoid  breadth,  14;  length  of  nasals,  13.3;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  6.6. 

hispidus  berlandieri. 

berlandieri  (Sigmodon'},  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phila.,  vn. 

1855.  P-  333- 


•J28  SIGMODON. 

hispidus  pallidus  Mearns,  Proc.   U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,   1898,  p.  504. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  145. 
BERLANDIER'S  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Rio  Nazas,  State  of  Coahuilla,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Brownsville  to  El  Paso,  Texas,  and  Carlsbad,  New 
Mexico;  south  to  southern  part  of  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  S.  hispidus  texensis;  ears  larger,  color 
paler. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray,  mixed  with  black;  under  parts  white; 
feet  grayish  white;  tail  dusky  brownish  above,  grayish  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  242;  tail  vertebrae,  103;  hind  foot, 
30;  ear,  14.  Skull:  basal  length,  30.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  19;  mas- 
toid  breadth,  13.4;  length  of  nasals,  12.3;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  6.5. 

hispidus  arizonce  (Sigmodon},   Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1890,  p.  287.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  144. 
ARIZONA  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Verde,  Yavapai  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Arizona  into  State  of  Sonora  and  Lower  California, 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  5.  hispidus;  ears  larger;  tail  longer, 
colors  paler. 

Color.  Above  light  yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  ashy  and  lined 
with  black;  under  parts  white;  tail  dusky  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  320;  tail  vertebras,  121; 
hind  foot,  35-36.  Skull:  total  length,  40;  zygomatic  breadth,  23; 
length  of  nasals,  15.9;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7.1. 

hispidus   major    (Sigmodon),    Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv, 

1902,  p.  109. 
LARGE  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Sierra  de  Choix,  50  miles  northeast  of  Choix,  State 
of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Province  of  Tepic  to  southern  part  of  State  of 
Sonora,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Very  large ;  feet  stout.  Skull  heavily  ridged  in  adults ; 
interparietal  strap-shaped,  ends  rounded;  nasals  notched  posteriorly; 
audital  bullae  large,  elongated. 

Color.  Above  light  brownish  gray;  nose  yellowish;  beneath 
white;  hands  and  feet  light  gray;  tail  above  blackish,  beneath  dark 
gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  365;  tail,  156;  hind  foot,  40.5. 
Skull:  basal  length,  36;  nasals,  16;  zygomatic  breadth,  23.5;  mastoid 


SIGMODON.  229 

breadth,  16.4;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7.3.     (Bailey, 
I.e.) 

hispidus  tonalensia  (Sigmodon),  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv, 

1902,  p.  109. 
TONALA  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tonala,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  part  of  State  of  Oaxaca,  into  western  part 
of  State  of  Chiapas. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  S.  mascotensis,  but  larger. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown;  beneath  creamy  white;  feet  and 
tail  dull  brownish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  350;  tail,  166;  hind  foot,  41. 
Skull:  basal  length,  34.5;  nasals,  15;  zygomatic  breadth,  22;  mastoid 
breadth,  14.5;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  6.8. 


FIG.  XXXVIII.   SIGMODON  H.  INEXORATUS.   OCOTLAN  COTTON  RAT. 

hispidus  inexoratus  (Sigmodon],  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus., 

in,  1903,  p.  144.  Zoology. 
OCOTLAN  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Ocotlan,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large.  Skull  with  infraorbital  foramina  oblong 
and  narrow;  frontal  region  broad. 

Color.  Above  mixed  creamy  buff  and  black;  sides  paler  cream 
buff,  as  are  also  the  arms,  hands,  and  thighs;  hind  feet  gray;  under 
parts  grayish  white;  tail  nearly  naked,  blackish  above,  whitish 
beneath;  ears  dark  brown  or  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  type,  310";  tail  vertebras,  146; 
hind  foot,  36.  Skull:  total  length,  37;  Hensel,  31;  zygomatic  width, 
20;  mastoid  width,  15;  median  palatal  length,  8;  length  of  incisive 
foramen,  7  ;  upper  tooth  row,  7  ;  lower  tooth  row,  7. 


2:*0  SIGMODON. 

202.  minimus  (Sigmodon},    Mearns,   Proc.    U.   S.   Nat.   Mus.,   xvn, 

1894,  p.  130.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamtn.,  1901,  p.  146. 
LEAST  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Northern  boundary  line  between  New  Mexico 
and  Mexico,  100  miles  west  of  the  Initial  Monument  in  Grant  County, 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Mexico  and  southern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Darker  in  color  and  hair  more  bristly  than  5.  h. 
texcnsis;  ears,  feet,  and  tail  thickly  covered  with  hair;  tail  indis- 
tinctly bicolor. 

Color.  Above  mixed  brown,  gray,  and  black;  beneath  pale  buff; 
tail  brownish  black;  feet  yellowish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  223;  tail,  94;  hind  foot,  28;  ear 
above  crown,  14.  Skull  of  type:  basal  length,  28.5;  nasals,  11.3; 
zygomatic  breadth,  19;  mastoid  breadth,  14;  alveolar  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  5.9. 

203.  leucotis  (Sigmodon),   Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902, 

p.  115. 
WHITE-EARED  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Valparaiso  Mountains,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  8,700  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  the  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  short,  hairy.  Skull  heavily  ridged 
along  sides;  interparietal  narrow  with  a  median  suture;  no  median 
ridge  on  supraoccipital ;  nasals  short;  bullae  oval. 

Color.  Above  dull  brownish  gray;  under  parts  whitish;  hands 
and  feet  brownish  gray;  tail  black,  brownish  at  base  beneath;  ears 
whitish  gray. 

Measurements.  Average  of  8  adult  topotypes:  total  length,  234; 
tail  vertebrae,  91;  hind  foot,  29.4.  Skull  of  type:  basal  length,  31; 
nasals,  11.4;  zygomatic  breadth,  20.5;  mastoid  width,  15;  alveolar 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  6.  (Bailey,  1.  c.) 

204.  ochrognathus   (Sigmodon),   Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv, 

1902,  p.  115. 

OCHRACEOUS-FACED    COTTON    RAT. 

Type  locality.  Chisos  Mountains,  Brewster  County,  Texas.  Alti- 
tude, 8,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Chisos  Mountains,  Texas,  to  Parral,  State  of 
Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  long,  hairy.  Skull:  interparietal  with 
a  posterior  indentation;  nasals  short,  wide,  and  truncate  posteriorly. 


SIGMODON.  231 

Color.  Above  yellowish  gray,  tinged  about  ears,  face,  and  rump 
with  ochraceous;  nose,  orbital  ring,  and  base  of  tail  bright  ochraceous; 
beneath  white;  hands  and  feet  buffy  gray;  tail  above  blackish, 
beneath  buffy  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  260;  tail,  117;  hind  foot,  29. 
Skull  of  type:  basal  length,  28;  nasals,  n.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  19; 
mastoid  breadth,  13;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.5. 
(Bailey,  1.  c.) 

205.  alticola  (Sigmodon),   Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902, 

p.  116. 
ALPINE  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Cerro  San  Felipe,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Mountains  of  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  hairy;  pelage  long  and  soft. 
Skull :  similar  to  that  of  5.  leucotis ;  lateral  pits  of  palate  very  shallow. 

Color.  Above  dark  ochraceous  or  light  umber  brown;  beneath 
pale  cinnamon  brown;  hands  and  feet  yellowish  gray;  tail  black, 
yellowish  brown  at  base  beneath;  ears  gray. 

Measurements.,  Total  length,  230;  tail,  101;  hind  foot,  28.5. 
Skull  of  type:  basal  length,  28.5;  nasals,  n;  zygomatic  breadth,  17.8; 
mastoid  breadth,  13.5;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  6.3. 
(Bailey,  1.  c.) 

a. — amoles  (Sigmodon),  Bailey,  Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  xv,   1902, 

p.  116. 
AMOLES  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Final  de  Amoles,  State  of  Queretaro,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  alticola.  Skull  wider,  smaller  bullae, 
and  lateral  pits  of  palate  deeper,  and  interparietal  without  median 
division. 

Color.     Like  5.  alticola,  but  upper  parts  duller  and  less  tawny. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  252;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind  foot, 
29.5.  Skull  of  type:  basal  length,  29.5;  nasals,  5.7;  zygomatic 
breadth,  19.6;  mastoid  breadth,  14;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  6.3.  (Bailey,  1.  c.) 

206.  austerulus  (Sigmodon),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix, 

1902,  p.  32. 
VOLCAN  DE  CHIRIQUI  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  Altitude, 
10,000  feet. 


232  SIGMODON. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  h.  boruca,  tail  longer,  well  haired; 
color  paler. 

Color.  Above  cinnamon  brown,  dorsal  region  darker;  rump 
shaded  with  russet;  under  parts  white  washed  with  pale  buff;  tail 
above  dusky,  beneath  gray;  hands  and  feet  yellowish  gray;  ears  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebrae,  120;  hind  foot, 
32 ;  ear,  17.  Skull:  mastoid  width,  14.8;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
6;  length  of  mandible,  19.2. 

207.  fulviventer  (Sigmodon),  Allen,   Bull.  Amer.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist., 

1889,  p.  180. 
FULVOUS-BELLIED  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Zacatecas,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     States  of  Zacatecas  and  Durango,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  hispidus,  but  paler,  and  under  parts 
ochraceous  buff  instead  of  white. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black,  darkest  on 
median  line;  under  parts  ochraceous  buff;  arms  and  legs  buffy;  hands 
and  feet  yellowish  gray;  tail  blackish,  mixed  with  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  270;  tail  vertebras,  108;  hind  foot, 
33.  (ex  Type.)  Skull  of  type;  base  broken:  total  length  over  inci- 
sors, 35.5;  nasals,  13;  zygomatic  breadth,  21.5;  alveolar  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  6.3. 

208.  melanotis    (Sigmodon),  Bailey,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xv, 

1902,  p.  114. 
BLACK-EARED  COTTON  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Patzcuaro,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 7,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  from  type  locality  only. 

Color.  Above  dark  ochraceous,  lined  with  black;  beneath  dark 
rusty  ochraceous;  hands  and  feet  yellowish  brown;  tail  black,  yel- 
lowish beneath  at  base;  ears  black. 

Measurements.  Type:  total  length,  275;  tail,  100;  hind  foot,  31. 
Skull:  basal  length,  31.4;  nasals,  12.2;  zygomatic  breadth,  20.5; 
mastoid  breadth,  14.5;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  6.3. 
(Bailey,  1.  c.) 


The  Rice  Rats  of  the  genus  ORYZOMYS  are,  in  a  number  of  the 
species,  among  the  largest  of  the  Muridae,  with  long,  scantily  haired 
tails  and  long  hind  feet.  They  are  mostly  dwellers  of  tropical  regions, 
and  in  the  United  States  are  found  only  in  the  coast  region  of  the 


ORYZOMYS.  233 


eastern  and  southeastern  portions  ;  but  in  Mexico  some  are  met  with 
at  10,000  feet  elevation,  and  these  forms  are  provided  with  a  woolly 
covering  to  protect  them  from  the  cold  of  such  high  altitudes. 

48.    Oryzomys.    Rice  Rats. 


C.  H.  Merriam.  Synopsis  of  the  Rice  Rats  (Genus  Oryzomys)  of  the 
L'nitcd  States  and  Mexico,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in,  1901,  p.  273. 
Oryzomys  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  458.  Type  Mus  palus- 

tris  Harlan. 
Oligoryzomys  Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  i,  1900,  p.  94,  pi. 

i,  fig.  2. 

"Form  rat  -like;  ears  nearly  buried  in  the  fur;  hairs  of  body 
coarse;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  the  hairs  longest  on  the 


FIG.  39.    ORYZOMYS  COSTARICENSIS. 

No.  7963  Am   Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  10  times  Enlarged  10  times. 


234  ORYZOMYS. 

under  surface;  hind  feet  very  long;  soles  naked,  with  six  tubercles, 
all  very  small  except  the  posterior,  which  is  very  long  and  narrow; 
upper  margin  of  the  orbit  raised  into  a  compressed  crest,  as  in  Sig- 
modon."  (Baird,  1.  c.) 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Fur  coarse;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body; 
hind  feet  very  long.  "  Upper  margin  of 
orbit  raised  into  a  compressed  crest." 

a.  Under  parts  white.  PAGE 

a/  Above  yellowish  fulvous  and  black 0.  nelsoni     235 

b/  Above  ochraceous  and  black. 

a."  Tail  above  dusky,  whitish  below O.  albiventer     236 

b."  Tail      above      brown,      paler      brown 

beneath O.  crinitus  aztecus     245 

c/  Above  ochraceous  fulvous 0.  yucatanensis     236 

b.  Under  parts  grayish  white. 

a/  Above     tawny     ochraceous     lined    with 

black 0.  panamensis     241 

b/  Above  mottled  blackish  brown O.  talamancce     241 

c/  Above  rusty  brown  and  black O.  alfari     242 

c.  Under  parts  whitish,  or  tinged  with  salmon 
or  buff. 

a/  Above  pale  grayish 0.  peninsula  236 

b/  Above  reddish  brown  and  black O.  couesi  236 

c/  Above  mixed  deep  rufous  and  black 0.  palatinus  237 

d/  Above  dark  rufous  brown O.  hylocetes  237 

e/   Above  grizzled  fulvous  and  black 0.  rhabdops  237 

f/   Above  dark  fulvous  and  black,  small 0.  chapmani  238 

g.'  Above  dark  fulvous  and  black,  large.  .  .  .0.  c.  caudatus  238 

h/  Above  fulvous  and  black,  paler 0.  c.  dilutior  238 

i/    Above  blackish  and  fulvous O.  c.  saturatior  239 

j/    Above  chestnut  brown 0.  bulleri  239 

k/  Above  "deep  dull  fulvous" O.  rufus  239 

I/    Above    bright    fulvous;     beneath    tinged 

with  fawn O.  fulgens  240 

m/  Above  dark  fulvous;  under  parts  grayish 

white O.  molestus  240 

n/  Above  pale  fulvous  and  black O.  zygomaticus  241 

o/  Above  grayish  bistre O.  cozumela  241 

d.  Under  parts  buffy  white. 

a.'  Above  fulvous  brown  lined  with  black.  .  .O.  mexicanus     242 


ORYZOMYS.  235 

b/  Above   grayish  brown  heavily  lined  with  PAGE 

black O.  m.  peragrus  243 

c.'  Above  grizzled  rufous 0.  mclanotis  243 

d.'  Above    ochraceous     fulvous,    lined    with 

black 0.  rostratus  243 

e.'  Above  deep  fulvous  and  black 0.  r.  megadon  243 

f /   Above  dark  rufous 0.  victus  244 

g.'  Above  russet  brown O.  devius  244 

e.  Under  parts  buff. 

a/  Above  buffy  fulvous 0.  crinitus  245 

b/  Above  tawny  rufous 0.  tectus  245 

c/  Above  mixed  fulvous  and  black. 

a."  Size  large 0.  angusticeps  245 

b."  Size  smaller 0.  goldmani  246 

d/  Above  dark  brown  tinged  with  yellowish. 

a."  Under  parts  buff 0.  jalapce  246 

b."  Under  parts  gray 0.  j.  apatelius  246 

e/  Above  dark  fulvous  and  black 0.  f.  rufinus  247 

f.  Under  parts  buffy  fulvous. 

a/  Above  grizzled  bistre 0.  teapensis     247 

g.  Under  parts  deep  buff. 

a/  Above     yellowish      brown     to     yellowish 

chestnut O.  costaricensis     249 

b/  Above  bright  yellowish  red  brown 0.  vegetus     249 

h.  Under  parts  yellowish;  above  rufous,  sparsely  lined  with 

black O.  antillarum     247 

i.    Under  parts  ochraceous  fulvous;  above  grizzled  yellowish 

fulvous  lined  with  black O.  richmondi     248 

j.    Under  parts  yellowish  fulvous;  above  yellowish  fulvous 

lined  with  black 0.  fulvescens     248 

209.  nelsoni  (Oryzomys),   Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

P-  JS- 
MARIA  MADRE  ISLAND  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Maria  Madre  Island,  Tres  Marias  Islands,  State  of 
Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Gcogr.  Distr.     Tres  Marias  Islands,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Larger  than  O.  mexicanus;  tail  very  long,  naked. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  fulvous,  lined  with  black  on  head  and 
back;  flanks  and  thighs  buffy  ochraceous;  under  parts  white;  tail 
dark  brown,  yellowish  beneath  at  base. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  342;  tail  vertebrae,  190;  hind 
foot,  38. 


236  ORYZOMYS. 

210.  albi venter  (Oryzomys),  Merr.,   Proc.   Wash.   Acad.   Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  279. 
WHITE-BELLIED  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Ameca,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico;  extent  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large ;  ear  short ;  under  parts  white ;  molars  large. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous,  lined  with  black;  under  parts  white; 
tail  dusky  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  295;  tail  vertebra?,  162;  hind 
foot,  37.3. 

211.  yucatanensis  (Oryzomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in, 

1901,  p.  294. 
CHICKEN  ITZA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  melanotis,  but  without  white  cheek 
patch.  Skull:  superciliary  beads  distinct;  incisive  foramina  short; 
molars  small. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  fulvous,  extending  to  and  including 
sides  of  face  to  nose ;  head  and  back  lined  with  black ;  beneath  white ; 
tail  yellowish  beneath,  dusky  above;  ears  fulvous  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  235;  tail  vertebrae,  119;  hind 
foot,  32. 

212.  peninsula?  (Oryzomys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  Ser., 

xx,  1897,  p.  548. 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Santa  Anita,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  Region,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  fur  woolly;  tail  thinly  haired. 

Color.  Head  and  back  anteriorly  pale  grayish,  grading  into  dull 
fulvous  on  rump;  under  parts  whitish;  hands  and  feet  silvery  white; 
tail  brown  above,  whitish  below;  ear  pale  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  298;  tail  vertebrae,  150;  hind  foot, 
34;  ear,  18.  Skull:  basilar  length,  27.3;  greatest  breadth,  18.7; 
length  of  nasals,  13;  width,  3.9;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5; 
length  of  palatine  foramen,  7;  width,  3. 

213.  couesi   (Hesperomys),  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1876,  p.  756. 
couesi  (Oryzomys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  Ser.,  1893, 

p.  403- 
COUES'  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Coban,  Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chiapas  into  Guatemala,  Central  America. 


ORYZOMYS.  2H7 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  small,  rounded;  hind  feet  large;  tail  long,  scaly; 
pelage  harsh. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown  mixed  with  black;  flanks  pale 
rufous;  under  parts  whitish;  breast  washed  with  rufous1;  ^ail  ajm^t 
unicolor,  paler  beneath;  hands  and  feet  grayish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  276;  tail  vertebrae,  149;  hind 
foot,  28. 

214.  palatinus   (Oryzomys),    Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  290. 
TABASCAN  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Teapa,  State  of  Tabasco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  similar  to  O.  chapmani,  but  more  reddish 
generally.  Skull  light,  slender;  supraorbital  bead  barely  perceptible; 
outer  sides  of  zygomata  parallel;  incisive  foramina  separated  by  a 
broad  septum. 

Color.  Above  mixed  deep  rufous  and  black;  sides  and  cheeks 
pale  rufous;  beneath  whitish;  hind  feet  whitish;  tail  dark  above, 
paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  209;  tail  vertebrae,  106;  hind 
foot,  25. 

215.  hylocetes    (Oryzomys),    Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  291. 
MARSH  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Chicharras,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  ears  large;  similar  to  0.  palatinns.  Skull: 
nasals  flat,  truncate  anteriorly. 

Color.  Above  dark  rufous  brown,  beneath  whitish;  hind  feet 
dark;  ears  and  tail  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  217;  tail  vertebrae,  118;  hind 
foot,  27. 

216.  rhabdops    (Oryzomys),   Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  291. 
STRIPED-FACE  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Calel,  Guatemala.     Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  into  Guatemala,  Central 
America. 

Genl.  Char.  Medium  size;  ears  large.  Skull:  zygomata  "squar- 
ish," spreading. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  fulvous  and  black;  sides  and  cheeks  paler; 
beneath  whitish;  side  of  nose  pale  fulvous;  streak  from  nose  to  eye 
blackish;  tail  dusky  brown  above,  yellowish  beneath;  ears  blackish. 


238  ORYZOMYS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  255;  tail  vertebrae,  141;  hind 
foot,  29.5. 

217.    chapman!    (Oryzomys},   Thomas,    Ann.    Mag.    Nat.    Hist.,    7th 

|5<»r<,i,  .898,  p.  179- 
CHAPMAN'S  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small.  Skull  small;  nasals  narrow  posteriorly; 
palatal  foramina  reaching  nearly  to  anterior  margin  of  the  first  upper 
molar. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  fulvous  and  black,  blacker  on  back; 
beneath  whitish,  strongly  suffused  with  slate;  ears  shining  black; 
wrists  and  ankles  suffused  with  smoky  brown;  tail  bicolor,  blackish 
above,  paler  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  121;  tail  vertebrae,  116;  hind  foot, 
24;  ear,  19.  Skull:  basal  length,  21.6;  basilar  length,  19.8;  greatest 
breadth,  13.8;  interorbital  constriction,  4.3;  length  of  nasals,  10.4; 
breadth  across  squamosals,  11.4;  palatal  length,  11.5;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  3.7. 

a. — eaudatus    (Oryzomys),   Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  289. 
LONG-TAILED  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Comaltepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  0.  chapmani,  but  larger,  tail  much 
longer;  color  slightly  darker.  Skull  larger  and  heavier,  with  longer 
rostrum  and  broader  nasals."  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

Color.  Above  dark  fulvous  and  black,  darkest  on  dorsal  region; 
sides  paler;  under  parts  grayish  white;  tail  above  blackish  brown, 
beneath  paler,  becoming  grayish  towards  base;  hands  and  feet  flesh 
color;  ears  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  257;  tail  vertebrae,  141;  hind 
foot,  30. 

b. — dilutior    (Oryzomys),    Merr.,     Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  290. 
PALE  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Huauchinango,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  O.  chapmani,  but  slightly  paler;  hind 
foot  longer.  Rostrum  and  nasals  broader;  rostrum  more  swollen  at 
base;  anterior  root  of  zygoma  heavier." 

Color.  Above  rufous  and  black,  darkest  on  dorsal  line;  sides 
inclining  to  yellowish  brown;  under  parts  white,  tinged  with  buff; 


ORYZOMYS.  23» 

tail  black  above,  pale  brown  beneath;  hands  and  feet  flesh  color, 
covered  sparsely  with  white  hairs;  ears  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  223;  tail  vertebrae,  117;  hind 
foot,  28. 

c. — satuwitior  (Oryzomys},    Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  290. 
TUMBALA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tumbala,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  chapmani,  but  decidedly  darker,  par- 
ticularly on  top  of  head  and  middle  of  back,  which  are  blackish, 
slightly  "peppered"  with  fine  points  of  fulvous;  under  parts  soiled 
buffy,  in  some  specimens  salmon;  cheeks  fulvous;  ears,  hind  feet, 
and  tail  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  218;  tail  vertebrae,  120;  hind 
foot,  25.5. 

218.  bulleri   (Oryzomys) ,  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,   1897, 

P-  53- 
BULLER'S  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Valle  de  Banderas,  Territorio  de  Tepic,  State  of 
Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Jalisco  and  Colima,  Mexico;  limits  un- 
known. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  0.  couesi,  but  darker.     Rostrum  slender. 

Color.  Upper  parts  chestnut  brown  mixed  with  black ;  side  ochra- 
ceous;  under  parts  buffy  white;  ears  brown;  tail  above  brownish, 
yellowish  below;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  242;  tail  vertebrae,  127;  hind  foot, 
27;  ear,  n.  Skull:  total  length,  27.8;  basal  length,  23;  zygomatic 
breadth,  15;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  length  of  nasals,  10.2; 
palatal  length,  n;  width  of  braincase,  12.5;  length  of  upper  tooth 
row,  4.6. 

219.  rufus  (Oryzomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in,   1901, 

p.  287. 
RUFOUS  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Santiago,  Territorio  de  Tepic,  Mexico. 
.  Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  O.  bulleri,  but  smaller;  pelage  more  red. 
Color.     Above  deep  fulvous,  extending  to  head,  mixed  with  scat- 
tering black  hairs;  under  parts  soiled  white;  tail  dusky  above,  paler 
below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebrae,  136;  hind 
foot,  28. 


240 


ORYZOMYS. 


220.  fulgens  (Oryzomys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.   Hist.,  6th  Ser.. 

1893,  p.  403. 
SHINING  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Unknown.     "Mexico." 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  fur  coarse,  woolly;  ears  small;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  bright  fulvous;  under  parts  whitish,  tinged  with 
fawn;  outer  side  of  limbs  like  back,  inner  side  whitish;  hands  and 
feet  silvery  fawn;  tail  blackish  above,  yellowish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  301;  tail,  151;  hind  foot,  37.5;  ear 
from  notch,  13.3.  Skull:  zygomatic  breadth,  17.8;  length  of  nasals, 
13.2;  interorbital  constriction,  4.8;  length  of  palatine  foramen,  7.3; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.2.  (Thomas,  1.  c.) 


FIG.  XXXIX.    ORYZOMYS  MOLESTUS.    OCOTLAN  RICE  RAT. 

221.   molestus    (Oryzomys},    Elliot,    Pub.    Field    Columb.    Mus.,    n, 

1903,  p.  145.  Zoology. 
OCOTLAN  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Ocotlan,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  small;  tail  very  long;  color  beneath 
uniform.  Skull  about  half  as  broad  as  long;  supraorbital  beads  diver- 
ging posteriorly  from  least  interorbital  width  in  almost  straight  lines, 
unlike  those  of  0.  fulgens;  palatal  arch  with  an  azygos  central  point; 
palatine  foramina  very  long  and  broad. 

Color.  Above  dark  fulvous;  flanks  pale  buff;  forehead  darker 
than  back;  under  parts  grayish  white,  with  a  nearly  pure  white 
pectoral  spot;  limbs  like  back;  hands  and  feet  grayish;  tail  nearly 
naked,  pale  brown  above,  lighter  beneath;  ears  pale  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  325;  tail  vertebras,  170;  hind  foot, 
38.  Skull:  greatest  length,  35;  Hensel,  28;  zygomatic  width,  18; 
mastoid  width,  14;  length  of  nasals,  14;  width  of  rostrum,  6;  inter- 
orbital constriction,  6;  palatal  length,  7  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6. 


ORYZOMYS.  241 

222.  zygomaticus  (Oryzomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in, 

1901,  p.  285. 
GUATEMALAN  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Nenton,  Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  hind  feet  large.  Skull:  superciliary 
ridges  strongly  developed  and  everted;  zygomata  curving  down- 
ward below  level  of  posterior  root. 

Color.  Above  pale  fulvous,  lined  with  black  on  dorsal  portion; 
under  parts  white,  suffused  with  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  290;  tail  vertebrae,  152;  hind 
foot,  33. 

223.  cozumelse    (Oryzomys),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xiv, 

1901,  p.  103. 
COZUMEL  ISLAND  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Cozumel  Island,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  similar  to  O.  aquaticus.  Skull:  braincase 
broad  posteriorly,  carrying  lateral  beads  outwards. 

Color.  Above  grayish  bistre;  sides  and  rump  suffused  with  pale 
fulvous;  beneath  whitish  to  pale  salmon;  tail  dusky  above,  paler 
beneath;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  332;  tail  vertebras,  182;  hind 
foot,  35. 

224.  panamensis    (Oryzomys} ,  Thomas,  Ann.    Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  yth 

Ser.,  vin,  1901,  p.  252. 
PANAMA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Near  city  of  Panama,  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  about  equal  to  head  and  body;  fur 
soft.  Skull:  supraorbital  ridges  without  heavy  beads;  molars 
small,  narrow. 

Color.  Upper  parts  tawny  ochraceous,  lined  with  black;  sides 
lighter;  under  parts  grayish;  outer  sides  of  arms  and  legs  gray;  tail 
brown  above,  white  below;  hands  and  feet  whitish;  ears  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  261;  tail,  130;  hind  foot,  28.5;  ear, 
1 8.  Skull:  tip  of  nasals  to  front  of  interparietal,  28.5;  zygomatic 
breadth,  16.4;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  12.5; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.2. 

225.  talamancfE  (Oryzomys) ,  Allen,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiv,  1891, 

P-  193- 
TALAMANCA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Talamanca,  Costa  Rica. 


242  ORYZOMYS. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  large;  soles  naked;  tubercles,  6;  tail  long  as 
head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  mixed  russet  and  blackish  brown;  cheeks,  sides  of 
head,  and  flanks  yellow  brown;  under  parts  grayish  white;  tail  naked, 
above  blackish,  beneath  dark  brown;  hands  and  feet  pale  yellowish 
gray;  ears  naked,  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  228.6;  tail  vertebra?,  114.3;  hind 
foot,  30.8;  ear  from  crown,  13.7.  Skull:  basal  length,  28.5;  total 
length,  31.2;  greatest  breadth,  15.8;  interorbital  constriction,  5.3; 
length  of  nasals,  12.7;  palatal  length,  16;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  51. 

226.  alfari    (Hesperomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 

p.  214. 
ALFARO'S  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Carlos,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  ears  rather  long; 
hind  foot  long;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  rusty  brown  and  black;  sides  of  head  and  body 
more  rufous;  beneath  ashy  white;  tail  naked,  blackish  brown  above, 
paler  beneath;  feet  yellowish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  184;  tail,  88.9;  hind  foot,  23.4;  ear 
from  crown,  10.2.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  24.5;  Hensel,  18.5; 
zygomatic  width,  13;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  10; 
palatal  length,  10;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  3.2 ;  length  of  mandible, 
8;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  4. 

227.  mexicanus  (Oryzomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897, 

P-  52- 
TONILA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Hacienda  San  Marcos,  Tonila,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sinaloa,  southern  part,  south  to  Isthmus 
of  Tehuantepec,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  palustris;  size  medium;  hind  feet  large. 
Postpalatal  border  of  nares  V-shaped. 

Color.  Above  fulvous  brown,  lined  with  black,  sides  paler;  under 
parts  grayish  white,  sometimes  suffused  with  buff;  tail  naked,  dusky 
above,  paler  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  279;  tail  vertebrae,  142;  hind  foot, 
30.  Skull:  total  length,  27.8;  basal  length,  23;  zygomatic  width,  15; 
interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  width  of  braincase,  12.5;  length  of 
nasals,  10.2;  palatal  length,  n  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  4.6. 


ORYZOMYS.  -J43 

a. — pera grus  (Oryzomys),  Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  283. 
WANDERING  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Rio  Verde,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  0.  mexicanus,  but  grayer  and  tail  longer. 

Color.  Above  grayer  than  O.  mexicanus,  heavily  lined  with  black ; 
under  parts  buffy,  deeper  than  in  O.  mexicanus;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  294;  tail  vertebrae,  167;  hind 
foot,  35. 

228.  melanotis    (Oryzomys),   Thomas,   Ann.    Mag.    Nat.    Hist.,    6th 

Ser.,  xi,    1893,  p.  404. 
BLACK-EARED  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Mineral  San  Sebastian,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small,  slender;  tail  long,  scantily  haired. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  rufous,  brightest  on  rump  and  sides; 
whitish  cheek  patch  between  eye  and  mouth;  under  parts  buffy 
white;  ears  black;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above  blackish,  beneath 
yellowish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  224;  tail,  127;  hind  foot,  28;  ear 
from  notch,  18.  Skull:  basal  length,  25.1;  zygomatic  width,  15.2; 
length  of  nasals,  12;  interorbital  constriction,  5.1;  width  of  brain- 
case,  12.8;  length  of  interparietal,  3.4;  breadth  of  interparietal,  10; 
palatal  length,  15.5;  length  of  palatine  foramen,  5.8;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  4.3. 

229.  rostratus    (Oryzomys) ,  Merr.,  Proc.   Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,  in, 

1901,  p.  293. 
BROAD-NOSED  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Metlaltoyuca,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  Mexico,  from  State  of  Puebla  to  Isthmus 
of  Tehuantepec. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  melanotis;  pelage  coarse.  Skull  large, 
long,  flat;  rostrum  long,  swollen  at  base;  nasals  broad,  flat;  super- 
ciliary bead  moderate. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  fulvous,  lined  with  black;  beneath 
buffy  white;  tail  above  dark  brown,  under  side  yellowish;  ears  dark 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  277;  tail  vertebrae,  141;  hind 
foot,  32.5. 

a. — jnegadon  (Oryzomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in,  1901, 
P-  294. 


•_>44  ORYZOMYS. 

TEAPA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Teapa,  State  of  Tabasco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Tabasco  westward  probably  to  State  of  Puebla. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  0.  rostratus,  but  smaller  and  more  red; 
and  is  distinguishable  from  0.  melanotis  by  its  darker  color  and 
larger  hind  foot. 

Color.  Above  deep  fulvous  lined  with  black,  darkest  on  median 
line;  sides  yellowish  brown;  under  parts  grayish  white,  with  a  buff 
tinge;  tail  black  above,  whitish  beneath;  thighs  plumbeous;  hands 
and  feet  flesh  color;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  272 ;  tail  vertebrae,  140;  hind  foot,  31. 

230.  victus    (Oryzomys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,   yth  Ser., 

i,  1898,  p.  177. 
ST.  VINCENT  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Island  of  St.  Vincent,  Lesser  Antilles. 

Genl.  Char.  Molars  large  and  stout;  palate  ending  close  to  pos- 
terior edge  of  third  upper  molar;  braincase  lengthened;  parietal 
ridges  developed. 

Color.  Above  dark  rufous;  beneath  buffy  white;  no  orbital  ring; 
tail  brown  above,  paler  below,  nearly  naked;  hands  and  feet  silvery 
white;  ears  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  217;  tail,  121;  hind  foot,  26.7;  ear, 
14.  Skull:  basilar  length,  21.4;  basal  length,  23.8;  greatest  breadth, 
15.1;  length  of  nasals,  11.2;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  palatal 
length  from  henselion,  12.3;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.1. 

231.  devius  (Oryzomys),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix,  1902, 

P-34- 
LONELY  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  5,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  O.  childi,  ex  Colombia,  but  under  parts  white 
and  fulvous. 

Color.  Upper  parts  russet  brown;  dorsal  region  darker;  orbital 
region  black;  under  side  of  head  and  neck  grayish  white;  pectoral 
and  ventral  patch  white;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  grayish;  hands 
and  feet  yellowish  white;  ears  large,  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  335-360;  tail  vertebras,  165-195; 
hind  foot,  33-36;  ear,  22-23.  Skull:  basal  length,  31.6;  occipito- 
nasal  length,  36;  zygomatic  width,  18;  mastoid  width,  13.8;  inter- 
orbital  width,  5.6;  length  of  nasals,  14.2;  width  of  nasals,  3.8;  length 
of  palatal  slits,  5.6;  width  of  palatal  slits,  2.6;  length  of  palate  to 
palatal  notch,  15.6;  upper  molar  series,  5.4;  length  of  single  half 
mandible,  20.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


ORYZOMYS.  245 

232.  crinitus  (Oryzomys) ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  in, 

1901,  p.  281. 
LONG-HAIRED  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tlalpam,  Federal  District,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  hind  feet  long;  ears  short.  Skull  resembling 
that  of  O.  c.  aztccus  Merr. 

Color.  Above  buffy  fulvous,  darkest  on  rump,  and  lined  with 
black;  chin,  throat,  and  forelegs  whitish;  rest  of  under  parts  buffy; 
tail  dusky  above,  yellowish  below. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  307  ;  tail  vertebra?,  161 ;  hind  foot,  37. 

a. — aztecus  (Oryzomys},  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in,  1901, 

p.  282. 
AZTEC  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Yautepec,  State  of  Morelos,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southeastern  Mexico,  from  States  of  Morelos  and 
Puebla  to  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull :  nasals  and  zygomata  slender,  the  latter  bowed 
downward;  palatal  slits  broadly  open  posteriorly.  Under  parts  white. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous,  sparsely  lined  with  black;  under  parts 
white;  tail  brownish  above,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  290;  tail  vertebrae,  154;  hind  foot,  35. 

233.  tectus   (Oryzomys'),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vin,  1901, 

p.  251. 
BOGAVA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Bogava,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  800  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body.  Skull 
has  the  supraorbital  ridges  overhanging  and  expanded ;  frontal  region 
concave ;  muzzle  heavy ;  palatal  foramina  not  reaching  level  of  molars. 

Color.  Above  tawny  rufous,  slightly  lined  with  black;  sides 
inclining  to  ochraceous;  upper  lip  fulvous;  chin  white;  under  parts 
buffy;  hands  and  feet  pale  buff;  tail  brown  above,  white  below;  ears 
with  ochraceous  tuft  at  base. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  282;  tail,  142;  hind  foot,  29.5;  ear, 
1 8.  Skull :  tip  of  nasals  to  back  of  interparietal,  33 ;  greatest  breadth, 
17;  interorbital  constriction,  6.5;  length  of  nasals,  n.6;  palatal  length, 
13.8 ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.9. 

234.  angusticeps  (Oryzomys} ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in, 

1901,  p.  292. 
SANTA  MARIA  VOLCANO  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Volcan  Santa  Maria,  Guatemala.  Altitude,  9,000  feet. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala,  Central  America. 


•246  ORYZOMYS. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  rhabdops.  Ears  large.  Skull  long  and 
narrow;  nasals  very  long;  no  superorbital  bead;  teeth  small. 

Color.  Above  mixed  fulvous  and  black ;  beneath  buffy ;  tail  above 
blackish,  paler  on  basal  half  beneath;  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  245;  tail  vertebrae,  134;  hind  foot, 
29. 

235.  goldmani   (Oryzomys),    Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien.,    in, 

1901,  p.  288. 
GOLDMAN'S  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Coatzacoalcos,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  large;  tail  long.  Skull  narrow;  super- 
ciliary bead  slight;  nasals  broad;  bullae  and  molars  large. 

Color.  Above  mixed  fulvous  and  black;  beneath  buff;  tail  above 
dusky,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  233;  tail  vertebras,  124;  hind  foot, 
30- 

236.  jalapse  (Oryzomys),  Allen  &  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  1897,  p.  206. 
JALAPA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Vera  Cruz  and  northwestern  parts  of  State 
of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  O.  mexicanus,  but  buff  beneath. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown  tinged  with  yellowish  and  lined  with 
black;  indistinct  dorsal  band;  chin  and  throat  grayish  white;  under 
parts  varying  from  pale  buff  or  whitish  buff  to  deep  buff;  tail  above 
dark  brown,  below  paler;  hands  and  feet  pale  grayish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  278;  tail  vertebras,  140;  hind  foot, 
30;  ear,  18.  Skull:  total  length,  32;  basal  length,  227;  zygomatic 
width,  16;  width  of  braincase,  12.4;  interorbital  constriction,  5; 
length  of  nasals,  13.4;  palatal  length,  13;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  4.5.  (ex  Type.) 

a. — apfitelius  (Oryzomys),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in,  1904. 

p.  266. 
DECEITFUL  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Carlos,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Gen.  Char.  Similar  to  0.  jalapce  in  color  on  upper  parts,  grayish 
buff  beneath ;  tail  shorter,  hind  foot  longer.  Skull  with  longer  and 
narrower  braincase,  zygomatic  width  less,  nasals  longei ;  anterior 
palatine  foramina  longer,  mastoid  width  less ;  mandible  more  slender, 
narrower  between  angle  and  condyle. 


ORYZOMYS.  247 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black,  darkest  on  dorsal 
region ;  chin  and  throat  pale  gray ;  rest  of  under  parts  gray  tinged 
with  buff;  tail  distinctly  bicolor,  above  black,  beneath  yellowish  white, 
naked;  hands  and  feet  buffy  white;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  259;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  hind  foot, 
31.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  31.5;  Hensel,  29.7;  interorbital  con- 
striction, 4.5;  greatest  zygomatic  width,  16;  least  zygomatic  width 
anteriorly,  13;  width  of  braincase  above  zygomata,  12;  length  of 
nasals,  12;  palatal  length,  13.5;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  11.4; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  5  ;  length  of  mandible,  angle  to  base  of  in- 
cisors, 15;  height  at  condyle,  7;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  5. 

b. — Tufinus  (Oryzomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in,  1901, 

p.  285. 
FULVOUS  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Catemaco,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.      Incisors  and  molars  larger  than  those  of  0.  jalapce. 

Color.  Similar  to  O.  jalapce,  but  back  and  rump  deep  fulvous, 
lined  with  black;  tail  dusky  all  around,  paler  beneath;  under  parts 
buffy;  hands  and  feet  flesh  color,  sparsely  covered  with  white  hairs; 
ears  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  270;  tail,  139;  hind  foot,  32. 

237.  teapensis   (Oryzomys) ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  in,  1901, 

p.  286. 
TEAPA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Teapa,  State  of  Tabasco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Tabasco;  possibly  also  State  of  Chiapas, 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Ears  small ;  hind  feet  rather  short ;  colors  dark. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  bistre;  sides  yellowish,  lined  with  black; 
chin,  throat  and  arms  whitish;  rest  of  under  parts  buffy  fulvous;  tail 
dusky,  base  beneath  yellowish. 

Measurements.   Total  length,  259 ;  tail  vertebras,  179 ;  hind  foot,  32.5. 

238.  antillarum   (Oryzomys),    Thomas,   Ann.   Mag.    Nat.    Hist.,   7th 

Ser.,  i,  1898,  p.  177. 
JAMAICA  RICE  RAT. 

Type   locality.     Jamaica. 

Geogr.  Distr.    Type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  O.  couesi;  tail  as  long  as  head  and  body, 
nearly  naked.  Skull :  supraorbital  ridges  well  defined ;  interparietal 
narrow;  nasal  passing  posteriorly  the  premaxillae;  palatal  foramina 
compressed ;  palate  extending  beyond  third  upper  molar. 


248  ORYZOMYS. 

Color.  Above  rufous  sparsely  lined  with  black,  brightest  on  the 
rump;  head  suffused  with  grayish;  under  parts  yellowish,  hairs  gray 
at  base;  tail  pale  brown  above,  lighter  beneath;  hands  and  feet 
whitish;  ears  blackish  outside,  yellowish  inside. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  260;  tail,  130;  hind  foot,  28;  ear, 
13.  Skull:  basal  length,  26;  basilar  length,  24;  greatest  breadth,  17; 
interorbital  constriction,  5.2;  breadth  across  squamosals,  12.9;  length 
of  nasals,  12.6;  palatal  length,  14;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.6. 

239.  richmondi    (Oryzomys),   Merr.,   Proc.  Wash.   Acad.   Scien.,   in, 

1901,  p.  284. 
ESCONDIDO  RIVER  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Escondido  River,  50  miles  above  Bluefields,  Nica- 
ragua. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  ear  short.     Rostrum  long,  slender. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  yellowish  fulvous,  lined  with  black;  rump 
sometimes  rusty;  under  parts  ochraceous  fulvous,  palest  on  chin  and 
lips;  tail  dark,  palest  beneath. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  295;   tail  vertebrae,  150;  hind  foot, 

33-5- 

240.  fulvescens  (//^5^rc»w^),Sauss.,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  2me  Ser.,  1860, 

p.  102. 
FULVOUS  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     "Mexique."     Orizaba,  State  of  Vera  Cruz? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Jalapa  and  vicinity,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  south  to 
Yucatan,  Mexico,  and  Guatemala,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  hind  feet  long,  fur 
slightly  harsh. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  fulvous,  lined  with  black;  flanks  fulvous; 
under  parts  yellowish  rufous,  except  chin  and  throat,  which  are 
whitish;  tail  naked,  indistinctly  bicolor,  grayish  above,  paler  beneath; 
feet  pale  buff  or  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  173;  tail,  100;  hind  foot,  20;  ear,  14. 

A.  Oligoryzomys. 

"Size  very  small;  tail  long;  hind  foot  long  and  slender;  fifth  hind 
toe  moderately  long.  Skull  small,  delicate;  interorbital  region  narrow; 
outer  edges  of  f rentals  squarish,  but  unbeaded;  braincase  smooth 
and  unridged;  zygomatic  plate  narrow  and  with  but  slight  forward 
projection;  a  decided  longitudinal  depression  or  trough  in  middle  of 
nasals;  molar  teeth  small  and  delicate,  but  essentially  like  those  of 
true  Oryzomys;  incisor  teeth  very  narrow  and  delicate."  (Bangs.) 


ORYZOMYS. 


249 


FIG.  40.    ORYZOMYS  VEGETUS. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  10  times  Enlarged  10  times. 

241.  costaricen  is   (Oryzomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1893,  p.  239. 
EL  GENERAL  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     El  General,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.Distr.  Costa  Rica,  Central  America.  Altitude,  from  2,150 
to  10,342  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  much  longer  than  head  and  body. 
Skull  with  superciliary  bead  absent. 

Color.  Above  varying  from  yellowish  brown  to  yellowish  chest- 
nut, lined  heavily  with  black;  sides  ochraceous  buff;  under  parts  deep 
buff;  lateral  line  fulvous;  tail  naked,  unicolor,  pale  brown;  hands  and 
feet  buffy  white;  ears  dusky  brown  on  outside,  yellowish  inside. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  196;  tail  vertebrae,  117;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear  from  crown,  7.  Skull:  total  length,  21;  basal  length,  17.8; 
zygomatic  width,  11.4;  width  of  braincase,  10.1;  interorbital  con- 
striction, 4.3;  length  of  nasals,  8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3. 
(ex  Type.) 

242.  *vegetus  (Oryzomys},  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix,i902, 
p.  35- 

*This  is  considered  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  to  be  the  same  as  0.  costaricensis. 
See  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1904,  p.  69. 


250  ORY2OMYS.  MOSCHOPHOROMYS. 

ACTIVE  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  4,000  feet. 

GenL  Char.  Like  O.  costaricensis,  but  larger;  color  darker.  In- 
cisors orange. 

Color.  Above  bright  yellowish  red  brown;  dorsal  region  darker; 
sides  of  head  and  body  and  rump  orange  rufous ;  chin  and  under  sides 
of  neck  whitish;  rest  of  under  parts  ochraceous  buff;  hands  and  feet 
yellowish  white ;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  grayish;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  205-235;  tail  vertebrae,  115-130; 
hind  foot,  24;  ear,  13.  Skull:  basal  length,  20.2;  occipito-nasal 
length,  24.4;  zygomatic  width,  12.6;  mastoid  width,  n;  interorbital 
width,  3.4;  length  of  nasals,  9;  upper  molar  series,  2.8;  length  of 
single  half  of  mandible,  12.4.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

49.    Moschophoromys. 

I.S;M.H=,6. 

Moschophoromys,  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in,  1904,  p.  in. 

Type  Mus  desmaresti  Fischer. 

Megalomys  Trouess.,  Le  Naturaliste,  No.  45,  1 88 1,  p.  5.     Id.  Ann. 
Scien.  Nat.,  Zool.,  xix,  No.  5,  1885,  p.  13,  pi.  i.     (nee  Lauril- 
lard,  Paleont.) 
Moschomys  Trouess.,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser.,  xi,  1903,  p. 

387.     (nee  Billberg,  1828,  Microtinas.) 

Form  rat -like;  tail  long,  scaly;  outer  finger  with  a  flat  nail;  hind 
feet  long,  stout,  without  webs  between  the  toes,  nails  curved;  sole 
tubercles,  six.  Skull  very  broad  between  orbits;  supraorbital  crest 
well  developed;  molars  of  moderate  size. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES.  PAGE 

Size  large,  belly  white M.  desmaresti     250 

Size  smaller,  belly  brown M.  lucia     251 

243.  desmaresti   (Mus),  Fischer,  Syn.  Mamm.,  1829,  p.  316. 

pilorides  Desm.,  Diet.  Scien.  Nat.,  XLVI,  1826,  p.  483.  (nee 
Pallas  ex  Ceylon.)  Id.  Trouess.,  Ann.  Scien.  Nat.,  Zool.,  xix, 
No.  5,  1885,  p.  13,  pi.  i.  Ex  Antilles  francaises.  (nee  Pall.) 
BLACK  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Island  of  Martinique. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  and  shape  similar  to  those  of  Mus  norvegicus. 

Color.     Shining  black;  chin,  throat,  belly,  and  base  of  tail  white. 

Measurements.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  62;  length  of  nasals, 
24;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  9.2;  mastoid  breadth,  21;  length  of 
molar  series,  9;  posterior  edge  of  foramen  magnum  to  tip  of  nasals, 
62 ;  posterior  edge  of  interparietal  to  tip  of  nasals,  61.5 ;  width  of  brain- 


MOSCHOPHOROMYS. 


261 


FIG.  41.    MOSCHOPHOROMYS  DESMARESTI. 
Ex.  Ann.  Scien.  Nat.,  Zool.,  xix,  pi.  i.     Nat.  size. 

case  above  squamosals,  21;  breadth  of  interparietal,  11.5;  length  of 
lower  molar  series,  9. 

244.   luciae    (Oryzomys) ,   Forsyth  Major,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th 

Ser.,  vii,  1901,  p.  206. 
ST.  LUCIA  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Island  of  St.  Lucia,  West  Indies. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  M.  desmaresti;  anterior  margin  of 
infraorbital  foramen  more  convex  anteriorly;  belly  brown. 

Color.     Brown,  which  hue  also  includes  the  belly. 

Measurements.  Skull :  occipito-nasal  length,  48.8 ;  length  of  nasals, 
19.4;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  8;  mastoid  breadth,  16;  length  of 
molar  series,  7.5 ;  from  foramen  magnum  to  front  of  incisors,  41 ;  from 
posterior  edge  of  foramen  magnum  to  tip  of  nasals,  48.8;  length  of 
nasals,  19.4;  Hensel,  12.8;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  8;  greatest 


252 


MOSCHOPHOROMYS. 


ZYGODONTOMYS. 


breadth  of  incisive  foramina,  27  ;  breadth  of  braincase  at  squamosals, 
16;  breadth  of  interparietal,  10.5  ;  length  of  lower  molar  series,  8. 

5O.     Zygodoiitomys. 


Zygodontomys  Allen,   Bull.  Am.  Mus.    Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  1897,  p.  38, 

pi.  i,  figs.  1-7.     Type  "Oryzomys  cherrii"  Allen. 
Pelage  soft;  cusps  of  molars  connected  by  median  longitudinal 
ridge.    Skull  similar  in  general  characters  to  Oryzomys. 


FIG.  42.    ZYGODONTOMYS  CHERRII. 

No.  5358  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOCTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  10  times  Enlarged  10  times. 


ZYGODONTOMYS. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


A.  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown  and  black Z.  cherrii  253 

B.  Upper  parts  mixed  blackish  brown  and  yellow- 
ish rufous Z.  chrysomelas  253 

C.  Upper  parts  russet  brown  and  dull  ferrugineous  .  .  Z.  seorsus  254 


FIG.  XL.    ZYGODONTOMYS  CHERRII. 
CHERRIE'S  RICE  RAT. 

245.  cherrii     (Oryzomys),   Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,   1895, 

P-  329- 
CHERRIE'S  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Boruca,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  less  than  length  of  head  and 
body;  pelage  coarse. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  yellowish  brown  and  black,  dorsal 
line  darkest;  sides  grayish  brown,  beneath  grayish  white;  tail  above 
dusky  brown,  below  grayish  brown;  feet  and  ears  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  214;  tail  vertebrae,  92;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear  from  crown,  12.  Skull:  total  length,  30;  basal  length,  28; 
zygomatic  breadth,  16;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  breadth  of  brain- 
case,  13.  (ex  Type.) 

246.  chrysomelas  (Oryzomys},  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

l897>  P-  37- 

caliginosus   (Hesperomys),   Allen,    Bull.   Amer.    Mus.    Nat.   Hist., 
1891,  p.  210.     (nee  Tomes.) 


254  ZYGODONTOMYS,  SIGMODONTOMYS. 

SUERRE  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Suerre,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium ;  tail  half  the  length  of  head  and  body ; 
ears  small.  Skull  has  the  superciliary  bead  very  broad;  anterior 
palatal  foramina  not  reaching  anterior  base  of  the  first  molar. 

Color.  Above  mixed  blackish  brown  and  yellowish  rufous; 
brighter  on  the  sides;  under  parts  yellowish  brown  tinged  with  gray; 
tail  uniform  black;  hands  and  feet  blackish  brown;  ears  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  187;  tail,  90;  hind  foot,  25;  ear, 
from  notch,  10.5.  Skull:  total  length,  28;  basal  length,  23.5;  zygo- 
matic  breadth,  15;  palatal  length,  5.3;  width  of  braincase,  12;  length 
of  nasals,  9.5 ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  5.3.  (ex  Type.) 

247.  seorsus  (Zygodontomys) ,  Bangs,  Am.  Nat.,  xxxv,  1901,  p.  642. 
ISOLATED  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Miguel  Island,  Bay  of  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  Z.  brevicauda  from  Trinidad,  but  larger; 
tail  scales  coarse;  skull  larger,  characters  more  pronounced. 

Color.  "Upper  parts  russet  brown,  shaded  with  dull  ferru- 
gineous,  the  latter  more  intense  on  the  rump;  whole  dorsal  region 
thickly  set  with  brownish  black-tipped  hairs;  sides  paler,  more  yel- 
lowish; under  parts  dull  buffy  gray,  strongly  shaded  with  dull  ferru- 
gineous  on  anal  region ;  line  of  demarcation  between  colors  of  upper 
and  under  parts  indistinct ;  upper  surface  of  hands  and  feet  yellowish 
brown;  soles  naked;  ears  sparsely  haired,  dusky;  tail  very  sparsely 
haired,  coarsely  scaly,  indistinctly  bicolor,  blackish,  rather  paler 
towards  base  below." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280-320;  tail  vertebrae,  110-140; 
hind  foot,  30-34;  ear  from  notch,  15-18.  Skull:  basal  length,  32.8; 
occipito-nasal  length,  35.2;  zygomatic  width,  18.4;  mastoid  width, 
12.8;  length  of  nasals,  15;  width  of  nasals,  4.4;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 5.4;  width  across  zygomatic  plates,  11.2;  length  of  incisive 
foramina,  7.4;  width  of  incisive  foramina,  3.2;  length  of  palate,  to 
palatal  notch,  16;  to  end  of  pterygoid,  22 ;  upper  tooth  row,  5.2 ;  length 
of  single  half  mandible,  21 ;  lower  tooth  row,  5.2."  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

5 1 .    Sigmodoiitomys. 

Sigmodontomys  Allen,   Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p.  38,  pi. 

i,  figs.  8-14.     Type  Sigmodontomys  alfari  Allen. 
Nasals  narrowing  posteriorly,  pointed;  anterior  palatine  foramina 
broad,  not  reaching  front  molars;  palate  reaching  beyond  posterior 
line   of  molars;    palatal   fossa  broad,   pterygoids  parallel;  base  of 


SIGMODONTOMYS.  RHITHRODONTOMYS.  255 

zygoma  broad  with  no  anterior  point;  parietal  large,  exterior  bor- 
ders longest;  first  upper  molar  with  two  deep  internal  reentrant 
angles,  second  molar  with  one,  third  none;  first  lower  molar  with 
two  deep  external  reentrant  angles,  and  one  on  both  the  second  and 
third  molars. 

248.  *alfari  (Sigmodontomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897, 

P-  39- 
ALFARO'S  RICE  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Jimenez,  Costa  Rica.     Altitude,  700  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  Sigmodon;  fur  long,  soft,  thick;  tail 
longer  than  head  and  body;  hind  feet  large,  naked;  tail  naked;  ears 
small. 

Color.  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown,  with  dorsal  region  dusky 
brown;  beneath  grayish  white;  tail  naked,  dark  brown;  fore  feet 
pale  brown  passing  to  grayish  on  toes;  hind  feet  naked,  grayish 
brown;  ears  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  278;  tail  vertebrae,  155;  hind  foot, 
37;  ear,  14.  Skull:  total  length,  35.2;  basal  length,  25.4;  interor- 
bital  constriction,  12;  width  of  braincase,  13.2;  length  of  nasals, 
14.3;  palatal  length,  15;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  5.3;  length  of 
mandible,  18.  (ex  Type.) 


The  genus  RHITHRODONTOMYS  contains  the  smallest  species  of  the 
Muridce,  some  indeed  much  smaller  than  certain  species  of  shrews, 
in  which  family  are  found  the  least  in  size  of  American  mammals. 
The  Harvest  Mice  in  general  are  about  half  the  size  of  the  house 
mouse  and  not  unlike  that  animal  in  color,  but  usually  have  brighter 
flanks  and  a  whiter  under  body.  Although  the  Harvest  Mice  have 
been  separated  into  various  species  and  races,  they  are  very  difficult 
to  distinguish,  for  there  is  a  very  great  general  resemblance  among 
them  all. 

52.     Kliithrodoiitomys.     Harvest  Mice. 


J.  A.  Allen,  On    the   species  of  the  genus  Rheithrodontomys  (sic) 
Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  P-  I07- 

*The  skull  of  the  unique  specimen  of  this  species  having  been  lost,  it  was 
not  possible  to  illustrate  the  genus 


256 


RHITHRODONTOMYS. 


Reithrodontomys    (sic),   Giglioli,  Richer,  intorn.  alia  Distrib.  Geog. 

Gen.,    Roma,   1873,    p.    160.     Type    Mus    leconti.     Aud.    & 

Bachman. 
Reithrodon!     Le  Conte   (nee  Waterh.),   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Scien. 

Phil.,  1853,  p.  413. 
Ochetodon  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1874,  p.  184. 

Body  slender;  size  very  small;  tail  as  long  as  the  body  without 
the  head;  anterior  face  of  upper  incisors  with  a  deep  longitudinal 


FIG.  43.    RHITHRODONTOMYS  MEGALOTIS. 

No.  6739  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     Enlarged  3  times. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  12  times.  Enlarged  12  times. 


RHITHRODONTOMYS.  257 

groove,  nearly  as  broad  as  the  face  of  the  tooth;  lower  incisors  simple; 
anterior  upper  molar  with  four  roots,  three  large,  one  very  small. 
The  lower  half  of  the  descending  ramus  is  abruptly  twisted  inward 
nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  lower  border  of  the  process;  antor- 
bital  foramen  is  situated  in  the  zygomatic  portion  of  the  maxillary 
and  is  almost  circular  above,  contracting  to  a  slit  below;  palate 
terminates  opposite  the  posterior  border  of  last  molars  as  a  trans- 
verse shelf;  bullae  large,  widely  separated,  but  approximating  from 
behind  anteriorly. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Tail  about  one-half  the  total  length.  PAGE 

a.  Above   yellowish   brown    lined  with   black; 

beneath  ashy R.  aitstralis     259 

b.  Above  sepia,  shading  to   Isabella;    beneath 

Isabella R.  a.  rulcanius     259 

c.  Above  mouse  gray;   beneath    yellowish  or 

grayish  white R.  megalotis     259 

d.  Above  gray,  strongly  varied  with  black;  be- 
neath white R.  m.  scstincnsis     260 

e.  Above   dull    fulvous  brown;   beneath  buffy 

salmon R.  m.  zacateccs     260 

f.  Above    black    and    rufous;    beneath   buffy 

salmon R.  m.  obscurus     261 

g.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black;  beneath 

grayish  white R.  longicaiidus     261 

h.  Above  buffy  gray;  beneath  white R.  I.  pallidns     262 

i.  Above  dark  brown  and  black ;  beneath  whitish 

plumbeous R.  saturates  262 

j .  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black ;  beneath 

whitish  plumbeous R.  s.  cinereus  262 

k.  Above  fulvous  brown  lined  with  black;  be- 
neath silver  gray R.  s.  alticola  263 

B.  Tail  more  than  half  the  total  length. 

a.  Above  reddish  brown R.  peninsula;     263 

b.  Above  fulvous  and  black;  beneath  pale  ful- 
vous, including  chin  and  throat R.  difficilis     263 

c.  Above  rufous  brown;  beneath  white R.  incxicunns     264 

d.  Above  grayish  brown  and  yellowish ;  beneath 

white R.  m.  intcrmcdius     264 

e.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black;  beneath 
whitish. 

a/  Large;  total  length,  183  mm R.  m.  fulvescens     264 


258  RHITHRODONTOMYS. 

PAGE 

b.'  Small;  total  length,  165  mm R.  m.  gracilis     265 

c.'  Smallest;  total  length,  152  mm R.  tenuis     265 

f.  Above  golden  yellow  and  black. 

a/  Beneath  white,  tinged  with  salmon   ful- 
vous  R.  chyrsopsis     265 

b/  Beneath  whitish R.  c.  tolucce     266 

g.  Above  yellowish  fulvous  and  black;  beneath 

buffy  salmon R.  perotensis     266 

h.  Above  golden  fulvous;  beneath  buffy  salmon. 

a/  Tail,  105  mm R.  orizabce     266 

b/  Tail,  90  mm R.  colimce     266 

c/  Tail,  no  mm R.  c.  nerterus     267 

i.    Above  ferrugineous   brown    and  black;  be- 
neath white,  washed  with  yellow R.  costaricensis     267 

j.    Above  pale  ferrugineous  brown  and  black; 

beneath  white R.  c.  jalapce     267 

k.  Above  ochraceous  fulvous;  beneath  white.  .  .  .R.  goldmani     268 
1.    Above   rufous    and   black;   beneath   orange 

buff  or  orange  gray R.  rufescens     268 

m.  Above  fulvous,  grading  to  ferrugineous;  be- 
neath salmon  fulvous R.  tenuirostris     268 

n.  Above  paler  fulvous;  beneath  fulvous R.  t.  aureus     269 

o.  Above    reddish    fulvous;    beneath    salmon 

fulvous .' R.  microdon     269 

p.  Above  fulvous,  beneath  white R.  m.  albilabris     269 

q.  Above  yellowish  fulvous  and  black;  beneath 

white R.  hirsutus     269 

r.  Above  buffy  gray;  beneath  white R.  griseiflavus     270 

s.  Above  orange  fulvous  and  black;    beneath 

white R.  g.  helvolus     270 

t.   Above  fulvous  and  black;  chin,  throat,  and 

under  parts  pale  fulvous R.  levipes     270 

u.  Above  fulvous  and  black;  chin,  throat,  and 

under    parts   pale    fulvous,  ear  larger,  tail 

longer R.  I.  otus     271 

v.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black;  beneath 

whitish R.  I.  toltecus     271 

w.  Above  mixed  black  and  tawny  ochraceous 

R.   inexpectatus     271 

x.  Above  grayish,  washed  with  buffy  and  lined 

with  black;  beneath  buffy  white R.  dorsalis     272 

y.  Above  bistre;  beneath  dark  cinnamon R.  creper     272 


RHITHRODONTOMYS.  259 

249.  australis  (Reithrodontomys!),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1895,  p.  328. 
IRAZU  VOLCANO  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Volcano  of  Irazti,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     "Similar  to  R.  longicauda  in  winter,  but  larger." 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black;  sides  lighter; 
under  parts  ashy  plumbeous  tinged  with  buff;  tail  above  dusky 
brown,  beneath  whitish;  hands  and  feet  grayish;  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  158;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind  foot, 
18;  ear  from  crown,  10.  Skull:  total  length,  23;  basal  length,  20; 
width  of  braincase,  n;  zygomatic  width,  10;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 3.7;  length  of  nasals,  8.  (ex  Type.) 

a. — vulcniiiiis    (Reithrodontomys!},  Bangs,  Bull.   Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 

xxxix,  1902,  p.  38. 
CHIRIQUI  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  Altitude, 
10,300  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  australis,  but  darker;  pelage  long,  silky. 

Color.  Dorsal  region  sepia,  shading  on  sides  to  Isabella;  top  of 
head  grayer;  under  parts  Isabella,  tinged  with  cinnamon  between 
arms  and  about  vent;  feet  and  hands  grayish;  tail  dusky  above, 
grayish  beneath;  ears  sepia. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebra?,  96;  hind  foot, 
19;  ear,  17.  Skull:  basal  length,  19.4;  occipito-nasal  length,  22.8; 
zygomatic  width,  11.4;  mastoid'  width,  n;  interorbital  width,  3.4; 
length  of  nasals,  8.2;  width  of  nasals,  2.6;  length  of  palate  to  palatal 
notch,  9.2;  length  of  palatal  slits,  5;  width  of  palatal  slits,  1.8;  upper 
molar  series,  3.2;  length  of  single  half  mandible,  11.4.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

250.  megalotis  (Reithrodon!) ,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  451. 
aztecus,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893,  p.  79. 

deserti,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  P-  I27- 

megalotis  (Rhithrodontomys} ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,   1901, 

p.  151.  Id.  Suppl.  p.  494. 
BIG-EARED  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Between  Janos  and  San  Luis  Spring,  State  of 
Sonora,  Mexico,  near  boundary  of  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north  to 
Nevada. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  equals  the  body  in  length,  without  head. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mouse  gray  (sometimes  tinged  with  reddish 
on  back),  and  lined  with  black;  rump  washed  with  fulvous;  under 


260 


RHITHRODONTOMYS. 


FIG.  XLI.    RHITHRODONTOMYS  MEGALOTIS. 
BIG-EARED  HARVEST  MOUSE. 


parts  yellowish  or  grayish  white;  tail  above  like  back;  sides  and 
beneath  pale  gray;  hands  and  feet  grayish  white.  Young  animals 
have  blackish  ear  spots  and  are  grayer. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  143;  tail  vertebras,  70;  hind  foot, 
19.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  20;  Hensel,  14;  zygomatic  width, 
10 ;  interorbital  constriction,  3;  length  of  nasals,  8;  palatal  length,  7; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  3. 

a. — sestinensis    (Rheithrodontomys!),    Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat. 

Hist.,  1903,  p.  602. 
Rio  SESTIN  MEADOW  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Rio  Sestin,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico,  Altitude, 
7,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  megalotis',  tail  longer. 

Color.  Like  R.  megalotis,  "but  upper  parts  more  strongly  varied 
with  black  and  less  fulvous,  and  with  relatively  longer  tail." 
(Allen,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  130;  tail  vertebras,  69;  hind  foot, 
18;  ear  from  notch,  14. 

b. — zdcatecw  (Rcithrodontomys!},  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,  1901,  p.  557. 
VALPARAISO  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Valparaiso  Mountains,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 


RHITHRODONTOMYS.  261 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  megalotis,  but  darker;  nasals  equal  in 
length  to  premaxillae. 

Color.  Above  dull  fulvous  brown  lined  with  black;  sides  buffy 
ochraceous;  beneath  plumbeous  washed  with  buffy  salmon;  pectoral 
patch  fulvous;  tail  dark  brown  above,  gray  beneath;  hands  and  feet 
white;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  156;  tail  vertebrae,  87;  hind 
foot,  17.5. 

c. — obscurus  (Reithrodontomys!),   Merr.,   Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,  1901,  p.  558. 
DUSKY  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Sierra  Madre,  near  Guadaloupe  y  Calvo,  State  of 
Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  R.  megalotis,  but  everywhere  much 
darker;  upper  parts  conspicuously  lined  with  and  darkened  by  black 
hairs,  under  parts  buffy  salmon  (instead  of  white),  with  pale  fulvous 
pectoral  patch;  skull  as  in  R.  megalotis." 

Color.  Above  mixed  rufous  and  black,  darkest  on  dorsal  region; 
sides  paler,  a  mixed  gray  and  dark  buff;  under  parts  buff;  no  lateral 
line;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total    length,     167;    tail    vertebrae,    90;    hind 
foot,  19. 

251.  longicaudus  (Rcithrodon!},  Baird,  N.  Amer.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  451. 

longicaudus  (Rhithrodontomys} ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901, 

p.  151.    Id.  Suppl.  p.  494. 
LONG-TAILED  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Petaluma,  Sonoma  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  to  California,  west  to 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  coast  region  of  Monterey  County,  north  to 
Mendocino  County  (Eureka,  Humboldt  County,  see  Elliot,  Field 
Columb.  Mus.,  in,  p.  186.  Zoology),  and  in  the  interior  from  San 
Joaquin  County,  north  to  Tehama  County.  Probably  further  south 
irregularly  in  the  coast  and  San  Bernardino  ranges  of  mountains. 
(Allen.) 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  colors  darkish;  tail  long,  more  than  half  the 
length  of  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black,  darkest  on  dorsal  line; 
sides  more  yellowish,  and  with  a  fulvous  lateral  line  from  cheeks  to 
rump;  beneath  grayish  white,  tinged  often  with  yellow,  and  fre- 
quently with  a  fulvous  spot  on  the  breast;  ears  dusky,  rusty  brown 
tuft  at  the  anterior  base;  feet  whitish;  tail  dusky  above,  grayish 
white  below. 


262  RH1THRODONTOMYS. 

Measurements.     Average  total  length,   136,5;  tail  vertebra 
hind  foot,  17;  ear,  11.2.     Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  19.5;  Hensd, 
14;    zygomatic   width,    8.5;   interorbital    constriction,.   3;  length   of 
nasals,  7  ;  palatal  length,  7.3  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row. 

a.  —  pallidus  (Reithrodontomysf),  Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.,  189; 

pallidus   (Rhithrodontomys)  ,  Elliot,  Syn.  X.  Am.  Mamtn.r  1901, 

p.  152.  Id.  Suppl.  p.  494. 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Santa  Isabel,  San  Jacinto  Mountains,  San  Diego 
County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  California  and  northern  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Larger  than  R.  Umgicaudus  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray,  darker  on  dorsal  line;  face  and  lateral 
line  ochraceous  ;  under  parts  and  feet  white  ;  spot  between  fore  legs 
and  on  breast  buff;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  137;  tail  vertebrae.  73;  hind  foot, 
16.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length.  19.5;  Hensel.  14;  zygomatic  width, 
10  ;  interorbital  constriction,  3;  breadth  of  braincase.  9-3;  length  of 
nasals,  7  ;  palatal  length,  7. 

252.    saturatus   (Reithrodontomysr),.  Allen  &  Chapman,  BuH.  Amer. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p.  201. 
LAS  VIGAS  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Las  Vigas,  State  of  Yera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico  ;  n 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  /?.  Mfgofotftt,  but  larger 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  brown,  lined  with,  black  on. 
line  and  tinged  with  grayish  fulvous;  sides  grayish  ftrlvoas;  under 
parts  whitish  plumbeous;  tail  dark  brown  above*  fpacjr  below;  lands 
and  feet  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  14$;  tail  vertebr*.  7/4;  bind  foot, 
18.  Skull:  total  length,  31;  basal  length,  17;  XTgcKstattc  wiitav  n; 
width  of  braincase,  to;  iaterorbital  coostrktwo,  2.5;  tettgUt  of 
nasals,  $  ;  palatal  length,  8  :  length  of  upper  tooth,  row,.  3;^. 

a.  —  <*CW*M*  (RfiAredoniomy^  .  M«rr.fc  Brae.  Wasftu  Acatl  SCMBL, 


.  556. 
CINEREOUS  HARVEST 

Tyf*  !»M»wjk    Ch*khkomut^   State  «t 

GenL  CJkor,  ^Siiailar  to  &  sohirani?,.  Vat  xwy  a»aiai  faki  and 
grayer,  particularly  th*?  toad  and  sfeyttkters;  tail  $hwrtt*r  sod:  mssre 
shaq.>l  v  tncolor  ;  skull  TJmJJar  but  sikf^tbr  saMdtar  :  rostrum 
short  er." 


RH1THRODONTOMYS.  263 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black,  darkest  on 
dorsal  region  and  top  of  head ;  sides  paler  and  with  less  black ;  under 
parts  gray;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath 
whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  149;  tail  vertebrae,  73;  hind  foot,  19. 

h. — allii'nlii    (Reithrodontomys!),   Merr.,    Proc.   Wash.   Acad.   Scien., 

in,  1901,  p.  556. 
Mm  -STAIN  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Cerro  San  Felipe,  Oaxaca  City,  State  of  Oaxaca, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  R.  saturatus,  but  tail  somewhat  shorter; 
rostrum  shorter;  bullae  larger." 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  tinged  with  rufous  and  heavily 
lined  with  black;  sides  less  black;  under  parts  gray;  plumbeous  of 
under  fur  showing  through;  tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath  whitish; 
hands  and  feet  white;  ears  brown. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  153;  tail  vertebrae,  75;  hind  foot,  19. 

253.  peninsula?  (Rhithrodontomys) ,  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus., 

in,  1903,  p.  164.     Zoology. 
PENINSULAR  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Quentin,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  about  half  the  total  length;  pelage  more  red 
than  that  of  R.  longicaudns,  with  longer  tail  and  hind  feet  and 
much  larger  ears  ;  skull  larger,  nasals  longer,  braincase  broader, 
interorbital  space  of  nearly  equal  width  throughout,  sides  nearly 
parallel. 

Color.  Above,  sides  of  head,  and  body,  and  on  thighs  reddish 
brown,  deepest  on  thighs  and  rump  and  darkest  on  dorsal  region, 
which  part  is  mixed  with  black;  under  parts  white  or  grayish  white, 
the  plumbeous  under  fur  showing;  a  dark  ochraceous  spot  on  sides 
of  chest  and  a  paler  one  on  middle  of  chest  between  the  arms;  tail 
dusky  brown  above,  white  beneath;  hands  and  feet  white,  ears  dark 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebrae,  89;  hind  foot, 
17.5;  ear,  16.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  27;  Hensel,  20;  zygo- 
matic  breadth,  10;  interorbital  constriction,  3;  palatal  length,  8.5; 
length  of  nasals,  13.5. 

254.  difficilis  (Reithrodontomys!},  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  556. 
CAPTIOUS  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Orizaba,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
4,500  feet. 


264  RHITHRODONTOMYS. 

Genl.  Char.  "Skull  similar  in  general  to  that  of  R.  saturatus,  but 
incisive  foramina  more  broadly  open;  molar  series  slightly  shorter." 

Color.  Above  fulvous  and  black,  beneath  pale  fulvous;  chin, 
throat,  hands,  and  feet  whitish;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  177;  tail  vertebrae,  100;  hind 
foot,  19.5. 

255.  mexicanus  (Reithrodon!) ,  Sauss.,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  2meSer.,  xn, 
1860,  p.  109,  pi.  ix,  fig.  i. 

sumichrasti,  Sauss.,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  2me  Ser.,  1861,  p.  3. 
MEXICAN  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Mountains  in  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.    Size  large ;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body ;  feet  large. 

Color.  Above  rufous  brown;  sides  orange  brown;  under  parts 
white,  tinged  with  buff  on  throat  and  breast;  ears  brown;  tail 
blackish,  almost  naked;  hands  white;  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  153-169;  tail  vertebra?,  80-100; 
hind  foot,  18-20;  ear,  15-17. 

a. — intermedius   (Reithrodontomys!},  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1895,  p.  136. 

intermedius  (Rhithrodontomys) ,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901, 

p.  153.  Id.  Suppl.  p.  494. 
BROWNSVILLE  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Brownsville,  Cameron  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern  Mexico,  into  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  R.  mexicanus  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown,  washed  with  pale  yellowish,  mixed 
with  dark  hairs  on  middle  of  back,  sides  lighter;  lateral  line  yellowish, 
beneath  white;  ears  brown;  apical  third  of  inner  side  rufous;  feet 
whitish;  tail  dusky,  nearly  unicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  194;  tail  vertebrae,  108;  hind  foot, 
21 ;  ear,  13. 

b. — fulvescens   (Reithrodontomysl),  Allen,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat. 

Hist.,  1894,  p.  319. 
OPOSURA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Oposura,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  mexicanus,  more  yellowish. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black;  lateral  line 
fulvous;  under  parts  whitish;  tail  above  pale  brown,  beneath  lighter; 
hands  and  feet  whitish. 


RHITHRODONTOMYS.  205 

Measurements.  Total  length,  183;  tail  vertebrae,  102;  hind  foot, 
19;  ear,  14.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  21;  Hensel,  15;  zygomatic 
width,  10;  interorbital  constriction,  3;  length  of  nasals,  7;  palatal 
length,  8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3;  length  of  mandible,  9.5; 
length  of  lower  molar  series,  4. 

c. — gracilis  (Reithrodontomys!),  Allen  &  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p.  9. 
CHICKEN  ITZA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  mexicanus,  but  smaller  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  blackish  on  median 
line;  sides  fulvous  brown;  under  parts  white;  ears  brownish;  tail 
unicolor,  brown;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  165;  tail  vertebrae,  98;  hind  foot, 
16;  ear,  13.  Skull:  total  length,  about  20;  width  of  braincase,  10; 
interorbital  constriction,  3 ;  length  of  nasals,  7 ;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  3.  (ex  Type.) 

256.  tenuis  (Reithrodontomys!),  Allen,   Bull.   Am.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist., 

1899,  p.  15. 
SLENDER  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Rosario,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  m.  julvescens,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black;  lateral 
line  from  before  the  eyes  and  along  flanks  fulvous ;  under  parts  grayish 
white;  base  of  hairs  pale  plumbeous;  ears  dusky,  internally  reddish, 
tail  grayish  brown;  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  152-170;  tail  vertebrae,  82-90; 
hind  foot,  20;  ear,  15. 

257.  chrysopsis    (Reithrodontomys!),   Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.   Wash., 

xin,  1900,  p.  152. 
MOUNT  POPOCATEPETL  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Mt.  Popocatepetl,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Mexico,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  large;  tail  very  long,  hairy.  Skull: 
no  superorbital  beads;  zygoma  notched  by  antorbital  slits;  bullae 
small;  rostrum  narrow. 

Color.  Upper  parts  golden  yellow,  mixed  with  black;  under 
parts  white,  tinged  with  salmon  fulvous;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath 
white;  ears  and  ankles  dusky;  hands  and  feet  white. 


266  RHITHRODONTOMYS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  194;  tail  vertebrae,  108;  hind 
foot,  21. 

a. — toluccp  (Reithrodontomys!},    Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien., 
1901,  p.  549. 

VOLCAN    TOLUCA    HARVEST    MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  North  slope  of  the  Volcan  Toluca,  State  of  Mexico, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  11,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  chrysopsis,  but  darker;  skull  smaller. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black,  forming  a  perceptible 
dorsal  band,  sides  lighter;  under  parts  grayish  plumbeous;  hands 
and  feet  brownish;  tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath  whitish;  ears 
blackish  brown. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  180;  tail  vertebras,  98;  hind  foot,  21. 

258.  perotensis  (Reithrodontomys!},  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,  1901,  p.  550. 
COFRE  DE  PEROTE  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Cofre  de  Perote,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 9,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  chrysopsis,  but  colors  duller;  ears 
large;  skull  smaller;  nasals  equal  to  premaxillae. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  fulvous,  lined  with  black,  forming  a 
dorsal  band  and  grading  to  fulvous  on  rump ;  top  of  head  blackish ; 
under  parts  buffy  salmon;  tail  dark  brown  above,  paler  beneath; 
hands  and  feet  white ;  wrists  and  ankles  brownish ;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  176;  tail  vertebrae,  102 ;  hind  foot,  19. 

259.  orizabae  (Reithrodontomys!},   Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,  1901,  p.  550. 
ORIZABA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mount  Orizaba,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 9,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  chrysopsis;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  golden  fulvous,  darkest  toward  rump;  beneath 
buffy  salmon;  lips  and  chin  grayish;  tail  dark  above,  paler  beneath; 
hands  and  feet  whitish;  wrists  and  ankles  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  182;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind 
foot,  20. 

260.  colimse   (Reithrodontomys!},    Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  551. 
ALPINE  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Sierra  Nevada  de  Colima,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  12,000  feet. 


RHITHRODONTOMYS.  267 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  large;  tail  short;  nasals  equal  to 
premaxillae. 

Color.  Above  buffy  fulvous  to  golden  fulvous,  lined  with  black; 
beneath  buffy  salmon;  tail  dusky  above,  whitish  below;  hands  whitish, 
feet  brownish,  whitish  towards  toes;  wrists  and  ankles  dark,  nearly 
black;  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  165;  tail  vertebrae,  90;  hind  foot,  20. 

a. — nerterus  (Rcithrodontomys!),    Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  551. 
COLIMA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Sierra  Nevada  de  Colima,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  6,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  K.  colimce;  tail  longer,  skull  and  molars 
smaller. 

Color.  Above  golden  fulvous,  lined  with  black,  darkest  on  doisal 
line;  side  golden  fulvous;  under  parts  salmon  buff;  hands  and  feet 
brown;  tail  above  blackish  brown,  paler  beneath;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebrae,  no;  hind 
foot,  20. 

261.   costaricensis  (Rcithrodontomys!),   Allen,    Bull.   Am.   Mus.    Nat. 

Hist.,  1895,  p.  139. 
COSTA  RICA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     La  Carpintera,  Costa  Rica.     Altitude,  6,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  similar  in  color  to  Pcromyscus  cherrii. 

Color.  Upper  parts  ferrugineous  brown,  lined  with  black;  sides 
orange  rufous;  under  parts  white,  washed  with  yellow;  fulvous  patch 
sometimes  on  breast;  tail  nearly  naked,  dusky  brown,  unicolor; 
hands  and  feet  whitish,  with  a  median  dusky  stripe  on  feet;  ears 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  197;  tail  vertebrae,  in;  hind  foot, 
20.5;  ear,  12.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  22.5;  Hensel,  17;  zygo- 
matic  width,  12;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  length  of  nasals,  8; 
palatal  length  to  incisive  foramina,  4;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  3. 

a. — jalapcK  (Reithrodontomys!),  Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  532. 
JALAPA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
4,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  costaricensis,  but  paler;  nasals  truncate 
posteriorly. 


268  RHITHRODONTOMYS. 

Color.  Above  pale  ferrugineous  brown  mixed  with  black;  nose, 
upper  lip,  and  under  parts  white;  hands  whitish  brown;  feet  grayish 
brown;  tail  above  dark  brown,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  197;  tail  vertebrae,  119;  hind 
foot,  21. 

262.  goldmani   (Reithrodontomys!},  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  552. 
GOLDMAN'S  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Metlaltoyuca,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
800  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  similar  in  color  to  R.  costaricensis,  paler. 

Color.     Above   ochraceous   fulvous,    darkest   on   crown;   side   of 
nose,  upper  lip,   chin,   and  under  parts  white;  tail  dusky;  hands 
whitish;  ankles  and  feet  brownish;  ears  light  brown. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  190;  tail,  109;  hind  foot,  21.5. 

263.  rufescens    (Reithrodontomys!},  Allen  &  Chapman,  Bull.    Amer. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897,  p.  199. 
RUFOUS  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  mexicanus,  but  larger;  ears  black. 

Color.  Upper  parts  rufous  mixed  with  black,  darkest  on  median 
line;  sides  orange  rufous;  chin,  throat,  and  inside  of  arms  whitish; 
rest  of  under  parts  orange  buff  to  buffy  gray;  ears  black  or  blackish; 
tail  above  blackish,  paler  beneath;  hands  and  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  177;  tail  vertebras,  99;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  total  length,  23;  basal  length,  18.7;  zygomatic  width, 
11.3;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  length  of  nasals,  9;  palatal  length, 
9;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  3.6.  (ex  Type.) 

264.  tenuirostris    (Reithrodontomys!},    Merr.,     Proc.     Wash.     Acad. 

Scien.,  in,   1901,  p.  547. 
SLENDER-NOSED  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Todos  Santos,  Guatemala.     Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long;  braincase  contracted  ante- 
riorly; rostrum  and  nasals  long,  slender,  latter  equal  in  length  to 
premaxillae. 

Color.  Above  deep  fulvous,  grading  into  ferrugineous  on  lower 
back;  beneath  salmo*  fulvous;  chin  whitish;  tail  dusky;  hands  and 
wrists,  ankles,  and  feet  dark  brown;  ears  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebras,  124;  hind  foot, 
23.  Skull:  basal  length,  20;  zygomatic  breadth  posteriorly,  13; 
palatal  length,  11.5;  length  of  molar  series.  4.5.  (ex  Type.) 


RHITHRODONTOMYS.  269 

a. — aureus  (Reithrodontomys!},  Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  548. 
CALEL  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Calel,  Guatemala.     Altitude,  10,200  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  teniurostris ,  but  paler;  nasals  narrow 
and  exceeding  premaxillae  in  length;  incisive  foramina  passing  plane 
of  first  molars. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black,  with  a  reddish 
tinge  on  rump;  under  parts  salmon  fulvous;  tail  dark  brown;  hands 
and  feet  dark  brown,  becoming  white  towards  toes;  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  196;  tail  vertebrae,  112;  hind  foot, 
22.5;  Skull:  basal  length,  20;  zygomatic  breadth,  13;  palatal  length, 
11.5;  length  of  molar  series,  4.5.  (ex  Type.) 

265.  microdon   (Reithrodontomys!),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.   Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  548. 
TODOS  SANTOS  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Todos  Santos,  Guatemala.     Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  ears  and  tail  long;  miniature  of  R.  tenuir- 
ostris. 

Color.  Above  reddish  fulvous,  deepest  on  rump;  sides  bright 
fulvous;  beneath  salmon  fulvous;  orbital  ring  dark,  tail  dusky; 
hands  white;  ankles  and  feet  dark  brown;  toes  white;  ears  dark 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  185;  tail  vertebras,  113;  hind  foot, 
21.  Skull:  basal  length,  17;  zygomatic  breadth,  11.5;  palatal  length, 
10 ;  length  of  molar  series,  3.  (ex  Type.) 

a. — albilabris  (Reithrodontomys!},  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  549. 
WHITE-LIPPED  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Cerro  San  Felipe,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 10,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  microdon,  but  paler;  skull  with  certain 
comparative  variations. 

Color.  Above  fulvous,  darkest  on  dorsal  region;  lips,  nose,  and 
under  parts  pure  white;  tail  dark  brown,  paler  beneath;  wrists  dusky; 
feet  and  ankles  blackish  brown;  ears  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  187;  tail  vertebras,  117;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  basal  length,  17;  zygomatic  breadth  posteriorly,  11.5; 
length  of  palate,  10;  length  of  molar  series,  3.  (ex  Type.) 

266.  hirsutus  (Reithrodontomys!},  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  553. 


270  RHITHRODONTOMYS. 

HISPID  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Ameca,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
5,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long;  pelage  coarse.  Skull  large; 
braincase  flattened;  nasals  not  so  long  as  premaxillae;  bullae  small; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.7. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  fulvous  lined  with  black;  sides  brighter 
fulvous;  beneath  white,  as  are  also  the  sides  of  nose  and  upper  lip; 
tail  above  dusky,  whitish  beneath;  hands  buffy;  feet  grayish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  233;  tail  vertebrae,  143;  hind 
foot,  22. 

267.  griseiflavus     (Reitkrodontomys!),    Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad. 

Scien.,  in,   1901,  p.  553. 
AMECA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Ameca,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
4,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  hirsutus,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray,  grading  into  buffy  fulvous  on  hind 
back,  and  lined  with  black;  sides  pale  golden  fulvous;  beneath  white, 
sometimes  tinged  with  buffy;  pectoral  spot  and  axilla  fulvous;  lips 
and  chin,  hands  and  feet  whitish;  ankles  dark;  tail  above  brownish, 
beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  169;  tail  vertebrae,  94;  hind  foot,  22. 

a. — helvolus    (Reithrodontomys!),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

HI,   1901,  p.  554. 
OAXACA  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Oaxaca  City,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  R.  griseiflavus,  but  redder. 

Color.  Above  on  back  and  sides  orange  fulvous,  sparsely  lined 
with  black,  but  making  a  dorsal  line  to  middle  of  back;  throat  and 
lips  white,  under  parts  gray;  tail  brown  above,  whitish  beneath; 
hands  and  feet  whitish;  ears  brown. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  188 ;  tail  vertebras,  1 1 1 ;  hind  foot,  20. 

268.  levipes  (Reithrodontomys!),   Merr.,   Proc.   Wash.   Acad.   Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  554. 
SAN  SEBASTIAN  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  San  Sebastian,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
3,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  medium;  tail  rather  long;  hair  coarse. 

Color.  Above  fulvous  lined  with  black;  sides  bright  oranze  ful- 
vous; beneath  pale  fulvous;  hands  and  feet  whitish;  tail  dark  brown 
above,  paler  beneath;  ears  brown. 


RHITHRODONTOMYS.  271 

Measurements.  Total  length,  188;  tail  vertebrae,  no;  hind 
foot,  21. 

a. — otus  (Rcithrodontomys!),   Merr.,  Proc.    Wash.  Acad.    Scien.,  in, 

1901,  p.  555. 
LARGE-EARED  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Sierra  Nevada  de  Colima,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  6,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  "Size  large,  similar  to  R.  levipes;  ears  decidedly 
larger;  tail  longer.  Skull  similar,  but  rostrum  slightly  longer;  bullae 
averaging  slightly  larger." 

Color.  Above  fulvous  and  black,  darkest  on  dorsal  region;  under 
parts  pale  fulvous;  tail  dark  brown  above,  whitish  beneath;  hands 
pale  brown;  feet  whitish;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  202;  tail  vertebrae,  120;  hind  foot, 
22. 

b. — toltecus  (Reithrodontomys!),    Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien., 

in,   1901, p. 555. 
TLALPAM  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tlalpam,  Federal  District,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  R.  levipes,  but  larger ;  color  more  yellowish 
(less  fulvous),  and  much  more  heavily  lined  with  black  hairs.  Skull 
narrower;  zygomata  less  widely  spreading  anteriorly;  nasals  longer 
and  ending  with  premaxillae;  bullae  slightly  larger." 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black,  with  a  conspic- 
uous dorsal  line ;  sides  pale  golden  brown ;  under  parts  grayish  white ; 
tail  above  pale  brown,  beneath  whitish;  hands  and  feet  white;  ears 
pale  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  196;  tail  vertebrae,  106;  hind  foot, 
21. 

269.   inexpectatus  (Rhithrodontomys) ,    Elliot,    Pub.    Field    Columb. 

Mus.,  in,  1903,  p.  145.     Zoology. 
PATZCUARO  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Patzcuaro,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  levipes,  but  whitish  on  under  parts 
instead  of  pale  fulvous,  and  tip  of  tail  white;  ears  large;  tail  long. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  black  and  tawny  ochraceous;  sides 
ochraceous  buff;  chin,  upper  part  of  throat,  hands,  and  feet  white; 
under  parts  grayish  white,  slightly  tinged  with  buff;  limbs  like  sides; 
tail  above  blackish  brown,  tip  white,  beneath  whitish;  ears  naked, 
dark  brown,  with  a  slight  edging  of  pale  brown  and  a  tuft  of  ochra- 
ceous hairs  at  base. 


•21-2  RHITHRODONTOMYS.  ACODON. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  180;  tail  vertebrae,  113;  hind  foot, 
21.  Skull:  length  from  alveolus  of  incisors  to  posterior  margin  of 
palate,  9;  palatal  length,  5;  length  of  nasals,  9;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 3  ;  length  of  molar  series,  4.  (ex  Type.) 

270.  dorsalis  (Reithrodontomys!),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.   Scien., 

in,   1901,  p.  557. 
GRAY-BACKED  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Calel,  Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large ;  molars  small ;  rostrum  long. 

Color.  Above  grayish  washed  with  buffy,  and  lined  with  black; 
dorsal  area  blackish;  sides  ochraceous;  beneath  buffy  white;  lips,  chin, 
hands,  and  feet  whitish;  tail  above  dark,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  Iength,i7i ;  tail  vertebrae,  92  ;  hind  foot,  19. 

271.  creper    (Reithrodontomys!),  Bangs,    Bull.    Mus.     Comp.     Zool., 

xxxix,  1902,  p.  39. 
DUSKY  HARVEST  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  Altitude, 
11,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Hind  foot  large;  tail  long;  pelage  long,  silky. 

Color.  Dorsal  region  bistre;  sides  raw  umber;  under  parts  dark 
cinnamon;  hands  and  feet  brownish;  toes  whitish;  tail,  basal  two- 
thirds  uniform  dusky,  terminal  third  white;  ears  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  215;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  15.  Skull:  basal  length,  21.4;  occipito-nasal  length,  25.4; 
mastoid  width,  n.6;  length  of  nasals,  8.8;  length  of  palate,  to  palatal 
notch,  10;  length  of  palatal  slits,  4.8;  upper  molar  series,  4.2;  single 
half  of  mandible,  13.6.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


The  next  genus  is  peculiarly  a  South  American  one,  where,  with 
the  exceptions  mentioned  below,  all  of  its  species  are  found. 

53.    Acodoii. 


Akodon  Meyen,  Nova  Acta  Phys.  Med.  Acad.  Caes.  Leop.  Carol., 
xvi,  1833,  p.  599,  tab.  XLIII,  fig.  i.  Type  Akodon  boliviensis 
Meyen. 

Abrothrix  (sic)  Waterh.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1837,  p.  21. 
Fur  long,  soft;  tail  short,  hairy;  ears  hairy;  thumb  with  a  short 
nail.     First  molar  with  two  indentations  on  both  sides,  the  second 
molar  one,  and  the  third  molar  with  one  on  outer  side  only. 


ACODON. 


273 


FIG.  44.    ACODON  TEGUINA. 

No.  7911  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     Enlarged  3  times. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  10  times.  Enlarged  10  times. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Upper  parts  reddish  brown  and  black A.  teguina 

B.  Upper  parts  Vandyke  brown A.  t.  apricus 

C.  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown.    Small \ .  irazu 

D.  Upper  parts  dark  yellowish  brown A.  xcrampelinus 


PAGE 

273 
274 

274 
275 


272.  teguina   (Hcsperomys),  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1876,  p.  755. 
ALSTON'S  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Coban,  Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Range  unknown. 


274 


ACODON. 


Genl,  Char.  Tail  about  as  long  as  body  without  head,  hairy;  ears 
moderate,  rounded,  sparsely  covered  with  hair. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown,  lined  with  black;  chin,  throat,  and 
breast  grayish  reddish  brown;  belly  deep  fawn;  tail,  feet,  and  ears 
dusky. 


FIG.  XLII.    ACODON  TEGUINA.    ALSTON'S  MOUSE. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  134;  tail,  52;  hind  foot,  42;  ear,  10. 
Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  20.5;  Hensel,  16;  zygomatic  width,  11.5; 
interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of  nasals,  6;  palatal  length,  8.5; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  3.5. 

a  — apricus  (Akodori),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix,  1902. 

p.  40. 
BOQUETE  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  Altitude,  4,000-5,000 
feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  A.  teguina,  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  Vandyke  brown;  dorsal  region  and  top  of  head 
dusky;  beneath  dull  cinnamon  rufous;  tail,  hands,  feet,  and  ears 
blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  125-142;  tail  vertebrae,  50-58;  hind 
foot,  18;  ear,  13.  Skull:  basal  length,  20.2;  occipito-nasal  length,  23; 
zygomatic  width,  12;  mastoid  width,  10.8;  interorbital  width,  4.6; 
length  of  nasals,  9;  width  of  nasals,  2.8;  length  of  palate,  to  palatal 
notch,  9.6;  upper  molar  series,  4;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible, 
12.8.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

273.  irazu  (Akodon),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1904,  p.  46. 
VOLCANO  OF  IRAZU  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Volcan  de  Irazu ,  Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  A.  teguina,  with  smaller  ears. 


ACODON.  275 

Color.     Upper  parts  yellowish  brown;  under  parts  buffy  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  125;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind  foot, 
17.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  22;  Hensel,  17;  zygomatic  breadth, 
11.5;  mastoid  breadth,  10;  interorbital  constriction,  4;  length  of 
nasals,  8.3;  palatal  length,  8;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  4;  length  of 
mandible,  condyle  to  base  of  incisors,  n. 

274.  xerampelinus  (Akodon),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix, 

1902,  p.  41. 
BANGS'  RED  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  Chiriqui,  Panama.  Altitude, 
10,300  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  A.  tcguina,  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown;  beneath  broccoli  brown;  hands, 
feet,  tail,  and  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  145;  tail  vertebrae,  65;  hind  foot, 
17;  ear,  14.  Skull:  basal  length,  19.2;  occipito-nasal  length,  22.6; 
zygomatic  width,  n.6;  mastoid  width,  10.8;  interorbital  width,  4.2; 
length  of  nasals,  2.6;  length  of  palate,  to  palatal  notch,  9.6;  upper 
molar  series,  4;  length  of  single  half  mandible,  13.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


The  Wood  Rats  are  among  the  handsomest  species  of  the  Muridcs 
in  North  America.  They  are  large  in  size,  with  a  velvety  fur,  in 
some  as  soft  as  spun  silk,  with  the  upper  parts  mouse  color,  brown, 
or  even  a  reddish  hue,  and  white  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet.  One 
of  the  genera,  NEOTOMA,  presents  the  usual  rat  tail,  scaly,  long,  and 
naked;  but  another,  TEONOMA  (north  of  United  States  and  Mexican 
boundary),  has  a  tail  similar  to  a  squirrel's,  hairy,  at  times  almost 
bushy,  and  the  members  of  this  genus  are  very  handsome  animals 
indeed.  Being  almost  strictly  nocturnal,  the  Wood  Rat  is  not  often 
seen  by  day,  but  as  soon  as  darkness  falls,  if  the  cabin  of  the  woods- 
man is  near  its  haunts,  it  will  be  overrun  with  these  animals,  and 
they  will  be  seen  on  floors  and  shelves  and  other  parts  of  the  home 
diligently  seeking  food.  In  such  places  they  become  very  bold, 
climbing  upon  the  bed  and  racing  over  the  body  of  its  sleeping  oc- 
cupant. The  naked-tailed  species  seems  to  have  the  majority  of  num- 
bers, but  in  appearance  are  excelled  by  the  bushy-tailed.  The  sub- 
family has  various  genera,  the  members  of  which  are  more  or  less 
closely  allied  to  each  other,  but  none  equal  in  size  and  general  ap- 
pearance those  of  NEOTOMA  and  TEONOMA. 


276  NEOTOMA. 

Subfam.  II.     Neotominse.    Wood  Rats. 
54.    Neotoma. 


C.  H.  Merriam,  The  Neotomince,  with  a  description  of  a  new  genus 
and  species  and  a  synopsis  of  the  known  forms.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Scien.  Phil.,  1894,  p.  225. 

Neotoma  Say  &  Ord,  Journ.  Acad. -Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1825,  p.  345, 
pis.  xxi,  xxn.     Type  Neotoma  floridana  Ord. 

Skull  long;  zygomatic  width  equals  half  the  length  of  skull;  edge 
of  maxilla  bounding  antorbital  foramen,  rounded;  the  foramen  broad 
and  open  above,  compressed  into  a  somewhat  narrow  slit  below; 
intermaxillae  reaching  back  to  interorbital  region ;  nasals  much  shorter ; 
palate  terminating  with  a  concave  border  posteriorly  between  last 
two  molars;  audital  bullae  small,  their  axes  oblique  to  that  of  the 
skull;  occipital  plane  of  skull  perpendicular,  at  right  angles  to  the 
superior  surface ;  process  of  jugals  descending  downward  and  backward, 


FIG.  45.    NEOTOMA  MICROPUS. 

No.  4895  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  5  times.  Enlarged  5  times. 


NEOTOMA.  277 

that  of  squamosal  joining  it  at  almost  a  right  angle.  Mandible  with 
long,  acute,  coronoid  process,  higher  than  condyle;  roots  of  lower 
incisors  causing  protuberances  on  each  side  of  the  jaw;  upper  molar 
teeth  with  usually  one  internal  and  two  external  reentrant  loops; 
first  and  second  lower  molars  with  two  external  and  two  internal 
loops;  last  molar  with  only  one  of  each;  upper  molars  three-rooted; 
lower  with  but  two  roots. 

A.  Neotoma.     Naked-tailed  Wood  Eats. 
Tail  long,  naked,  round. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Tail  naked,  scaly,  round. 

a.  Size  large. 

a/  Under  parts  whitish  or  yellowish  white. 

a."  Tail  unicolor.  PAGE 

a/"  Tail  all  black;  upper  parts  mummy 

brown  and  brownish  black N.  distincta     278 

b.'"  Tail  all  dusky;  upper  parts  reddish 

brown  and  black N.  fusctpes     278 

Tail    brownish    black    above,    pale 
brown  beneath ;  upper  parts  reddish 

brown  and  black N.  f.  macrotis     279 

b."  Tail  bicolor. 

a/"  Above  pale  Vandyke  brown A7.  torquata     279 

b/"  Above  grayish  fulvous  and  black.  .  .  .N.  cumulator     280 
b/  Under  parts  dark  slate N.  bryanti     280 

b.  Size  medium  or  small. 

a/  Under  parts  white.     Tail  bicolor. 

a."  Above  rusty  red  and  black .V.  ferruginea     280 

b."  Above   grayish    lead    color    and    dark 

brown N.  micropus     281 

c."  Above  ochraceous  buff  and  black. 

a.'"  Large N.  Icucodon     281 

b/"  Small N.   latifrons     282 

d."  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  and  dark 

brown N.  mexicana     282 

e."  Above  buffy  ochraceous  and  black .V.  navus     282 

f."  Above  dark  fulvous  brown  and  black N.  sinaloa     283 

g."  Above  grayish  brown  and  black,  tinged 

with  fulvous, 
a.'"  Hairs  on  middle  of  body  beneath 

white  to  roots.  .  N.  arenacea     283 


•278  NEOTOMA. 

b.'"  Entire  under  parts  white  to  roots  of  PAGE 

hairs N.  anthonyi  283 

h."  Above  light  brownish  gray  and  black.  .  .N.  intermedia  284 
i."  Above  mixed  ochraceous  buff  and  black 

N.  i.  melanura  284 

j."  Above  fulvous  and  black N.  i.  angusticeps  285 

k."  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  and  black. 

a/"  Total  length,  342 N.i.  albigula  285 

b.'"  Total  length,  356^. N.i.  durangce  285 

1."     Above  ochraceous  buff;  salmon  pec- 
toral spot N.  orizabcB  286 

m."  Above  dark  brown  tinged  with  yellow- 
ish   N.  tenuicatida  286 

n."  Above   cream  buff,   finely   lined  with 

black N.  b.  jelipensis  286 

o."  Above  orange  rufous. 

a/"  Tail  above  dusky N.  picta  287 

b/"  Tail  above  brownish N.  isthmica  287 

p."  Above  ferrugineous N.  parvidens  288 

q."  Above  dark  brown N.  tropicalis  288 

r."   Above  buffy  grayish  and  black N.  goldmani  288 

b/  Under  parts  pale  fulvous N.  fulviventer  288 

275.  distincta  (Neotomd),  Bangs,  Proc.Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,xvi,  1903,  p.  89. 
TEXOLO  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Texolo,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  black;  rostrum  swollen  over  roots  of  incisors. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mummy  brown;  back  sprinkled  with  hairs 
tipped  with  brownish  black;  sides  paler;  sides  of  nose  and  upper  lips 
dull  grayish  brown;  chin,  upper  throat  and  narrow  belly  stripe  dull 
gray;  pectoral  collar  ochraceous  buff;  rest  of  under  parts  yellowish 
white;  hands  and  feet  dull  grayish  brown;  fingers  and  toes  white; 
tail  black;  ear  naked,  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  370-417;  tail  vertebrae,  165-206; 
hind  foot,  40-41;  ear,  20-26.  Skull:  basal  length,  43;  occipito-nasal 
length,  48;  zygomatic  width,  25;  mastoid  width,  19.4;  interorbital 
constriction,  5.2;  length  of  nasals,  5.6;  length  of  palate,  to  palatal 
notch,  22.2;  length  of  palatal  slits,  10.6;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
9.4;  length  of  single  half  mandible,  29.6. 

276.  fuscipes  (Neotoma),  Baird,  N.  Amer.  Mam.,  1857,  p.  495.  Elliot, 

Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  158. 
monochrura  Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxvin,  1894,  p.  67. 
splendens  True,  Proc.  U.  S    Nat.  Mus.,  1894,  p.  353. 


NEOTOMA.  279 

DUSKY-FOOTED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Petaluma,  Sonoma  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  California  and  Oregon,  from  Mon- 
terey Bay  to  the  Columbia  River.  State  of  Durango,  Mexico  ?  (Sclater.) 

Licnl.  Char.  Tail  nearly  as  long  as  head  and  body;  size  large; 
hind  feet  short;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  mixed  reddish  brown  and  black;  sides  reddish 
brown;  dorsal  region  darkest;  limbs  outside  to  wrists  and  ankles 
like  the  back;  feet  dusky;  under  parts  yellowish  white;  tail  dusky 
all  around. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  410;  tail  vertebrae,  198;  hind  foot, 
41.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  54;  Hensel,  44;  zygomatic  width, 
27;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length  of  nasals,  19;  palatal  length, 
24;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  9;  length  of  mandible,  26. 

a. — macrotis  (Neotoma},  Thomas,  Ann.   Mag.   Nat.   Hist.,  6th  Ser., 
xn,     1893,    p.     234.     Elliot,    Syn.    N.    Am.    Mamm.,    1901, 

P-  i59- 

simplex  True,   Proc.    U.   S.   Nat.   Mus.,    1894,  p.  354. 
LARGE-EARED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Diego,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico,  and  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  juscipes,  but  smaller,  and  feet  white; 
hairs  on  central  portion  of  under  parts  white  to  the  roots.  Tail  short. 

Color.  Above  mixed  reddish  brown  and  black;  lighter  on  sides; 
dorsal  area  darkest;  feet  and  entire  under  parts  white;  tail  above 
brownish  black,  beneath  pale  brown. 

Young  specimens  have  none,  or  very  little,  of  the  reddish  brown 
color,  but  are  a  pale  yellowish  brown,  and  the  belly  is  often  tinged 
with  buff.  This  pelage  is  the  most  common  and  may  also  represent 
that  of  winter. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  404;  tail  vertebras,  195;  hind  foot, 
41;  ear,  32.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  43;  Hensel,  34.5;  zygo- 
matic width,  22;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length  of  nasals,  16; 
palatal  length,  19 ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  8 ;  length  of  mandible,  21. 

277.  torquata  (Neotoma),  Ward,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxv,  1891,  p.  160. 
COLLARED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Between  Tetela  del  Volcan  and  Zacualpan  Amil- 
pas,  State  of  Morelos,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Morelos,  Mexico.     Type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Breast  collar  pale  Vandyke  brown;  hairs  of  belly 
at  base,  gray;  tail  bicolor;  soles  naked. 


280  NEOTOMA. 

Color.  Above  pale  Vandyke  brown,  hairs  tipped  with  black; 
darkest  on  dorsal  line;  under  parts  white  with  a  yellow  tinge;  breast 
crossed  by  a  pale  brown  collar;  chin  white;  hands  and  feet  white; 
tail  covered  with  short  hairs,  above  clove  brown,  sides  and  beneath 
whitish;  ears  seal  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  498;  tail  vertebrae,  160;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  21.  Skull:  total  length,  45;  zygomatic  width,  23;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  9;  length  of  mandible,  25;  length  of  lower  molar 
series,  9. 

278.  cumulator   (Neotoma),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1898,  p. 

503.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  154. 
COLLECTOR  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Old  Fort  Yuma,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California  and  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico, 
southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  similar  to  that  of  N.  intermedia, 
but  paler ;  nasals  broad  anteriorly. 

Color.  Above  grayish  fulvous,  lined  with  black;  gray  on  limbs 
and  ochraceous  buff  on  sides;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail  black 
above,  white  beneath;  ears  mixed  gray  and  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  406;  tail  vertebras,  188;  hind  foot, 
37;  ear,  30.5.  Skull:  greatest  length,  47.5;  greatest  width,  23. 

279.  bryanti  (Neotoma),  Merr.,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxi,  1887,  p.  191. 
CERROS  ISLAND  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Cerros  or  Cedros  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  tail  naked;  specimen  imperfect. 

Color.  General  hue  dark  slate,  on  both  upper  and  under  parts; 
fulvous  patch  behind  ear;  hands  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  372;  tail  vertebras,  165;  hind  foot, 
38;  ear,  26.  Skull:  total  length,  48;  basal  length,  44;  zygomatic 
width,  25;  mastoid  width,  20;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of 
nasals,  17.5;  breadth  of  nasals  anteriorly,  5;  palatal  length,  21; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  8. 

280.  ferruginea   (Neotoma),  Tomes,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1861,  p.  282. 
RUSTY  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Duenas,  Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Tehauntepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  south  into 
Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  about  as  long  as  head  and  body;  similar  to 
N.  fuscipes,  but  smaller  and  redder. 


NEOTOMA. 


281 


Color.  Above  rusty  red,  somewhat  golden  on  the  sides,  and 
mixed  with  black  on  the  back;  outside  of  arms  and  legs  to  wrists 
and  ankles,  dusky;  inner  side  of  arms  white,  of  legs  grayish;  sides 
of  lips  and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  343-353;  tail  vertebrae,  165-177; 
hind  foot,  33-35.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  46;  zygomatic  width, 
28;  length  of  nasals,  20;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  10. 


FIG.  XLIII.    NEOTOMA  MICROPUS.    SMALL-FOOTED  WOOD  RAT. 

281.  micropus  (Neotomd),  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855, 

p.  333.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  155. 

canescens  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891,  p.  285. 
SMALL-FOOTED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Charco  Escondido,  State  of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico,  northward  to  Okla- 
homa and  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  short,  hardly  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body; 
ears  large;  feet  small,  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  grayish  lead  color,  lined  with  dark  brown;  sides 
paler;  shoulders  and  flanks  occasionally  tinged  with  yellowish  brown; 
under  parts  and  feet  white;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  359;  tail  vertebras,  185;  hind  foot, 
36;  ear,  30.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  49;  Hensel,  36;  zygomatic 
width,  24;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length  of  nasals,  6.5;  palatal 
length,  19;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  10;  length  of  mandible,  condyle 
to  alveolus  of  incisor,  25. 

282.  leucodon  (Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  ix,  1894,  p.  120. 
WHITE-TOOTHED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Luis  Potosi,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 


282  NEOTOMA. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Zacatecas,  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  Vera  Cruz, 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  micropus  in  size;  postpalatal  notch 
narrow;  jugals  short;  molars  white;  upper  first  molar  with  two 
internal  salient  angles. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff,  lined  with  black;  face  grayish; 
under  parts  white,  as  are  also  the  hands  and  feet;  tail  above  blackish, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.    Total  Iengthv358 ;  tail  vertebrae,  164 ;  hind  foot,  39. 

283.  latifrons  (Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  ix,    1894, 

p.  121. 

QUERENDARO    WOOD    RAT. 

Type  locality.     Querendaro,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  leucodon,  smaller;  longer  hind  feet; 
shorter  tail. 

Color.  Above  like  N.  leucodon;  cheeks  and  sides  tinged  with 
fulvous;  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath 
whitish. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  350;  tail  vertebrae,  149 ;  hind  foot,  42. 

284.  mexicana  (Xeotoma),  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855, 

p.  333.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  158. 
MEXICAN  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  near  Chihuahua,  State  of  Chihuahua, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north  into  New 
Mexico  and  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  large;  feet  small;  soles  naked.  Nasal  bones 
end  on  the  same  line  posteriorly,  and  do  not  extend  backward  to 
the  anterior  extremity  of  orbits;  highest  point  of  condyle  higher 
than  coronoid  process. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  dark  brown;  sides 
yellowish  brown;  outside  of  legs,  feet,  and  under  parts  white;  tail 
dusky  above,  whitish  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  340;  tail  vertebrae,  151;  hind  foot, 
37;  ear,  32.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  44.5;  Hensel,  35;  zygomatic 
width,  23;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length  of  nasals,  17;  palatal 
length,  19;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  7;  length  of  mandible,  22. 

285.  navus  (Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvi,  1903,  p.  47. 
ACTIVE  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Sierre  Guadalupe,  State  of  Coahuila,  Mexico. 


NEOTOMA.  '_>83 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  long.  Skull:  frontals  expanded 
posteriorly,  forming  supraorbital  shelves;  bullae  small;  teeth  slender, 
with  anterior  lobe  of  first  upper  molar  having  a  deep  notch  on  inner 
side,  as  in  N.  mexicana. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  of  face  buffy  ochraceous,  lined 
with  black;  head  grayish;  under  parts  white,  the  plumbeous  under 
fur  showing;  axillae  salmon;  tail  dusky  above,  white  below;  hands 
and  feet  from  wrists  and  ankles  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  350;  tail  vertebras,  164;  hind  foot, 
34.  Skull:  basal  length,  37;  zygomatic  width,  21.5;  palatal  length, 
21.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  alveolar  border,  8.5. 

286.  sinaloae  (Neotoma) ,  Allen ,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898^.149. 
SINALOA  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tatameles,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  N.  mexicana;  tail  longer;  bullae  small. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  fulvous  brown  mixed  with  black;  under 
parts,  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above  blackish  brown,  beneath 
lighter. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  315-332;  tail  vertebrae,  155-160; 
hind  foot,  31-32.  Skull:  total  length,  41.5;  basal  length,  37;  zygo- 
matic width,  21.5;  mastoid  width,  15.2;  interorbital  constriction, 
4.8;  length  of  nasals,  15.4;  palatal  length,  17;  length  of  upper  tooth 
row,  7. 

287.  arenacea  (Neotoma),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 

p.  150. 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Jose"  del  Cabo,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  Region,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  f.  macrotis,  but  smaller  and  paler; 
intermaxillae  extending  beyond  nasals;  supraorbital  bead  on  frontals. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grayish  brown  mixed  with  black,  tinged  with 
fulvous;  outside  of  forearm  and  leg  blackish;  under  parts,  hands,  and 
feet  white;  hairs  on  median  band  white  to  roots;  rest  plumbeous  at 
base;  tail  above  blackish  brown,  beneath  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  349;  tail  vertebras,  164-167;  hind 
foot,  35-36.  Skull:  total  length,  46.2;  basal  length,  41;  zygomatic 
width,  23.5;  mastoid  width,  17.2;  interorbital  constriction,  5.3;  length 
of  nasals,  18.2;  palatal  length,  15;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7. 

288.  anthonyi  (Neotoma),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 

p.  151. 


284  NEOTOMA. 

TODOS  SANTOS  ISLAND  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Todos  Santos  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  from  type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Nasals  rounded  anteriorly ;  slight  supraorbital  bead ; 
first  upper  molar  with  sulcus  on  anterior  internal  border.  Size  small. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grayish  brown,  slightly  mixed  with  black, 
and  tinged  with  fulvous;  forearm  above  externally  and  outer  side 
of  leg  blackish;  under  parts,  hajids,  and  feet  white  to  roots  of  hairs; 
tail  above  blackish  brown,  beneath  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  330-345;  tail  vertebrae,  132-146; 
hind  foot,  34-36;  ear,  23-25.  Skull:  total  length,  46;  basal  length, 
42;  zygomatic  width,  25;  mastoid  width,  18.2;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 4.8;  length  of  nasals,  18;  palatal  length,  18;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  8. 

289.  intermedia  (Neotoma),  Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.,  xxvm,  1894,  p.  69. 
Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  161. 

calij :ornica  Price,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  1894,  p.  154,  pi.  xi. 

venustaTrue,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1894,  p.  247,  Sept. 
RHOADS'  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Dulzuras,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  and  southern  California, 
south  of  the  Bay  of  Monterey. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  slender,  short,  bicolor;  ears  large; 
soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  light  brownish  gray,  lined  with  black;  chin,  center 
of  breast,  inside  of  legs,  and  feet,  white;  rest  of  under  parts  soiled 
grayish  buff;  tail  above  sooty  blackish,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  318;  tail  vertebras,  160;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  28.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  42;  Hensel,  33;  zygomatic 
width,  20;  interorbital  constriction,  5.5;  length  of  nasals,  16;  palatal 
length,  18;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  8.5 ;  length  of  mandible,  19. 

a. — melanura  (Neotoma},  Merr.,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  ix,   1894, 

p.  126. 
BLACK-TAILED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Ortiz,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Geogr  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  first  upper  molar  has  the  "anterior  loop 
partly  divided  by  antero-internal  sulcus." 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Upper  parts  mixed  black  and  ochraceous 
buff;  sides  ochraceous;  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white  to  roots  of 
hairs,  except  on  sides  of  belly,  where  the  bases  are  plumbeous  at 
roots;  ankles  blackish;  tail  black  above,  white  beneath. 


NEOTOMA.  285 

Measurements.  Total  length,  333;  tail  vertebrae,  170;  hind  foot, 
34;  ear,  25. 

b. — angiisticeps  (Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  ix,  1894, 

p.  127.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  162. 
NARROW-HEADED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Southwest  corner  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Mexico  (State  of  Chihuahua),  and  south- 
western New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  i.  albigula;  ears  smaller;  color  more 
fulvous. 

Color.  Above  fulvous;  ochraceous  buff  on  head,  lined  with  black; 
feet  and  under  parts  creamy  white  to  roots  of  hair,  except  on  belly, 
where  the  base  of  hairs  is  plumbeous;  tail  grayish  brown  above, 
white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  335;  tail  vertebras,  150;  hind  foot, 
33;  ear,  25.  Skull:  basal  length,  42;  Hensel,  39.5;  zygomatic  width, 
24;  interorbital  constriction,  6. 

c. — albigula  (Neotoma),  Hartley,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  2d  Ser., 
1894,  p.  157,  pi.  xn.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  162. 
WHITE-THROATED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Vicinity  of  Fort  Lowell,  near  Tucson,  Pima  County, 
Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  into  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  both  N.  intermedia  and  N.  mexicana,  but 
the  yellow  ground  color  of  upper  parts  and  sides  is  deeper  and  the 
general  color  is  lighter. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  central 
line  on  back  darker;  sides  pale  yellow  mixed  with  a  pale  brown;  feet 
dusky  white;  under  parts  grayish  white,  except  throat,  which  is 
pure  white  to  base  of  hairs;  tail  blackish  brown  above,  soiled  white 
beneath;  ears  light  brown  on  naked  part. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  342;  tail  vertebrae,  153;  hind  foot, 
32.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  44;  Hensel,  37;  zygomatic  width, 
23;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  16;  palatal  length, 
20;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  alveolar  border,  6.5;  length  of  man- 
dible, angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  20.5. 

d. — durangce  (Neotoma},  Allen,  Bull.  Am.   Mus.    Nat.   Hist.,  1903, 

p.  602. 
DURANGO  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.  San  Gabriel,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
7,000  feet. 


•J86  NEOTOMA. 

Genl.  Char.  "Externally  similar  to  N.  i.  albigula,  but  averaging 
rather  larger,  with  a  shorter  and  broader  skull  and  much  heavier 
dentition."  (Allen,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  356;  tail  vertebras,  159;  hind  foot, 
32;  ear  from  notch,  30.  Skull:  total  length,  45;  Hensel,  38;  length, 
of  nasals,  18;  zygomatic  width,  24;  width  of  braincase  above  zygo- 
mata, 18.5;  mastoid  width,  18;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length  of 
upper  tooth  row,  9. 

290.  orizabae   (Neotoma),   Merr.,   Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,  ix,    1894, 

p.    122. 

ORIZABA  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Mt.  Orizaba,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     States  of  Puebla,  Tlaxcala  and  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  julvienter,  but  more  buffy  ochraceous 
above,  and  white  on  belly;  feet  shorter. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff,  mixed  with  black  on  back;  head 
grayish;  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white;  on  each  side  of  breast 
a  spot  of  salmon  color;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  356;  tail  vertebra?,  163 ;  hind  foot,  33. 

291.  tenuicauda  (Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vn,  1892, 

p.  169. 
SLENDER-TAILED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.  North  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  de  Colima,  State 
of  Colima,  Mexico.  Altitude,  12,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small ;  tail  and  ears  almost  naked. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown,  tinged  with  yellowish  fulvous;  darker 
on  flanks;  under  parts  whitish;  salmon  color  at  arm  pits;  hands  and 
feet  whitish;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  340;  tail  vertebrae,  160;  hind  foot,  31. 

bella  felipensis  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,   1903,  in,  p.  217. 

Zoology. 
SAN  FELIPE  DESERT  RAT. 

Type  locality.  San  Felipe,  Gulf  of  California,  Lower  California, 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Largest  of  the  pale  colored  desert  rats,  nearest  to 
N.  bella ;  feet  and  ears  larger ;  tail  longer.  Skull  with  shorter  and 
broader  nasals,  shorter  pterygoid  fossa,  wider  basioccipital  and  basi- 
sphenoid;  bullae  much  smaller;  braincase  narrower  posteriorly. 

Color.  Upper  parts  cream  buff,  lined  with  black;  sides  cream 
color;  lips,  hands,  feet,  lower  portion  of  sides,  and  under  parts  pure 
white;  basal  part  of  hairs  on  side  and  under  parts  plumbeous,  except 


NEOTOMA.  287 

on  chin,  center  of  breast,  and  a  line  down  through  the  center  of  the 
abdomen  to  anal  region,  which  have  the  hairs  white  to  the  roots;  tail 
dusky  above,  whitish  beneath;  ears  pale  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  335;  tail  vertebra?,  158;  hind  foot, 
34;  ear,  34.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  41;  Hensel,  34;  zygomatic 
breadth,  21;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  width  of  braincase  at  root 
of  zygomata,  18;  posterior  width,  14;  palatal  arch  to  alveoli  of 
incisors,  19;  postpalatal  length,  15;  median  length  of  nasals,  15; 
posterior  width  of  nasals,  2.5;  anterior  width  of  nasals,  4.5;  palatal 
arch  to  hamular  processes  of  pterygoids,  7 ;  width  of  basioccipital 
anteriorly,  8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7;  length  of  mandible, 
angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  23;  height  at  condyle,  n;  at  coronoid 
process,  12.5;  length  of  lower  molar  series,  8. 

291a.  *picta   (Neotoma),    Goldman,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xvn, 

1904,  p.  79. 
PAINTED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Chilpancingo,  State  of  Guerrero,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  medium;  tail  long,  slender. 

Color.  Upper  parts  orange  rufous,  sprinkled  with  black  on  head 
and  back;  beneath  white,  plumbeous  under  fur  showing;  axillae 
orange  rufous;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  paler;  hands  yellowish 
white;  feet  dusky;  toes  white;  ears  dusky. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  368;  tail  vertebrae,  180;  hind  foot, 

37.  Skull:  greatest  length,  43.3;  Hensel,  35;  zygomatic  width,  23; 
interorbital  constriction,   5;  length  of  nasals,    17.4;  palatal  length, 
8.6;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  alveolar  border,  8.7. 

291b.  isthmica  (Neotoma),  Goldman,  Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  80. 
ISTHMIAN  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tehuantepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  tail  long,  stout;  ears  medium. 

Color.  Above  between  orange  rufous  and  ferrugineous ;  outer  side 
of  forearms  and  hind  legs  grayish  fulvous;  top  of  head  and  back 
sprinkled  with  black;  under  parts  and  inner  sides  of  arms  and  legs 
soiled  white;  tail  above  brownish,  beneath  paler;  hands  white;  feet 
dusky;  toes  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  395;  tail  vertebrae,  198;  hind  foot, 

38.  Skull:  greatest  length,  48.4;  Hensel,  38.4;  zygomatic  breadth, 
23.7  ;  interorbital  constriction,  6.2  ;  length  of  nasals,  19;  palatal  length, 
8.3;  upper  molar  series,  alveolar  border,  9. 

*Descriptions  of  the  four  following  Wood  Rats  were  published  too  late  to 
be  included  in  the  regular  numerical  order. 


288  NEOTOMA. 

291c.  parvidens  (Neotoma),  Goldman,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  81. 
JUQUILA  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Juquila,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  tail  short. 

Color.  Upper  parts  f errugineous ;  outer  side  of  arms  and  legs 
brownish  fulvous ;  under  parts  white ;  axillae  orange  rufous ;  tail  above 
dusky,  beneath  paler ;  hands  yellowish  white ;  feet  dusky ;  toes  yellowish 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  295;  tail  vertebras,  141;  hind  foot, 
31.  Skull:  greatest  length,  40.5;  Hensel,  32.5;  zygomatic  breadth, 
20.7;  interorbital  constriction,  5.3;  length  of  nasals,  15.2;  palatal 
length,  7.3;  upper  molar  series,  alveolar  border,  7.4. 

291d.  tropicalis  (Neotoma},  Goldman,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  81. 
TROPICAL  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Totontepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  tail  short,  slender,  thinly  haired. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  brown;  cheeks,  shoulders,  and  sides 
fulvous ;  pectoral  band  salmon ;  under  parts  dull  whitish ;  median  line 
on  belly  white;  hands  and  feet  dusky;  toes  whitish;  tail  above  dusky, 
beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  325;  tail  vertebrae,  156;  hind  foot, 
34.  Skull:  greatest  length,  41.3;  Hensel,  33.5;  zygomatic  breadth, 
22.2;  interorbital  constriction,  5.8;  length  of  nasals,  16.5;  palatal 
length,  7.9;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  alveolar  border,  8.3. 

292.  goldmani   (Neotoma},  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1903,  p.  48. 
GOLDMAN'S  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Saltillo,  State  of  Coahuila,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small ;  tail  short ;  ears  large.  Skull  small  and 
rounded;  frontals  as  in  N.  mexicana,  but  broader  and  flatter;  nasals 
wedge-shaped,  truncate  posteriorly;  premaxillae  reaching  beyond 
nasals. 

Color.  Upper  parts  buffy  grayish,  lined  with  black;  flanks  buffy 
ochraceous;  head  gray;  cheeks  buffy  ochraceous;  under  parts,  hands 
and  feet  white;  tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  "Average  of  four;  total  length,  279;  tail  verte- 
brae, 128;  hind  foot,  30.  Skull:  basal  length,  33;  zygomatic  width, 
19;  palatal  length,  18.2;  interorbital  breadth,  5.5;  upper  molar 
series,  7." 

293.  fulvi venter  (Neotoma},  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  ix,  1894, 

p.  121. 


NEOTOMA. 


NELSONIA. 


289 


FULVOUS-BELLIED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Toluca  Valley,  State  of  Mexico,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Mexico,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  tenuicauda,  but  larger;  ears  and  feet 
small;  tail  slender. 

Color.  Above  fulvous,  dusky  on  middle  of  back;  under  parts 
pale  fulvous;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  above  blackish,  beneath 
whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  356;  tail  vertebrae,  163;  hind  foot, 
33- 


55.    Nelsoiiia. 


Nelsonia   Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xi,  1897,  p.  277,  figs.  14-15. 

Type  Nelsonia  neotomodon  Merriam. 

Skull  similar  to  that  of  a  large  Pcromyscus,  but  flatter;  antorbital 
slits  faintly  notching  upper  surface  of  maxillary  root  of  zygoma; 
interior  angle  of  antorbital  slits  protrudes  forwards  as  processes  ;  teeth 
large;  crowns  flat,  with  deep  reentrant  angles;  third  upper  molar 
with  one  deep  external  reentrant  angle  separating  the  crown  into 


FIG.  46.    NELSONIA  NEOTOMODON. 

No.  90893  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  6  times.  Enlarged  6  times. 


290  NELSONIA. 

two  unequal  lobes;  second  lower  molar  with  one  external  and  one 
internal  reentrant  angle,  separating  the  crown  into  two  transverse 
loops;  the  posterior  occasionally  exhibiting  a  second  reentrant  angle; 
third  lower  molar  with  one  internal  reentrant  angle,  and  a  slight 
external  projection.  The  other  molar  teeth  with  patterns  like  those 
of  Neotoma  and  other  allied  genera. 

KEY  TO  TH£  SPECIES. 

A.  Tail  hairy,  ears  large,  nearly  naked.  PAGE 

a.  Above  grayish  brown  and  black N.  neotomodon     290 

b.  Above  dark   slate  gray,   washed  with  pale 

ochraceous N.  goldmani     290 

294.  neotomodon  (Nclsonid),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xi,  1897, 

p.  278. 
ZACATECAS  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  near  Plateado,  State  of  Zacatecas, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  8,200  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  well  haired;  ears  large,  nearly  naked. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown,  lined  with  black  on  lower  back; 
sides  pale  fulvous;  under  parts  white;  orbital  ring  black;  arms  and 
legs  dusky  to  ankles  exteriorly;  upper  lip  and  side  of  nose  white; 
tail  above  dusky,  beneath  white,  tip  white;  hands  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  247;  tail  vertebras,  121;  hind  foot, 
29.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  33;  Hensel,  36;  zygomatic  width, 
17;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  7;  palatal  length,  9; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6;  length  of  mandible,  10. 

295.  goldmani   (Xelsonid),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvi,  1903, 

p.  80. 
MT.  TANCITARO  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Mt.  Tancitaro,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .V.  neotomodon,  but  darker  and  grayer; 
tail  well  haired.  Skull  more  angular,  flatter  between  orbits ;  vertical 
lamella  on  anterior  base  of  zygoma  forming  a  spine;  nasals  narrower; 
nostrils  more  constricted  at  base. 

Color.  Above  dark  slate  gray,  washed  with  pale  ochraceous; 
beneath  white,  plumbeous  under  fur  showing;  tail  above  dusky, 
beneath  paler.  Young  dark  slate. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  248;  tail  vertebrae,  122;  hind 
foot,  20. 


XENOMYS. 

5ti.     Xeiiomys. 


291 


Xenomys  Merr.,  Proc.   Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   vn,    1892,  p.    160.     Type 

Xenomys  nelsoni  Merriam. 

Bullae  large,  elongated,  and  parallel  to  axis  of  skull;  vertical  ridge 
on  anterior  border  of  squamosal;  this  last  terminates  between  pos- 
terior root  of  zygoma  and  occiput;  paroccipital  processes  long  and 


FIG.  47.    XENOMYS  NELSONI. 

No.  4^286  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.     Enlarged 


292  XENOMYS.  NEOTOMODON. 

stout;  upper  molars  with  three  roots,  lower  with  two;  the  series 
large,  with  flat  crowns,  and  with  rounded  alternating  closed  triangles; 
first  upper  molar  with  one  anterior  and  one  posterior  closed  loop,  and 
one  external  and  two  internal  lateral  closed  triangles;  second  and 
third  upper  molars  with  one  anterior  and  one  posterior  closed  loop 
and  one  lateral  closed  triangle  on  each  side;  last  lower  molar  deeply 
incised  on  inner  face  by  a  reentrant  angle ;  on  outer  side  is  an  anterior 
and  posterior  loop  and  a  nearly  closed  triangle  about  the  middle  of 
the  tooth ;  supraorbital  beads  well  "developed ;  lachrymals  and  inter- 
parietal  large. 

296.   nelsoni   (Xenomys),  Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  vn,   1892, 

p.  161. 
NELSON'S  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Hacienda  Magdalena,  between  City  of  Colima  and 
Manzanillo,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  moderate;  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body. 
Skull  resembling  that  of  Neotoma,  but  differing  in  the  characters 
given  above. 

Color.  Above  fulvous,  mixed  with  black  on  the  back;  orbital 
ring  dusky;  a  white  spot  above  the  eye  and  one  below  root  of  ear; 
lips  and  fore  part  of  cheeks  white,  rest  of  face  fulvous;  under  parts 
creamy  white;  tail  dark  umber  brown,  unicolor;  hands  and  feet 
whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  300;  tail  vertebras,  143;  hind  foot, 
30;  ear  from  crown,  18 ;  from  anterior  root,  22.  (Ear  lengths  from  dried 
skin,  others  taken  in  the  flesh.)  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  40.6; 
Hensel,  33.3;  zygomatic  width,  32;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length 
of  nasals,  14;  palatal  length,  19.3;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  8.6. 


57.    Neotomodoii. 


Neotomodon  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p.  127.     Type 
Neotomodon  alstoni  Merriam. 

Skull  broad;  braincase  short;  molars  rooted,  large,  crowns  flat; 
upper  first  and  second  molars  with  three  external  salient  loops  and 
two  reentrant  angles;  and  two  internal  salient  loops  and  one  reen- 
trant angle;  third  upper  molar  small,  rounded;  lower  first  and  second 
molars  with  three  salient  loops  and  two  reentrant  angles  externally 


NEOTOMODON.  293 

and  internally;  third  lower  molar  with  two  loops  and  one  reentrant 
angle  externally,  and  one  internal  anterior  loop  and  one  reentrant 
angle. 


FIG.  48.    NEOTOMODON  ALSTONI. 

No.  13887  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Enlarged  M- 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Ears  large,  nearly  naked;  tail  short,  fur  soft, 

plantar  tubercles,  6;  mammae,  6. 
a.  Breast  buffy. 

a.'  Under  parts  white.  PAGE 

a."  Large;  total  length,  212  mm N.  perotensis     293 

b."  Small;  total  length,  194  mm N.  orizaba     294 

b.'  Under    parts    plumbeous,    washed    with 

white N.  alstoni     294 

297.    perotensis   (Neotomodon),   Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  xn, 

1898,  p.  129. 
PEROTE  WOOD  RAT. 

Type   locality.     Cofre   de   Perote,   State   of   Vera   Cruz,    Mexico. 
Altitude,  9,500  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  N.  alstoni,  but  ears  and  tail  shorter. 


294  NEOTOMODON.  TEANOPUS. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  grayish  buff,  dorsal  band  blackish ; 
sides  buffy;  under  parts  white,  breast  tinged  with  buffy;  tail  above 
dusky,  beneath  white;  hands  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  212 ;  tail  vertebrae,  91 ;  hind  foot,  24. 

298.  orizabas    (N eotomodon) ,    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn, 

1898,  p.  129. 
MOUNTAIN  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Mt.  Orizaba,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
9,500  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  the  other  species,  and  with  shorter  tail. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray;  under  parts  white,  chest  buffy;  tail 
above  brownish,  beneath  white;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  194;  tail  vertebrae,  81 ;  hind  foot,  24. 

299.  alstoni  (Neotomodon),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

p.  127. 
ALSTON'S  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Nahuatzin,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Michoacan,  Morelos,  and  Mexico,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  8,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  moderate ;  ears  large ;  tail  shorter  than  head  and 
body;  hind  feet  large. 

Color.  Above  grayish  to  fulvous  brown,  darkest  on  back;  under 
parts  plumbeous  washed  with  white;  breast  tinged  with  buff;  tail 
above  dusky,  beneath  whitish;  hands  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  101;  hind  foot, 
26.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  33;  Hensel,  25.5;  zygomatic 
width,  17;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  length  of  nasals,  12;  palatal 
length,  14;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6.5 ;  length  of  mandible,  14.5. 


58.    Teaiiopus. 


Teanopus     Merr.,     Proc.     Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1903,    p.    81.     Type 
Teanopus  phenax  Merriam. 

Ears  large,  nearly  naked;  tail  long,  thickly  haired;  soles  of  feet 
covered  with  small  tubercles.  Skull:  audital  bullae  greatly  inflated, 
like  those  of  Xenomys;  antorbital  slits  large  and  broadly  open; 
sphenoid  vacuities  open;  braincase  without  temporal  shield;  angle 


TEANOPUS. 


of  jaw  elongate,  with  lower  border  inflected  and  upturned,  forming  a 
shallow  trough  as  in  Teonoma;  infracondylar  notch  deep;  last  lower 
molar  with  reentrant  loop  on  inner  side,  passing  in  front  of  its  mate 
on  outer  side.  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 


FIG.  49.    TEANOPUS  PHENAX. 
No.  95839  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.     Nat.  size.     Tooth  rows  enlarged  6  times. 


300.   phenax   (Teanopus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvi,  1903, 

p.  81. 
CHEATING  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Camoa,  Rio  Mayo,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  Hodomys  vetulus  in  size  and  appearance. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray;  beneath  yellowish  white,  plumbeous 
under  fur  showing  on  posterior  half;  cheeks  pale  gray;  outer  side  of 
fore  leg  grayish  dusky,  inner  side  white;  hind  foot  whitish;  ankles 
dusky,  bordered  beneath  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  352;  tail  vertebrae,  172;  hind  foot, 
37.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  42.5;  Hensel,  35;  zygomatic 
width,  22;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  16;  palatal 
length,  18;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7;  length  of  mandible,  23; 
length  of  lower  molar  series,  8. 


296 


HODOMYS. 


59.    Hoclomys. 


Hodomys  Merr.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,   1894,  p.  232.     Type 
Neotoma  alleni  Merriam. 

Cranium  long,  narrow;  squamosal  and  supraoccipital  articulating; 
bullae  small,  narrow  anteriorly,  shorter  than  molar  series;  pterygoid 
fossa  longer  than  broad;  basioccipital  broad;  spheno-palatine  vacui- 
ties closed;  mandible  broadly  expanded  posteriorly;  first  and  second 
upper  molars  with  four  roots  each,  and  the  enamel  fold  on  inner  side 
divides  the  middle  transverse  loop ;  three  roots  on  third  upper  molar ; 
third  lower  molar  with  two  salient  and  one  reentrant  angle  on  each 
side,  and  with  or  without  an  antero-external  vertical  sulcus. 


FIG.  50.    HODOMYS  ALLENI. 

No.  5021  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat  size 


HODOMYS. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


A.  Above^tawny  f errugineous ;  tail  unicolor H.  alleni 

B.  Above  dull  fulvous  and  black;  tail  bicolor H.  vetulus 


1297 


297 
297 


FIG.  XLIV.    HODOMYS  ALLENI.    ALLEN'S  WOOD  RAT. 


301.  alleni    (Neotoma),   Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    vii,    1892, 

p.  168. 
ALLEN'S  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Manzanillo,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body,  annu- 
lations  visible ;  molar  series  large ;  first  and  second  upper  molars  with 
a  lateral  triangle  on  each  side;  last  lower  molar  S-shaped,  and  with  a 
reentrant  angle  on  outer  side. 

Color.  Above  tawny  ferrugineous ;  sides  of  face  mouse  or  bluish 
gray;  under  parts  white,  basal  portion  of  hairs  plumbeous;  tail 
blackish,  unicolor;  hands  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  472;  tail  vertebrae,  225;  hind  foot, 
46;  ear,  29.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  52;  Hensel,  45;  zygomatic 
width,  26;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of  nasals,  19;  palatal 
length,  23;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  10  ^length  of  mandible,  26. 

302.  vetulus  (Hodomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1894, 

P-  236. 
GRAY-FACED  WOOD  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tehuacan,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  Mexico,  State  of  Puebla. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  H.  alleni;  tail  bicolor;  feet  white; 
cranial  characters  comparatively  on  smaller  scale,  but  palate  propor- 
tionately longer;  frontals  broader  and  less  upturned  at  margins  of 
orbits;  third  lower  molar  without  antero-external  sulcus. 


298  HODOMYS.  MICROTUS. 

Color.  Above  dull  fulvous,  mixed  with  black;  face  gray;  under 
parts  whitish  and  washed  with  fulvous,  the  latter  sometimes  re- 
stricted to  sides  of  belly;  tail  above  blackish,  beneath  whitish;  fore 
and  hind  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  380;  tail  vertebrae,  166;  hind  foot, 
38;  ear,  29.  Skull:  total  length,  47;  basal  length,  41;  Hensel,  39; 
zygomatic  width,  25;  length  of  crowns  of  upper  molar  series,  9. 


The  Subfamily  MICROTIN^E  contains  the  Meadow  Mice  of  North 
America.  In  general,  these  troublesome  creatures  (for  they  prove 
to  be  great  pests  to  the  agriculturalist)  inhabit  low,  swampy  meadows, 
near  streams,  along  the  banks  of  which  their  narrow  runways  can 
readily  be  seen  amid  the  grass;  but  others  again  are  found  in  lofty 
mountainous  districts,  and  still  others  on  thirsty  plains.  Small  in 
size,  dark  of  pelage,  and  quick  of  movement,  they  are  difficult  to  see 
in  the  usually  thick  grass  amid  which  they  live,  as  their  rather 
stubby  forms  pass  quickly  before  the  observer.  They  make  their 
nests  in  burrows  and  are  very  prolific.  From  the  true  mouse  they 
are  distinguishable  by  a  short  tail  and  legs,  short,  blunt  muzzle,  and 
ears  buried  in  the  fur.  There  are  numerous  species  and  races,  some 
of  the  latter  separated  on  such  fine  lines  as  to  be  practically  indis- 
tinguishable, and  the  entire  group  is  divided  into  several  subgeneric 
sections,  based  mainly  on  the  differences  in  the  structure  of  the 
teeth.  These  animals  are  the  representatives  in  North  America  of 
the  voles  of  Europe.  The  species  on  the  American  Continent  are 
most  numerous  north  of  the  United  States  and  Mexican  boundary  line. 

Subfam.  III.     Microtinse.     Meadow  Mice,  Voles,  etc. 
6O.    Microtus. 


G.  S.  Miller.  Genera  and  Subgenera  of  Voles  and  Lemmings.  N. 
Am.  Faun.,  1896,  No.  12. 

V.  Bailey.  Revision  of  the  American  Voles  of  the  genus  Microtus. 
N.  Am.  Faun.,  1900,  No.  17. 

Microtus  Schrank,  Faun.  Boica,  i,  ist  Abth.,  1798,  p.  72.     Type  Mus 

arvalis  Pallas. 

Arvicola  Lace"p.,  Me'm.  1'Instit.,  1801,  in,  p.  495. 
Mynomes  Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  n,  p.  45. 
Psammomys  LeConte,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  1830,  p.  132. 
(nee  Cretzschmer.) 


MICROTUS.  299 

Pitymys  McMurtr.,   Am.   ed.   Cuv.,  Anim.    King.,  i,  App.,  1831, 

p.  4^4.  (footnote). 
Ammomys  Bon.,  Sagg.  Dist.  Met.  degli.  Anim.  Vert.,  1831,  p.  20 

(footnote) . 
Pinemys  Less.,  Hist.  Nat.  Mamm.  et  Ois.  decouv.  depuis,  1788; 

Ouvre  de  Buff.,  v,  1836,  p.  436. 
Hemiotomys   Selys   Longchamps,    Essai,    Mon.    Campagn.    Envir. 

Liege,  1836,  p.  7,'  pi.  i. 

Lagurus  Glog.,  Hand-u-Hilfsb.  Naturgesch.,  1841,  p.  97. 
Neodon  Hodg.,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  26.  Ser.,  in,  1849,  p.  203. 
Agricola  Bias.,  Faun.  Wirbelt.  Deutsch.,  1857,  pp.  334-335,  368- 

374,  figs.  202-206. 

Chilotus  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  516. 
Paludicola  Bias.,  Faun.  Wirbelt  Deutsch.,  1857,  pp.  333-334,  343- 

368,  figs.  183-201. 

Pedomys  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  517. 
Sylvicola  Fatio.,  Les  Campagn.,  Bass.  Le'man,  Ass.  Zool.  Le'man, 

1867,  pp.  63-72,  pi.  i,  figs.  18-25,  pl-  VI- 
Ochetomys  Fitzin.,  Sitzungb.,  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien.,  LVI,   1867, 

P-  47- 
Praticola  Fatio,  Les  Campagn.  Bass.  Leman,  Ass.  Zool.  Le'man., 

1867,  p.  36.     (Part.) 
Terricola  Fatio,  Les  Campagn.  Bass.  Le'man,  Ass.   Zool.  Leman, 

1867,  p.  36. 
Micrurus  Forsyth-Major,  Alt.  dell.  Soc.  Tosc.  Scien.  Nat.,  Pisa, 

in,  1876,  p.  126. 
Eremiomys  Palyakoff  Mem.  Acad.  Imp.  Sci.  St.  Petersb.,  xxxix, 

Suppl.,  1881,  p.  35. 
Neofiber  True,  Science,  1884,  p.  34. 
Campicola  Schulze,  Schrift.  Natur.  Ver.  Harz.  Wernig.,  v,  1890, 

PP-  24,  25. 

Tctramerodon  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1894,  p.  282. 
Aulacomys  Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.,  1894,  p.  182. 
Orthriomys  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p.  106. 
Herpetomys  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898,  p.  107. 

Molars  not  rooted;  mandibular  molars  without  closed  triangles 
on  outer  side ;  upper  incisors  not  grooved ;  root  of  lower  incisor  extends 
back  to  third  molar,  displacing  base  of  that  tooth  and  terminating 
above  the  dental  foramina  of  the  ascending  ramus;  tail  terete,  longer 
than  hind  foot;  posterior  border  of  bony  palate  very  variable;  middle 
part  of  zygoma  only  slightly  expanded;  postorbital  process  of  squa- 
mosal  shelf-like. 


800 


MICROTUS. 


FIG.  51.    MICROTUS  CALIFORNICUS  HYPERYTHRUS. 

No.  10758  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Enlarged  %. 
Tooth  rows  enlarged  6  times. 


KEY  TO  SUBGENERA. 

A.  Upper  third  molar  with  three  closed  triangles, 

lower  second  molar  with  four  closed  sections  PAGE 

and  usually  a  posterior  loop ;  lower  third  molar 

generally  with  three  closed  triangles Microtus     300 

B.  Upper  third  molar  with  two  closed  triangles; 
lower  second  molar  with  anterior  pair  of  angles 
confluent;  lower  third  molar  with  three  trans- 
verse loops Pitymys     303 

C.  Upper  third  molar  with  two  closed  triangles; 
lower  third  molar  with  two  closed  triangles  and 

two  transverse  loops Orthriomys     304 

D.  Upper  third  molar  with  three  closed  triangles 
and  one   crescentic   loop;   lower  third   molar 
with  two  closed  triangles,   and  two  internal 

transverse  loops Herpetomys     305 

A.  Microtus. 

Palate  normal;  lower  third  molar  usually  with  three  closed  trian- 
gles; lower  first  molar  normally  with  five  closed  triangles  and  nine 
salient  angles;  upper  third  molar  normally  with  three  closed  trian- 
gles and  seven  or  eight  salient  angles;  upper  incisors  not  grooved; 


MICROTUS.  301 

mammae  four  to  eight,  two  or  four  pectoral  and  two  or  four  inguinal; 
normal  number  eight ;  plantar  tubercles  six ;  soles  moderately  hairy. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 

A.  Size  small.     (Mammae  four.) 

a.  Above  dark  brown  and  black;  beneath  chest-  PAGE 
nut  fulvous M.  julviventer  301 

b.  Above  mixed  cinnamon;  beneath  buffy M.  mexicanns  301 

c.  Above  bistre  and  black;  beneath  plumbeous, 

tinged  with  drab M.  m.  pkcnis     302 

B.  Size  large.     (Mammae  eight.) 

a.  Above  dark  tawny M.  c.  hyperythrus     302 

303.  fulviventer   (Microtus),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xn, 

1898,  p.  106. 
FULVOUS-BELLIED  MEADOW  VOLE. 

Type  locality.  Cerro  San  Felipe,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 10,200  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Cliar.     Similar  to  M.  mexicanus,  but  redder. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown  and  black;  under  parts  chestnut  ful- 
vous; tail  blackish  above,  pale  fulvous  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  154;  tail  vertebrae,  38;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  basal  length,  25.4;  length  of  nasals,  7.4;  zygomatic  width, 
15.5;  mastoid  breadth,  12.4;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  alveolar 
border,  6.5. 

304.  mexicanus  (Hcmiotomys),   Sauss.,    Rev.   Mag.  Zool.,  2me  Se"r.. 

1861,  p.  3. 
MEXICAN  MEADOW  VOLE. 

Type  locality.     Mount  Orizaba,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Eastern  part  of  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  small ;  tail  short ;  ears  large.  Skull  broad ;  incisive 
foramina  wide  and  short;  first  lower  molar  with  six  interior  salient 
angles;  mammae  four,  two  inguinal,  two  pectoral. 

Color.  Above  mixed  cinnamon  and  black,  paler  on  sides;  beneath 
buffy;  sides  of  nose  cinnamon;  tail  above  dusky,  gray  below;  feet 
gray.  The  above  is  properly  the  winter  pelage,  that  of  summer 
being  darker. 

Measurements.  Average  of  10  adults:  Total  length,  138;  tail 
vertebrae,  29;  hind  foot,  19.35;  maximum,  148;  30;  20.  Skull:  basal 
length,  24.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  15.3;  mastoid  width,  n.6;  length 
of  nasals,  7.4;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  alveolar  border,  6.6. 
(Bailey,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  17.) 


809 


MICROTUS. 


a. — phceus   (Arvicola),   Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    vn,    1892, 

p.  171. 
DARK  MEADOW  VOLE. 

Type  locality.  North  slope  of  Sierra  Nevada  de  Colirna,  State  of 
Jalisco,  Mexico.  Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Gcogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico.     High  mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium.  Skull  similar  to  that  of  M.  mogollo- 
nensis. 

Color.  Above  bistre  and  black;  under  parts  plumbeous,  tinged 
with  dfab;  tail  above  sooty,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  155;  tail  vertebrae,  34;  hind  foot, 
20.5;  ear,  14.  Skull:  basal  length,  25.2;  zygomatic  width,  15.5; 
mastoid  breadth,  12;  length  of  nasals,  7.3;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  alveolar  border,  6.08. 


FIG.  XLV.    MICROTUS  c.  HYPERYTHRUS. 
REDDISH  MEADOW  VOLE. 


californicus  hyperythrus  (Microtus),    Elliot,    Pub.    Field  Columb. 

Mus.,  in,  1903,  p.  161.     Zoology. 
REDDISH  MEADOW  VOLE. 

Type  locality.     San  Quentin,  Lower  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sea-coast  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Quentin,  up  to 
8,000  feet  elevation  in  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  More  reddish  in  color  than  M.  calif  ornicus ;  hind 
foot  longer,  and  tail  about  equal  to  that  of  M.  calif  ornicus.  Skull 
much  larger. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  tawny,  slightly  lined  with  black;  sides 
paler;  entire  under  parts  plumbeous  faintly  washed  with  white; 
hands  and  feet  grayish  buff;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  203;  tail  vertebrae,  52;  hind  foot, 
24.5;  ear,  16.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  31;  Hensel,  26;  zygo- 


MICROTUS.  :!n:{ 

matic  breadth,  17.5;  interorbital  constriction,  3;  length  of  nasals,  8.5; 
palatal  length,  14.5;  mastoid  breadth,  14;  width  of  braincase  above 
auditory  mealfus,  10;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  alveolar  border,  6.5. 

B.  Pitymys. 

Palate  normal;  lower  third  molar  without  closed  triangles;  lower 
first  molar  with  five  closed  triangles  and  nine  salient  angles;  upper 
third  molar  with  two  or  three  closed  triangles  and  six  salient  angles; 
mammae,  four  inguinal;  plantar  tubercles,  five;  soles  hairy. 


FIG.  52.    MICROTUS  <PITYMYSI  QUASIATER. 

No.  5064  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     Enlarged  %. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 

305.   quasiater    (Arvicola),  Coues,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1874,  p.  191. 
COUES'  MEADOW  VOLE. 

Type  locality.     Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  M.  pinetorum,  but  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  chestnut  brown;  beneath  blackish  ash, 
hoary  in  certain  lights;  tail  above  like  the  back,  possibly  a  little 
darker;  hands  and  feet  brownish. 


304 


MICROTUS. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  124-130;  tail  vertebrae,  16-18; 
hind  foot,  16.5-17;  ear,  13-14.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  24.5; 
Henset,  22;  zygomatic  width,  19;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5;  length 
of  nasals,  7.5 ;  palatal  length,  11.5  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6. 

0.  Orthriomys. 

First  lower  molar  with  one  external  and  two  internal  closed 
triangles,  and  two  open  triangles;  third  lower  molar  with  one  external 
and  one  internal  closed  triangle  and  two  internal  transverse  loops; 
one  reentrant  angle  between  the  two  closed  triangles;  third  upper 
molar  with  one  external  and  one  internal  closed  triangle;  anterior 
loop  in  second  and  third  upper  molars  pyriform. 


FIG.  53.    MICROTUS  (ORTHRIOMYS)  UMBROSUS. 

No.  68508  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times 


MICROTUS. 


305 


306.  umbrosus  (Microtus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn,  1898, 

p.    10J.  / 

MOUNT  ZEMPOALTEPEC  MEADOW  VOLE. 

Type  locality.  Mt.  Zempoaltepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  8,200  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  rather  large;  tail  long;  ear  short;  color  dark. 

Color.  Above  dusky,  mixed  with  brown;  under  parts  slate, 
tinged  with  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  184;  tail  vertebrae,  65;  hind  foot, 
23.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  28;  Hensel,  24.5;  zygomatic  width, 


FIG.  54.    MICROTUS  (HERPETOMYS)  GUATEMALENSIS. 

No.  76793  U.  5.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  6  times.  Enlarged  6  times 


306  MICROTUS. 

15.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  length  of  nasals,  7;  palatal  length, 
13;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  7. 

D.  Herpetomys. 

Third  upper  molar  with  two  external  and  one  internal  closed 
triangles  and  posterior  crescentic  loop,  forming  two  internal  salient 
angles;  first  lower  molar  with  one  external  and  two  internal  closed 
triangles,  and  two  open  triangles;  third  lower  molar  with  one  external 
and  one  internal  closed  triangle,  and  one  anterior  and  one  posterior 
obliquely  transverse  internal  loop;  plantar  tubercles,  5;  mammae,  6, 
4  pectoral,  2  inguinal. 

307.   guatemalensis    (Microtus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xn, 

1898,  p.  108. 
GUATEMALAN  MEADOW  VOLE. 

Type  locality.  Todos  Santos,  State  of  Huehuetenango,  Guate- 
mala. Altitude,  10,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  color  dark;  tail  short,  with  few  hairs; 
ears  nearly  hidden  in  fur.  Skull:  bullae  large,  swollen;  incisive 
foramina  rectangular,  truncate  anteriorly  and  posteriorly;  root  of 
zygoma  anteriorly  notched;  jugals  nearly  parallel. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  black  and  golden  fulvous;  under 
parts  slaty  black;  lips  white;  tail  blackish,  unicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  155;  tail  vertebras,  40;  hind  foot, 
21.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26.5;  Hensel,  23.5;  zygomatic 
width,  15;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  length  of  nasals,  7.5;  palatal 
length,  13.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7. 


The  next  genus  FIBER  contains  the  Muskrats,  the  species  most 
familiar  to  man  probably  of  all  the  Muridae,  save  those  of  the  genus 
Mus,  which  includes  those  species  commonly  called  "house  rats  and 
mice."  The  habits  of  the  Muskrat  resemble  in  a  considerable  degree 
those  of  the  Beaver,  and  their  large-domed  houses,  formed  of  sticks, 
roots,  and  grasses  are  often  seen  rising  from  the  surface  of  a  pond  or 
lake.  The  general  plan  of  these  structures  is  very  similar  to  a 
beaver's  dwelling,  and  the  entrance  is  beneath  the  water,  with  the 
nest  or  sleeping  apartment  toward  the  roof  so  as  to  be,  if  possible, 
above  any  sudden  rise  of  the  water.  Holes  in  the  banks  by  the  side 
of  streams  are  often  made,  in  which  the  Muskrat  lives,  and  these 
excavations  sometimes  cause  the  banks  to  cave  in  and  a  large  portion 
of  ground  to  disappear  beneath  the  stream.  Muskrats  are  shy  and 


FIBER.  307 

watchful,  and  are  not  often  seen  by  day,  but  towards  evening  they 
become  active  and  swim  about  in  the  vicinity  of  their,  homes,  disap- 
pearing with  a'loud  splash  beneath  the  surface  if  alarmed.  Immense 
numbers  of  muskrat  skins  are  sold  every  year,  and  made  into  clothing 
or  linings  for  garments. 

61.    Fiber. 


Fiber  G.  Cuv.,  Lecons  d'Anat.  Comp.,  i,  1800,  tab.  i.      Type  Castor 
zibcthicus  Linnaeus. 


FIG.  55.    FIBER  ZIBETHICUS  PALLIDUS. 

No.  5422  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


308  FIBER. 

Ondatra  Lace*p.,  Tab.  Mamm.,  1799,  p.  9.  Less.  Man.,  1827,  p. 
286.  (nee  Link,  1795.) 

Moschomys  Billberg,  Syn.  Faun.  Scandinav.,  i,  1828,  Mamm.,  Con- 
spectus A. 

Size  large;  hind  feet  oblique  to  the  leg;  tail  flattened  sideways 
for  nearly  its  entire  length  and  fringed  with  stiff  hairs;  ears  very 
small,  deeply  buried  in  fur;  muzzle  furry,  except  nasal  pads,  which 
are  naked.  Palms  and  soles  naked,  fringed  with  hairs,  five-tubercled ; 
dentition  and  skull  arvicoline;  squamosals  much  expanded;  parietals 
reduced;  interparietal  nearly  as  long  as  broad;  upper  incisors  almost 
a  circle  in  shape  within  and  without  the  jaw;  lower  incisors  enter  jaw 
to  root  of  the  condylar  process;  descending  process  of  condyle  ham- 
ular  and  much  twisted;  palate  terminates  opposite  middle  of  last 
molar  and  has  a  median  azygos  protuberance;  pterygoid  fossa  wide 
and  deep;  nasals  narrow  posteriorly,  widening  rapidly  anteriorly, 
tumid,  and  terminating  behind  the  incisors;  interorbital  constriction 
excessive;  processes  of  squamosal  and  maxilla  have  their  ends  in 
contact;  the  jugal  being  merely  a  splint,  not  necessary  for  the  con- 
tinuity of  the  zygomatic  arch. 

zibethicus  pallidus  (Fiber],  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890, 

p.  280.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  213. 
PALE  MUSK  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Verde,  Yavapai  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California?  and  State  of  Sonora?  north, 
probably,  to  Montana. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  two-thirds  that  of  the  typical  form.  Skull 
like  that  of  the  eastern  muskrat,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Rusty  brown,  paler  beneath;  scattered  hairs  on  tail  liver 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  500;  tail  vertebrae,  203;  hind  foot, 
69.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  56;  Hensel,  52;  zygomatic  width, 
37;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length  of  nasals,  19;  palatal  length, 
31 ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  15  ;  length  of  mandible,  37. 


The  Gophers,  or  Pouched  Rats,  as  the  mole-like  creatures  which 
compose  the  next  family  are  called,  are  stout,  shapeless  animals, 
whose  powerful  shoulders  and  fore  legs  with  enormous  claws  on  the 
front  toes,  suitable  for  digging,  blunt  head,  minute  eyes  and  small 
ears,  admirably  fit  them  for  a  life  under  ground.  In  the  localities 
in  which  they  abound  their  long  tunnels  ramify  the  soil  in  all  direc- 
tions and  are  indicated  by  the  earth  raised  above  the  surrounding 


GEOMYID/t.  :MI 

level,  in  the  same  manner  as  is  witnessed  in  the  case  of  moles.  So 
completely  do  they  live  in  the  ground  that  one  is  rarely  seen  upon  it. 
These  animals  are  provided  with  cheek  pouches,  some  of  enormous 
size  reaching  even  to  the  shoulders,  and  these  are  convenient  recep- 
tacles for  food  and  afford  a  means  for  transporting  it  from  place  to 
place.  In  some  localities  Gophers  are  veritable  pests,  undermining 
the  soil  with  their  endless  galleries,  and  flinging  the  earth  excavated 
from  these  burrows  on  every  side.  In  size  these  animals  vary  con- 
siderably, some  being  as  large  as  a  full  grown  rat,  and  others  again 
not  half  that  bigness.  The  pelage  is  exceedingly  soft,  even  silky. 
The  skull  is  heavy,  its  muscles  large  and  powerful,  and  the  cutting 
teeth  strong  and  effective,  adze-shaped.  The  family  is  divided  into 
two  chief  genera,  Geomys  and  Thomomys,  distinguished  by  the 
presence  or  absence  of  median  grooves  on  the  incisors. 

Pam.  IV.     dreomyidfe.    Pouched  Rats. 

C.  H.  Merriam,  Monographic  Revision  of  the  Pocket  Gophers,  N. 
Am.  Faun.,  No.  8,  1895. 

Large,  fur-lined  cheek  pouches  present,  opening  outside  the  mouth. 
Squamosals  expanded ;  jugal  extending  to  lachrymal;  palate  sloping 
below  level  of  zygomata,  which  are  strong  and  flaring;  molars  rootless; 
lower  jaw  strong;  form  arvicoline;  fore  feet  fossorial;  eyes  and  ears 
minute. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

A.  Skull  large,  flat,  rather  massive;    upper   inci- 
sors grooved;  jugal  extending  to   lachrymal; 
mandible  powerful, 
a.  Upper  premolar  with  three  enamel  plates,  the 

posterior  absent.  PAGE 

a.'  Upper  incisor  bisulcate Geomys     310 

b.'  Upper  incisor  unisulcate. 

a."  First  and  second  upper  molars  with  one 

enamel  plate  each,  posterior  absent, 
a/"  Squamosals   not   greatly   expanded 
laterally;  orbitosphenoids  articulat- 
ing anteriorly  with  alisphenoids Cratogcomys     311 

b/"  Squamosals  greatly  expanded  later- 
ally; orbitosphenoids  not  articulat- 
ing anteriorly  with  alisphenoids Platygcomys  3 1 6 

b."  First  and  second  upper  molars  with  two 
enamel  plates  each. 


310  GEOMYIDJE.  GEOMYS. 

a.'"  Skull   short,   rounded;   mesethmoid 

higher  than  long,  lower  edge  entering  PAGE 

between  wings  of  vomer  posteriorly .  .  Pappogeomys    320 
b.'"  Skull  elongate,  flat;  mesethmoid  a 

half  crescent Orthogeomys     322 

b.  Upper  premolar  with  four  enamel  plates. 

a.'  Posterior  plate  restricted  to  inner  half Heterogeomys     325 

b/  Posterior  plate  restricted  to  inner  third, 
a."  Zygomatic  arch  not  complete  without 

jugal Macrogeomys     3  26 

b."  Zygomatic     arch    normally     complete 

without  jugal Zygogeomys     330 

B.  Upper  incisors  without  median  grooves Thomomys     332 


62.    Geomys.    Pocket  Gophers. 


Qeomys  Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  n,  No.  i,  1817,  p.  45.  Type 
Geomys  pinetis  Raf.  =Mus  tuza  Ord,  1815. 

Saccophorus  Kuhl,  Beitr.  Zool.  und  vergl.  Anat.,  1820,  p.  65. 

Pseudostoma  Say,  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  i,  p.  406. 

Ascomys  Licht.,  Abhand.  K.  Acad.  Wiss.  Berl.,  1825,  p.  20,  fig.  2. 

Upper  incisors  grooved  along  the  middle;  first  and  second  upper 
molars  with  two  enamel  plates  each,  posterior  one  complete;  root  of 
inferior  incisor  slightly  protuberant;  zygomata  widest  anteriorly; 
posteriorly  but  little  greater  than  mastoid  breadth;  parietals  ridged; 
audital  bullae  elongate,  somewhat  acute  anteriorly,  not  greatly  inflated; 
basioccipital  very  broad  posteriorly  ;  pterygoid  fossa  wide  ;  fore  claws 
immensely  developed;  mammae,  three  pair,  two  inguinal,  one  pectoral. 

308.  arenarius  (Geomys),  Merr.,  Mon.  Geom.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8, 

1895,  P-  J39-     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  219. 
SAXD-LOVING  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Juarez,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north  to 
Las  Cruces,  and  Valley  of  Upper  Rio  Grande  from  El  Paso,  and  west 
to  Deming,  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium,  tail  long,  well  haired,  except  tip;  color 
pale.  Skull:  no  sagittal  crest;  prominent  knob  at  distal  end  of 
squamosal  arm  of  zygoma;  interparietal  truncate  posteriorly  on  plane 
of  lambdoid  suture  ;  occiput  moderately  bulging. 


GEOMYS. 


CRATOGEOMYS. 


311 


FIG.  56.    GEOMYS  ARENARIUS. 
No.  36114  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 

Color.  Above  drab  brown,  lined  with  black;  under  parts  and 
feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  258;  tail  vertebrae,  88;  hind  foot, 
33.  Skull:  basal  length,  37.5-40.5;  Hensel,  34-37;  zygomatic  width, 
24-28;  interorbital  breadth,  6-7;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7.5-8; 
length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  27-28.5. 


<>tt.    Cratogeomys.     Powerful  Pocket  Gophers. 

Cratogeomys    Merr.,  Mon.    Geom.,    N.  Am.  Faun.,    No.  8,  1895,  p. 

150,  pis.  and  figs.  Type  Geomys  merriami  Thomas. 
Upper  incisor  with  a  single  groove,  usually  open;  upper  premolar 
with  three  enamel  plates,  posterior  absent;  shaft  convex  forward; 
upper  and  lower  premolars  subequal  in  length.  First  and  second 
upper  molar  with  one  enamel  plate  each,  posterior  absent.  Last 
upper  molar  with  a  deep  sulcus  on  outer  side,  none  on  inner.  Skull: 
a  depression  extends  obliquely  across  squamosals  from  root  of  zygoma 


to  oecifMEk 


CMC;  tacadlh  of  cranitrm   poster  ioriy  less 
irsomaita  broad  and  heaw. 


'.-. 


•LEY  TO  STEOE5  AN  D  SUBSTEOES 


CRATOGEOMYS.  313 

b.  No  sagitt&l  crest. 

a/  Outer  face  of  upper  incisor  strongly  bev-  PAGE 

eled C.  oreocetes  314 

b/  Outer  face  of  upper  incisor  not  beveled .  .  .  .  C.  peregrinus  314 
B.  Basioccipital  rectangular,  its  sides  parallel. 

a.  Rostrum  and  braincase  long C.  castanops  315 

b.  Rostrum  short,  braincase  broad C.c.  goldmani    316 

309.  merriami  (Geomys},  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.   Hist.,  6th  Ser., 

xn,  1893,  p.  271,  pis.  and  figs. 
MERRIAM'S  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     "Southern  Mexico." 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valley  of  Mexico  and  Toluca  Valley,  State  of 
Mexico,  and  States  of  Puebla  and  Hidalgo.  "South  end  of  Valley 
of  Mexico  to  an  altitude  of  10,000  or  11,000  feet;  east  to  Atlixco, 
State  of  Puebla,  north  to  Irolo,  State  of  Hidalgo,  and  west  to  Ler- 
main,  Toluca  Valley."  (Merr.) 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  moderately  haired.  Skull  massive; 
incisors  very  large;  outer  edge  of  enamel  on  lower  incisors  forming 
a  bead;  squamosals  covering  parietals  and  meeting  in  a  median  crest. 

Color.  Upper  parts  varying  from  mixed  chestnut  brown  and 
black  to  slate  black  (melanistic) ;  under  parts  paler;  dusky  patch 
around  and  behind  ears. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  380;  tail  vertebrae,  112;  hind  foot, 
50.  Skull:  basal  length,  51-70.5  ;  Hensel,  46.5-64;  zygomatic  breadth, 
35-49;  interorbital  width,  7.5-9.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
11.5-15.5;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  36.5-52. 

310.  perotensis    (Cratogeomys},   Merr'.,    Mon.     Geomyidae,    N.    Am. 

Faun.,  No.  8,  1895,  P-  J54>  pi-  8,  fig-  6. 
PEROTE  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Cofre  de  Perote,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  9,500  to  12,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  smaller  than  C.  merriami;  hind  feet  and  tail 
hairy;  no  naked  nose  pad. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  fulvous  and  black;  usually  a  white 
patch  at  base  of  tail ;  dusky  patch  behind  ear ;  under  parts  plumbeous 
washed  with  fulvous;  hind  feet  white  basally,  usually  dark  for  remain- 
ing portion,  sometimes  all  white;  tail  dusky  and  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  300;  tail  vertebrae,  79;  hind  foot, 
40.  Skull:  basal  length,  51.5-55;  Hensel,  47-51;  zygomatic  breadth, 
37-39.5;  interorbital  width,  7-7.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
10.5-12;  length  of  mandible,  37.5-40.5. 


314  CRATOGEOMYS. 

310a.  estor  (Cratogcomys),  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No. 

8,  1895,  P-  i55.  pl-  8,  figs.  4,  5- 
LAS  VIGAS  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Las  Vigas,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
8,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northeastern  foothills  of  Cofre  de  Perote  and  hills 
to  the  north,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  C.  perotensis;  small  naked  nasal  pad; 
hind  feet  and  tail  hairy.  Skull:  superior  dutline  nearly  straight. 

Color.  Apparently  there  is  no  difference  in  the  coloration  of 
this  form  and  that  of  C.  perotensis,  the  same  description  acting 
equally  well  for  both. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  315;  tail  vertebrae,  94;  hind  foot, 
41.  Skull:  basal  length,  52;  Hensel,  47-51 ;  zygomatic  width,  38-38.5; 
interorbital  width,  7-8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  u;  length  of 
mandible,  37.5-42. 

311.  oreocetes   (Cratogeomys) ,  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun., 

No.  8,  1895,  P-  XS6'  pi-  8,  figs,  i,  2. 
MOUNTAIN  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Mount  Popocatepetl,  State  of  Mexico,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  1 1, 5  oo  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Higher  slopes  of  Mount  Popocatepetl,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  small  nasal  pad;  tail  nearly  naked.  Skull: 
temporal  ridges  developed;  lambdoid  crest  present;  bullae  sub- 
globular;  groove  on  upper  incisors  on  inner  side  wide;  outer  side  of 
tooth  beveled. 

Color.  Above  dusky,  head  and  middle  of  back  darkest,  washed 
with  pale  brown;  brown  spot  beneath  eyes;  fore  feet  dusky;  hind 
feet  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  318;  tail  vertebras,  92;  hind  foot, 
43.  Skull:  basal  length,  51;  Hensel,  47;  zygomatic  width,  32.5; 
interorbital  width,  8;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  10.5 ;  length  of  single 
half  of  mandible,  36. 

312.  peregrinus  (Cratogeomys} ,  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidai,  N.  Am.  Faun., 

No.  8,  1895,  p.  158,  pi.  8,  fig.  3. 
MOUNT  IZTACCIHUATL  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Mount  Iztaccihuatl,  State  of  Mexico,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  11,500  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Higher  slopes  of  Mount  Iztaccihuatl,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  fore  foot  large,  claws  nearly  equaling 
hind  foot  and  claws;  nasal  pad  small.  Skull:  zygomata  broad  and 
bowed  outward,  rostrum  short;  nasals  broad;  premaxillae  broad, 


CRATOGEOMYS.  315 

reaching  the  plane  of  the  orbit;  cranium  broad  posteriorly,  the 
squamosals  expanding  laterally ;  audital  bullae  short ;  a  single  broad 
groove  on  upper  incisor. 

Color.  Above  mixed  dusky  and  whitish;  throat  and  sides  of 
face  darker;  under  parts  paler;  hind  feet  whitish;  fore  feet  similar 
to  but  darker  than  upper  parts;  tail  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  304;  tail  vertebrae,  87;  hind  foot, 
42.  Skull:  basal  length,  52;  Hensel,  47.5;  zygomatic  width,  35;  inter- 
orbital  width,  7.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  11.5;  length  of  single 
half  of  mandible,  37. 


FIG.  XLVI.    CRATOGEOMYS  CASTANOPS. 
CHESTNUT-FACED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

313.  castanops  (Pseudostomd),  Baird,  Rep.  Stansb.  Exped.  to  Great 
Salt  Lake,  1852,  p.  313. 

clarkii,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855,  p.  332. 

castanops  (Cratogcomys),  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  220. 
CHESTNUT-FACED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Prairie  Road  to  Bent's  Fort,  near  the  present 
town  of  Las  Animas,  Bent  County,  Colorado,  on  the  Arkansas  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Chihuahua  and  Coahuila,  Mexico,  north 
to  Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  medium.  Skull  broad,  heavy;  basi- 
occipital  rectangular;  sides  parallel;  rostrum  and  braincase  long; 
superior  profile  convex;  end  of  maxillary  root  of  zygoma  greatly 
expanded,  forming  a  plate. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  beneath  buffy, 
plumbeous  base  of  hairs  visible;  fore  feet  black;  hind  feet  blackish 
brown;  tail  hairs  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  295;  tail  vertebrae,  77;  hind  foot, 
33.  Another  specimen  from  Paladura  Canon,  Texas,  measured  in 
total  length,  280;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind  foot,  39,  taken  in  the  flesh. 
Skull:  basal  length,  47.5-56.5;  Hensel,  40.5-49;  zygomatic  width, 


316  CRATOGEOMYS.  PLATYGEOMYS. 

30-38;  interorbital  width,  6.5-7.5  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  9.5-10.5  ; 
length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  31.5-38. 

a.  —  goldmani  (Cratogeomys]  ,  Merr.,Mon.  Geomyidas,  N.  Am.  Faun., 

No.  8,  1895,  p.  160. 
GOLDMAN'S  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Canitas,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  C.  castanops  in  coloration.  Skull  :  rostrum 
shorter  than  that  of  C.  castanops;  braincase  broader;  basioccipital 
somewhat  larger. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  buffy  ochraceous;  under  parts 
paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  270;  tail  vertebrae,  83;  hind  foot, 
34.  Skull:  basal  length,  44.5-46;  Hensel,  41-42.5;  zygomatic  width, 
32-32.5;  interorbital  width,  7.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  9-9.5; 
length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  31-32.5. 

314.   fulvescens    (Cratogcomys),    Merr,,    Mon.    Geomyidas,    N.    Am. 

Faun.,  No.  8,  1895,  p.  161,  pi.  12,  fig.  2. 
FULVOUS  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Chalchicomula,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Puebla  and  Tlaxcala,  from  "Esperanza 
north  to  Perote  and  west  to  the  northeast  base  of  Mount  Malinche, 
in  Tlaxcala,"  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  C.  castanops,  but  larger  and  darker; 
superior  outline  of  skull  convex;  fronto  maxillary  suture  reaching 
anteriorly  the  plane  of  the  front  of  the  zygoma. 

Color.  Above  mixed  yellowish  brown  and  blackish;  under  parts 
ochraceous  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  318;  tail  vertebrae,  102;  hind  foot, 
43.  Skull:  basal  length,  49-55;  Hensel,  45-50.5;  zygomatic  width, 
34-40;  interorbital  width,  6.5-8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  10-12; 
length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  35-38. 

64.     Platygeomys.    Broad-headed  Pocket  Gophers. 


Platygeomys    Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidas,  N.  Am.    Faun.,    No.  8,  1895, 
p.  162,  pis.  and  figs.     Type  Geomys  gymnurus  Merriam. 

Skull  large,  massive,  flat;  squamosals  expanded  laterally,  giving 
considerable  width  to  the  occipital  region,  concealing  the  postglenoid 
notch,  and  increasing  the  glenoid  fossa;  zygomata  heavy  and  widely 
spread;  jugal  large  and  broad;  endoturbinals  forming  an  elongated 


PLATYGEOMYS  3)7 


oblique  plate;  anterior  border  of  mesethmoid  rounded  above;  upper 
premolar  with  three  enamel  plates;  first  and  second  upper  molars 
with  only  one  each;  a  single  sulcus  on  upper  incisor  near  median  line. 


FIG.  58.    PLATYGEOMYS  GYMNURUS 
No.  45611  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size 


318  PLATYGEOMYS. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Nasals  wedge-shaped;  hind  feet  nearly  naked.  PAGE 

a.  Above  sooty,  washed  with  reddish  brown P.  fumosus     318 

b.  Above  chestnut  or  slate  black P.  gymnurus     3 1 8 

B.  Nasals  truncate;  hind  feet  hairy,  whitish. 

a.  Above  liver  brown P.  tylorhinus  319 

b.  Above  pale  fulvous P.t.  angustirostris  319 

c.  Above  chestnut P.  planiceps  319 

d.  Above  pale,  dull  chestnut ^.  .P.  neglectus  319 

315.  fumosus  (Geomys),  Merr.,  Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  vn,    1892,   p. 
165. 

fumosus  (Platygeomys),  Merr.,  Mon.    Geomyidas,  N.   Am.   Faun., 

No.  8,  1895,  p.  170,  pi.  n,  fig.  4;  pi.  14,  fig.  8. 
SOOTY  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Colima  City,  State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  and  hind  feet  nearly  naked. 
Skull:  posterior  portion  of  cranium  broad;  squamosals  expanded; 
zygomata  rounded  anteriorly,  greatest  width  at  median  portion; 
nasals  wedge-shaped. 

Color.  Above  sooty  washed  with  reddish  brown ;  under  parts  pale 
plumbeous  washed  with  light  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  287;  tail  vertebrae,  82;  hind  foot, 
42.  Skull:  basal  length,  49-55.5;  Hensel,  44-51;  zygomatic  width, 
35.5-39;  interorbital  width,  8-9.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
11.5-13;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  40.5-46.5. 

316.  gymnurus  (Geomys),  Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vn,   1892, 
p.  166. 

gymnurus  (Platygeomys) ,  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun., 

No.  8,  1895,  p.  164,  pis.  and  figs. 
NAKED-TAILED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Zapotlan,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valley  of  Zapotlan  and  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
de  Colima,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  pad  on  nose  and  tail  naked;  feet  nearly 
hairless. 

Color.  Upper  parts  chestnut,  sometimes  slate  black;  under  parts 
paler;  young  slate  black;  sides  and  rump  with  whitish  bristles. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  352;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind  foot, 
53.  Skull:  basal  length,  57-62.5;  Hensel,  53-57.5;  zygomatic  width, 
42-46.5;  interorbital  width,  9-10;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
13-14.5;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  41-45. 


PLATYGEOMYS.  319 

317.  tylorhinus    (Platygeomys),   Merr.,    Mon.    Geomyidae,    N.    Am. 

Faun.,  No.  8,  1895,  p.  167,  pi.  13,  fig.  i. 
TOUGH-SKINNED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Tula,  State  of  Hidalgo,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Hidalgo  and  Michoacan,  on  north  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Madre,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  similar  to  P.  gymnurus,  but  smaller;  skull 
lighter  and  smaller;  nasals  broad  posteriorly  and  truncate. 

Color.  Upper  parts  liver  brown;  under  parts  paler,  plumbeous 
base  of  hairs  showing;  hind  feet  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  345;  tail  vertebrae,  100;  hind  foot, 

45.  Skull:  basal  length,  48-60;  Hensel,   45-57;  zygomatic  width, 
40-46;  interorbital  width,  7.5-9;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  12-13; 
length  of  mandible,  46-52. 

a. — (i/io-/txtirostj'is  (Platygcomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1903, 

p.  81. 
SLENDER-NOSED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Patamban,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  tylorhinus,  but  paler.  Skull  smaller; 
rostrum,  nasals,  and  incisors  narrower  and  arched  posteriorly. 

Color.  Above  pale  fulvous  grizzled  with  black ;  beneath  pale  slaty 
plumbeous  washed  with  pale  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Body  measurements  not  given.  Skull:  basal 
length,  53.5;  zygomatic  width,  anteriorly,  38;  breadth  of  rostrum, 
anteriorly,  10;  breadth  of  nasals,  anteriorly,  6;  at  middle,  3. 

318.  planiceps  (Platygeomys) ,  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun., 

No.  8,  1895,  p.  168,  pi.  13,  fig.  3;  pi.  14,  fig.  9. 
FLAT-HEADED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  North  slope  of  the  Volcano  Toluca,  State  of 
Mexico,  Mexico.  Altitude,  8,600  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Volcano  Toluca  to  City  of  Toluca,  State  of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  tylorhinus;  tail  longer.  Jugal  narrow 
and  slightly  expanded;  upper  incisor  with  single  sulcus. 

Color.  Above  chestnut;  under  parts  paler;  hind  feet  whitish; 
black  spot  around  ear. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  372;  tail  vertebrae,  121;  hind  foot, 

46.  Skull:  basal  length,  52.5-59;  Hensel,  49-55;  zygomatic  width, 
38-42.5 ;  interorbital  width,  7.5-8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  12-13 ; 
length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  46-51. 

319.  neglectus  (Platygeomys},  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902, 

p.  68. 


320  PLATOGEOMYS.  PAPPOGEOMYS. 

NEGLECTED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Mount  Cerro  de  la  Calentura,  eight  miles  northwest 
of  Final  de  Amoles,  State  of  Queretaro,  Mexico.  Altitude,  9,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  "Size  small  for  a  Platygeomys;  general  appearance 
and  characters  as  in  P.  planiceps,  but  color  paler  and  duller  (less 
chestnut);  size  smaller;  rostrum  and  nasals  shorter;  frontal  flat  inter- 
orbitally  (not  elevated  on  each  side  over  t  the  orbits)  ;  zygomatic 
arches  parallel  (instead  of  strongly  divergent  anteriorly)  ;  jugal  light 
and  slender,  its  faces  not  strongly  developed." 

Measurements.  Type.  "Total  length,  310;  tail  vertebrae,  96; 
hind  foot,  42."  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

65.    Pappogeomys.     Ancient  Pocket  Gophers. 


Pappogeomys  Merr.,  Mon.   Geomyidas,  N.   Am.  Faun.,  No.  8,  1895, 

p.  145,  pis.  and  figs.  Type  Geomys  bidleri  Thomas. 
Molars  with  enamel  pattern  of  Geomys,  and  the  incisors  unisulcate, 
as  in  some  other  genera,  i.  e.,  Cratogeomys,  etc.  Sphenoid  fossa 
shortened  by  the  orbitosphenoids  ;  mesethmoid  higher  than  long,  and 
with  the  lower  edge  extending  between  wings  of  vomer  posteriorly; 
zygomata  slender;  upper  premolar  with  but  three  enamel  plates; 
first  and  second  upper  molars  with  two  enamel  plates  each;  last 
upper  molar  has  a  single  exterior  sulcus;  upper  incisor  with  a  single 
deep  median  sulcus. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES.  PAGE 

A.  Size  small;  tail  naked;  occiput  extending  con- 
siderably beyond  lambdoidal  suture. 

a.  Above  rusty  chestnut,  beneath  paler  ...........  P.  bulleri     320 

b.  Above  pale  plumbeous  tinged  with  chestnut  ; 

beneath  paler  ............................  P.  albinasiis     321 

320.  bulleri  (Geomys},  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.   Hist.,  6th  Ser.,  x, 
1892,  p.  196,  August. 

nelsoni  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1892,  p.  164,  September. 
BULLER'S  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Near  Talpa,  west  slope  of  Sierra  de  Mascota,  State 
of  Jalisco,  Mexico.  Altitude,  8,500  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  naked;  occiput  extending  consid- 
erably behind  lambdoidal  suture;  nasals  narrow;  premaxillae  short, 
rounded  posteriorly,  and  just  reaching  plane  of  orbits. 

Color.     Above  rusty  chestnut  ;  under  parts  paler. 


PAPPOGEOMYS. 


3-J1 


FIG.  59.    PAPPOGEOMYS  BULLERI. 

No.  835Q  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     Enlarged  J*. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  6  times  Enlarged  6  times. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  238;  tail  vertebrae,  83;  hind  foot, 
33.  Skull:  basal  length,  35-38;  Hensel,  32-35;  zygomatic  width, 
23-25.5;  interorbital  width,  7-8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  8.5-9; 
length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  25-28. 

321.  albinasus    (Pappogeomys) ,   Merr.,    Mon.    Geomyidas,    N.    Am. 
Faun.,  No.  8,  1895,  p.  149. 


3-2-2  PAPPOGEOMYS.  ORTHOGEOMYS. 

WHITE-NOSED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Atemajac,  a  suburb  of  Guadalajara,  State  of  Jalisco, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico.  Altitude,  4,000  to  5,100 
feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  nasal  pad  and  tail  naked.  Skull  similar 
to  that  of  P.  bulleri,  but  generally  larger'; 

Color.  General  color  of  whole  body  pale  plumbeous  tinged  with 
chestnut  ;  palest  on  under  parts  ;  white  patch  on  nose  reaching  nearly 
to  eyes. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  226;  tail  vertebrae,  68;  hind  foot, 
31.  Skull:  basal  length,  36.5;  Hensel,  33;  zygomatic  width,  25.5; 
interorbital  width,  7.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  9.5;  length  of 
single  half  of  mandible,  26.5. 

66.    Orthogeomys.     Straight-headed  Pocket  Gophers. 


Orthogeomys  Merr.,  Mon.   Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8,  p.  172, 

pi.  and  figs.     Type  Geomys  scalops  Thomas. 

Skull  elongated,  flat;  frontal  broad;  orbital  plates  of  frontal  sepa- 
rated by  orbitosphenoids  ;  braincase  subcylindrical  ;  interorbital  con- 
striction lacking;  upper  premolar  with  three  or  four  enamel  plates; 
upper  incisor  with  one  open  sulcus. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Pelage  not  bristly  ;  nasal  pad  large.  PAGE 

a.  Nasals  long,  broad  posteriorly  ................  O.  grandis     322 

b.  Nasals  long,  narrow  posteriorly. 

a/  Premaxillae  very  broad,  inclined  to  a  point 

posteriorly,  on  a  line  with  the  orbits  .........  O.  nelsoni     324 

b/  Premaxillae  narrower,  truncate  posteriorly, 

not  reaching  the  orbits  ....................  O.  scalops     324 

B.  Pelage  bristly;  nasal  pad  small  or  absent  ........  O.  latifrons     324 

322.  grandis  (Geomys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ,6th  Ser.,  xn, 

1893,  p.  270. 
GIANT  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Duenas,  Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  fur  coarse.  Skull  large,  heavy  ;  premaxillae 
longer  than  nasals  posteriorly;  interorbital  space  broad,  its  edges 
rounded  anteriorly  and  inflated;  incisors  pale  yellow,  with  a  deep 
groove;  molars  large. 


ORTHOGEOMYS.  323 

Color.     Smoky  chocolate  brown;  "muzzle,  cheeks  and  chin  whitish 
brown;  tail  naked;  hands  and  feet  thinly  covered  with  whitish  hairs." 


FIG.  60.    ORTHOGEOMYS  SCALOPS. 
No.  6730  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


•i-24  ORTHOGEOMYS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  320;  tail,  135;  hind  foot,  57.  Skull: 
basal  length,  68;  Hensel,  62;  zygomatic  width,  43.8;  interorbital 
width,  15;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  16.5;  length  of  single  half 
of  mandible,  49. 

323.  nelsoni   (Orthogeomys) ,  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun., 

No.  8,  1895,  p.  176,  fig.  63. 
NELSON'S  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Mount  Zempoaltepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  8,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mount  Zempoaltepec  and  adjacent  region,  State  of 
Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  large;  tail,  except  base,  naked.  Skull 
very  large,  long;  nasals  very  narrow  posteriorly;  premaxillae  reaching 
far  beyond  posterior  end  of  nasals;  interorbital  constriction  slight; 
frontal  narrow,  short. 

Color.     General  hue  dark  brown;  slightly  paler  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  397;  tail  vertebrae,  123;  hind  foot, 
53.  Skull:  basal  length,  70;  Hensel,  64;  zygomatic  width,  44-45; 
interorbital  width,  16-17;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  15;  length 
of  single  half  of  mandible,  50-51. 

324.  sea  lops  (Geomys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  Ser.,  xin, 

1894,  p.  437. 
DIGGER  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Tehuantepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Oaxaca,  and  possibly  in  State  of  Chiapas, 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  nasal  pad,  tail,  and  hind  feet  naked. 

Color.     General  color  dark  seal  brown,  nearly  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  369;  tail  vertebrae,  103.5;  hind  foot, 
50.  Skull:  basal  length,  60.5-64;  Hensel,  55.5-59.5  ;  zygomatic  width, 
37-42;  interorbital  width,  14.2-16;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
13-14.5 ;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  43.5-46.5. 

325.  latifrons   (Orthogeomys) ,  Merr.,  N.  Am.   Faun.,  No.  8,   1895,  p. 

178,  pi.  ii,  and  figs.  5,  6;  text  fig.  64. 
BRISTLED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Guatemala.     Exact  locality  unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala.     Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Pelage  bristly ;  tail  long,  naked ;  feet  scantily  haired ; 
incisors  with  nearly  median  groove;  zygomata  narrow,  slender, 
broadest  posteriorly;  nasals  short,  narrow. 

Color.     Uniform  dull  sooty  brown  above  and  below. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  320;  tail,  TOO;  hind  foot,  39. 


HETEROGEOMYS.  325 

<>7.     Heteroffcomys.     Distinct  Pocket  Gophers. 


Heterogeomys   Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8,  1895, 
p.  179,  pis.  and  figs.     Type  Gcomys  hispidns  Le  Conte. 

Skull  high,  narrow;  zygomata  moderately  wide;  frontal  broad 
and  flat;  orbital  plate  of  frontal  usually  perforated  by  a  foramen 
above  apex  of  sphenoidal  fissure;  nasals  much  arched  anteriorly; 
squamous  part  of  occipital  plane  high  above  mastoid  bullae;  orbito- 
sphenoids  narrow  and  long,  not  articulating  with  alisphenoids;  upper 


FIG.  61.    HETEROGEOMYS  TORRIDUS. 

No.  5843  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     Nat.  si/r. 


326  HETEROGEOMYS.  MACROGEOMYS. 

part  of  optic  foramen  disappearing  in  advanced  life;  squamosal 
expansion  slight;  fronto-maxillary  suture  reaching  orbit  in  front  of 
lachrymal,  (ex  Merr.,  1.  c.) 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES,  PAGE 

A.  Nasals    long,    narrowing   rapidly    posteriorly; 

zygomata  not  greatly  spreading H.  hispidus     326 

B.  Nasals  shorter,  broader  posteriorly;  zygomata 

widely  spreading H.  torridus     326 

326.  hispidus  (Heterogeomys),  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1852,  p.  158,  pis.  and  figs. 
HARSH-COATED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Near  Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  at  4,000  to  4,500  feet 
altitude. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  upper  incisors  with  one  deep  sulcus  each 
on  inner  side;  nose  pad  and  tail  naked. 

Color.  General  hue  above  dark  seal  brown;  under  parts  slightly 
paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  345;  tail  vertebrae,  92;  hind  foot, 
47.3.  Skull:  basal  length,  55-57.5;  Hensel,  51-53;  zygomatic  width, 
36-45;  interorbital  width,  10-11.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
13.5-14;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  38-42. 

327.  torridus  (Heterogeomys},  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun.. 

No.  8,  1895,  P-  I^3»  pis-  and  figs. 
TROPICAL  POCKET  GOPHER.     Tultusia  in  Guatemala. 

Type  locality.     Chichicaxtle,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lowlands,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  through  States  of 
Oaxaca  and  Chiapas,  Mexico,  into  Guatemala. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  H.  hispidus;  size  large.  Skull  broad 
and  heavy. 

Color.     Dark  seal  brown,  slightly  paler  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  323;  tail  vertebrae,  88;  hind  foot, 
52.  Skull:  basal  length,  54-60;  Hensel,  50-55.5;  zygomatic  width, 
37-43.5;  interorbital  breadth,  10.5-11;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
13-14.5;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  38-42. 

68.    Macrogeomys.     Large  Size  Pocket  Gophers. 

T  I-1-  p  '— T-  M  3-3  _    Q 
A-*-,.   ^-J=I»    M-3-3-  20- 

Macrogeomys  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8,   1895,  p.   185,  pis.  and 

figs.     Type  Geomys  heterodus  Peters. 
Size  large ;  large  naked  nasal  pad ;  tail  naked ;  pelage  silky.     Skull : 


MACROGEOMYS.  327 

frontal  flat,  depressed  medianly,  broad;  postorbital  processes  large; 
palato-pterygoids  short,  broad,  truncate  posteriorly;  braincase  high 
above  root  of  zygoma;  lambdoid  crest  straight;  occipital  plane  flat, 
sloping  forward;  upper  premolar  with  four  enamel  plates;  first  upper 
and  second  lower  molars  with  two  enamel  plates  each;  last  upper 
molar  with  lengthened  heel  and  deep  outer  sulcus ;  upper  incisor  with 
only  one  narrow  deep  sulcus  on  inner  third  of  face. 


FIG.  62.    MACROGEOMYS  CHERRII. 

No.  9070  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


3-28  MACROGEOMVS. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Audital  bulla  rounded  on  outer  side;  no  white 

patch  on  head.  PAGE 

a.  Upper  parts  sepia  brown ;  skull  short,  broad .  .  .  M.  heterodus     328 

b.  Upper  parts  chocolate  brown  anteriorly,  buffy 

posteriorly M.  dolichocephalus     328 

c.  Upper  parts  dark  seal  brown,  nearly  black." M.  cavator     329 

d.  Upper  parts  dusky  chocolate  brown,  uniform  .  .  .  .M.  pansa     329 

B.  Audital  bulla  flattened  on  outer  side;  white 
patch  on  head. 

a.  Upper  parts  dark  brown,  beneath  whitish; 
roots  of  maxilla  and  squamosal  meeting  above 

jugal M.  costaricensis     330 

b.  Upper  parts  plumbeous,  beneath  paler;  roots 
of  maxilla  and  squamosals  not  meeting  above 

jugal M.  cherrii     330 

328.  heterodus   (Geomys),  Peters,  Monatsb.   K.  Preuss.  Akad.  Wiss. 

Berl.,  1864,  p.  177,  pis.  and  figs. 
IRAZU  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Costa  Rica.     Locality  unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Irazu  Range,  and  possibly  other  parts  of  Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  upper  incisor  with  a  deep  narrow  groove 
on  inner  side  of  median  line;  large  naked  nasal  pad;  tail  naked,  as 
are  also  the  feet,  except  a  few  hairs  on  toes;  no  external  ears;  in- 
cisors in  front  orange.  Skull  large,  short;  frontal  broad,  flat,  concave 
between  orbits,  with  deep  notches  in  front  of  postorbital  processes, 
which  are  large;  zygomata  wide;  jugal  broad;  nasals  wedge-shaped; 
pterygoids  U-shaped,  truncate  posteriorly. 

Color.  Above  hair  brown;  remaining  portions  of  body  and  the 
muzzle  soiled  gray,  this  hue  reaching  well  up  on  side  of  rump,  and 
also  covering  base  of  tail. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  325;  tail,  65;  hind  foot,  41.  Skull: 
basal  length,  58-60;  Hensel,  51.2-55;  zygomatic  width,  42.5;  inter- 
orbital  width,  10-14;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  14-15;  length  of 
mandible,  44-45. 

329.  dolichocephalus   (Macrogcomys},  Merr.,  N.  Am.   Faun.,  No.   8, 

1895,  p.  189,  pis.  and  figs. 
NARROW-HEADED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     San  Jose,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  similar  to  M.  heterodus,  but  darker. 
Skull  long  and  narrow;  zygomata  narrow,  the  breadth  but  slightly 


MACROGEOMYS.  329 

greater  than  the  mastoid  breadth,  and  the  jugal,  which  is  short  and 
broadest  in  the  center,  is  overlapped  by  the  maxillary  and  squamosal 
arms  of  the  zygoma;  braincase  subcylindrical ;  nasals  short,  termi- 
nating in  front  of  the  zygomatic  arches;  pterygoids  broad  and  short; 
mandible  long,  narrow. 

Color.  Above  dull  chocolate  brown;  muzzle  and  lower  part  of 
rump  buffy;  under  parts  pale  chocolate  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  380;  tail,  75;  hind  foot,  45.  Skull: 
basal  length,  52-65;  Hensel,  48-60;  zygomatic  width,  33-40.5;  inter- 
orbital  breadth,  9.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  13-15.5;  length  of 
single  half  of  mandible,  38.5-48.5. 

330.  cavator  (Macrogeomys),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix, 

1902,  p.  42. 
BOQUETE  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  4,800  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  M.  dolichocephalic,  but  with  comparative 
difference  in  crania ;  colors  darker. 

Color.  Above  dark  seal  brown,  almost  black;  beneath  similar  but 
grizzled,  a  white  patch  beneath  chin  and  on  under  sides  of  wrists; 
feet  and  hands  naked,  yellowish  brown;  tail  naked,  yellowish  brown, 
end  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  360-410;  tail  vertebrae,  108-125; 
hind  foot,  47-54;  ear,  7-8.  Skull:  type,  basal  length,  64;  occipito- 
nasal  length,  67.8;  zygomatic  width,  45.8;  mastoid  width,  33.4; 
interorbital  width,  u;  length  of  nasals,  25.4;  length  of  palate  to 
palatal  notch,  44.6;  upper  molar  series,  15.4;  length  of  single  half  of 
mandible,  51.2.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

331.  pansa   (Macrogcomys),  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxxix, 

1902,  p.  44. 
BROAD-FOOTED  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Bogaba,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  600  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  M.  cavator;  hind  foot  proportionately 
larger. 

Color.  Above  dull,  dusky,  chocolate  brown;  under  parts  griz- 
zled, belly  whitish;  feet  and  hands  naked,  yellowish  brown;  tail 
naked,  yellowish  brown,  tip  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  320-330;  tail  vertebras,  no;  hind 
foot,  48-52;  ear,  5-7.  Skull:  basal  length,  54;  occipito-nasal  length, 
57.6;  zygomatic  width,  36;  mastoid  width,  27.8;  interorbital  width, 
1 1. 8;  length  of  nasals,  23;  length  of  palate  to  palatal  notch,  37;  upper 
molar  series,  13;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  41.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


330  MACROOEOMYS.  ZYGOGEOMYS. 

332.  costaricensis  (Macrogcomys),    Merr.,    N.    Am.    Faun.,    No.    8, 

1895,  p.  192,  pis.  and  figs. 
PACUARE  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Pacuare,  Costa  Rica? 

Geogr.  Distr.     Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Unique  specimen  immature.  Skull  similar  to  that  of 
M.  dolichocephalus,  but  with  broader  nasals;  zygomata  standing  at 
nearly  right  angles  to  axis  of  skull,  the  anterior  angle  abruptly 
rounded;  jugal  narrower;  pterygoids  shorter  and  broader;  audital 
bullae  disk-shaped  and  separated  by  a  groove  from  the  bullae. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown;  under  parts  whitish;  a  large  white 
patch  on  top  of  head  between  eyes  and  ears. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  330;  tail  about  80;  hind  foot,  33, 
without  claw.  Skull:  basal  length,  48.5;  Hensel,  44.5;  zygomatic 
width,  33;  interorbital  width,  9;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  13; 
length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  37. 

333.  cherrii    (Geomys),    Allen,    Bull.    Am.     Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1893, 

P-  337- 
CHERRIE'S  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Santa  Clara,  Costa  Rica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Nasal  pad,  tail,  and  hind  feet  naked;  white  head 
patch.  Skull  differs  from  that  of  M.  costaricensis  in  certain  par- 
ticulars, such  as  the  jugal,  which  is  large  and  long  and  is  not  covered 
by  the  maxillary  arm  of  the  zygoma;  in  the  horizontal  part  of  the 
zygomatic  arch  not  being  strongly  convex  upward,  and  has  not  the 
constriction  between  the  orbital  and  temporal  fossa;  and  the  orbito- 
temporal  fossae  are  broadest  at  the  middle  instead  of  being  narrowest. 

Color.  Above  chocolate  or  sooty  brown,  except  a  large  white 
patch  on  crown;  throat,  breast,  and  inner  side  of  limbs  dusky  grayish; 
rest  of  under  parts  grayish  buff;  tail  and  feet  naked,  reddish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  275;  tail,  80;  hind  foot,  40.  Skull: 
basal  length,  47.5;  Hensel,  44;  zygomatic  width,  34;  interorbital 
width,  9.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  12;  length  of  single  half  of 
mandible,  37. 


69.    Z>  gogfomys.    Zygomata  Porket  Gophers. 


Zygogeomys  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.   Faun.,  No.  8,   1895, 
p.  195,  pis.  and  figs.     Type  Zygogeomys  trichopus  Merriam. 


ZYGOGEOMYS.  331 

Skull  long  and  narrow;  maxillary  and  squamosal  branches  of 
zygoma  in  contact  above  jugal,  which  is  mainly  external;  rostrum 
long  and  narrow;  orbitosphenoids  large,  and  with  the  exception  of 
a  foramen  at  apex,  close  the  upper  part  of  sphenoidal  fissure,  and 
unkvlosed  with  the  alisphenoid;  mesethmoid  quadrangular;  upper 
incisors  bisulcate,  chief  sulcus  on  median  line,  minor  on  inner  con- 
vexity. First  and  second  upper  molars  with  two  enamel  plates 


FIG.  63.    ZYGOGEOMYS  TRICHOPUS. 
No.  50107  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


W2  ZYGOGEOMYS.  THOMOMYS. 

each;  upper  premolar  with  four  enamel  plates;  third  upper  molar 
incomplete  double  prism,  crown  longer  than  broad;  sulcus  on 
middle  of  outer  side  only,  inner  enamel  plate  covering  two-thirds  or 
three-fourths  of  inner  side  of  tooth,  reaching  end  of  heel  posteri- 
orly; outer  enamel  plate  covering  about  half  of  outer  side  of  tooth, 
its  anterior  bent  strongly  outward;  upper  incisors  bisulcate,  prin- 
cipal sulcus  on  inner  side  of  median  line,  (ex  Merr.,  1.  c.) 

334  trichopus   (Zygogcomys) ,  Merr.,  Mon.  Geomyidae,  N.  Am.  Faun., 

No.  8,  1895,  P-  Z9^'  pls-  and  figs. 
PINE  ZONE  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Nahuatzin,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sierra  Nevada,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 6,800  to  9,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long,  naked;  naked  pad  on  nose; 
feet  covered  with  hair;  other  characters  as  in  genus. 

Color.  Dark  slate  to  seal  brown,  washed  with  ferrugineous  on 
upper  parts;  under  parts  plumbeous,  tinged  with  fulvous;  white 
patch  on  throat;  hind  feet  whitish  or  dark  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  346;  tail  vertebrae,  115;  hind  foot, 
46.  Skull:  basal  length,  46.5-58.5;  Hensel,  43-54;  zygomatic  width, 
35-39 ;  interorbital  width,  8-9.5  >  length  of  upper  molar  series,  10.5-1 2 ; 
length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  33-42. 


The  genus  THOMOMYS  is  distinguished  from  Gcomys  and  the 
allied  genera  by  the  absence  of  median  grooves  on  the  incisors,  by 
the  smaller  and  more  feeble  claws,  and  by  even  larger  cheek  pouches. 
The  habits  of  the  species  are  the  same,  and  they  often  prove  as  great 
pests  to  the  agriculturalist  as  do  their  relatives  of  the  other  genera. 
While  usually  of  smaller  size  than  the  species  of  Geomys,  there  is  one, 
T.  bulbivorus,  from  the  northwestern  portion  of  the  United  States, 
which  equals  the  largest  member  of  that  genus.  The  Gophers  feed 
upon  all  kinds  of  herbage  and  bulbous  roots.  They  are  irascible, 
bite  severely,  are  very  quick  in  their  movements,  alert  to  each 
danger  that  threatens,  and  fertile  in  methods  for  avoiding  it. 

7O.     Tliomoiuys.     Pocket  Gophers. 

I.S;P.S;M.»  =  ,o. 

Thomomys  Wied,  Nov.  Act.  Phys.  Med.  Akad.  Caes.  Leop.  Carol., 

xix,  1839,  p.  377.     Type  Thomomys  rujesccns  Wied. 
Diplostoma  Rich.,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  i,  1829,  p.  206.     (nee  Rafin.) 
Oryctomys  Ed.  &  Gerv.,  Mag.  Zool.,  vi,  1836,  p.  23.     (Part.) 


THOMOMYS.  333 

Upper  incisors  without  median  sulcus,  but  with  a  fine  marginal 
groove,  not,  however,  always  present;  root  of  inferior  incisors  form- 
ing a  protuberance  on  outside  of  condylar  ramus;  zygomata  wider 
posteriorly  than  mastoid  diameter  of  skull ;  audital  bullae  inflated ; 
basioccipital  narrower  in  the  middle  than  bullae  at  same  place, 
pterygoid  fossa  rather  short,  and  wide  posteriorly;  upper  molars 
with  exterior  edge  of  crown  acute;  lower  molars  with  interior  edge 
acute;  fore  claws  moderately  developed. 


FIG.  64.    THOMOMYS  ATROVARIUS. 

No.  13769  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     Nat.  size. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 
A.  Upper  incisors  without  median  grooves;  fore 
claws  weak. 

a.  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown  or  fulvous. 

a/  Under  parts  yellowish  white,  tinged  with  PAGE 

rufous T.  fulvus  334 

b.'  Under  parts  buff T.  /.  anitce  335 

c.'  Under  parts  reddish  fulvous T.  f.  alticola  335 

b.  Upper  parts  tawny  brown,  beneath  tawny 

ash T.  f.  nigricans     335 

c.  Upper  parts  dark  mars  brown T.f.  intcrmedius     336 

d.  Upper   parts   grayish   brown    and    blackish, 

beneath  grayish  white T.  martirensis     336 


334  THOMOMYS. 

e.  Upper  parts  mixed  broccoli  brown,  ochrace-  PAGE 
ous,  and  slate T.  aphrastus     336 

f.  Upper  parts  dark  umber  brown, 
a/  Under  parts  buff. 

a."  Rostrum  narrow,  less  than  interorbital 

width T.    peregrinus     337 

b."  Rostrum  broad,  wider  than  interorbital 

width *,  . . .  T.   orizaba     337 

b/  Under    parts    plumbeous,    washed    with 

gray T.   atrovarius     338 

g.  Upper   parts   grayish   rufescent    brown    and 

black,  beneath  grayish  buff T.  toltecus     338 

h.   Upper   parts   mixed   drab   gray   and   black, 

beneath  buffy  salmon T.  perditus     338 

i.   Upper  parts  pale   chestnut   brown,   beneath 

pale  chestnut  fulvous T.  sinaloa     339 

j.   Upper  parts   bright   rusty   fulvous,   beneath 

white T.  goldmani     339 

k.  Upper  parts  dull  chestnut  brown  and  black, 

beneath  paler T.  nelsoni     339 

1.  Upper  parts  fawn,  dusky  on  dorsal  region, 

beneath  gray T.  cervinns     340 

m.  Upper  parts  pale  brownish  yellow T.  perpallidus     340 


FIG.  XLVII.    THOMOMYS   FULVUS. 
REDDISH  BROWN  POCKET  GOPHER. 

335  fulvus  (Gcomys),  Woodh.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1852, 
p.  201.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  227. 

umbrinus.     Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  399. 
REDDISH  BROWN  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     San  Francisco  Mountains,  Coconino  County,  Ari- 
zona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  into  New  Mexico, 
and  "Arizona  to  Central  California."     Lower  California? 


THOMOMYS.  335 

d'cnl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  half  as  long  as  body  and  head; 
claws  large,  long. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown,  darkest  on  dorsal  region;  sides 
and  under  parts  yellowish  white,  tinged  with  rufous  on  abdomen; 
lips  and  ears  dusky;  inside  of  pouches  whitish;  tail  with  basal  part 
like  back. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  239;  tail  vertebrae,  79;  hind  foot, 
29;  ear,  8.  Skull:  basal  length,  37;  Hensel,  35;  zygomatic  width, 
25;  interorbital  breadth,  7;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  8;  length 
of  mandible,  25. 


(Thomomys},   Allen,   Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.    Hist.,   1898, 
p.  146. 
SANTA  ANITA  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Santa  Anita,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  Region,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  fnlvns;  nasals  gradually  broaden  postero- 
anteriorly. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  darkest  on  median  line;  under 
parts  buff;  about  mouth,  cheek  pouches  and  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebras,  62;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  8.5.  Skull:  total  length,  42;  basal  length,  38.7;  zygomatic 
width,  26.5;  mastoid  width,  21;  interorbital  constriction,  8;  length 
of  nasals,  14.6;  width  of  nasals  posteriorly,  2.5. 

b.  —  alticola  (Thomomys},   Allen,   Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899, 

P-  i3- 
SIERRA  LACUNA  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Sierra  Laguna,  Lower  California,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
7,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  High  altitudes  in  the  Sierra  Laguna,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico. 

(icnl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  /.  anita,  but  darker.  Skull  similar 
in  size  and  characters. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black,  darkest  on  dorsal 
region;  nose  and  edges  of  cheek  pouches  blackish;  spot  at  base  of 
ear  dusky;  under  parts  reddish  fulvous;  inside  of  cheek  pouches  and 
anal  region  white;  tail  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  225;  tail,  61;  hind  foot,  30. 

c.  —  ni  firictins  (Thomomys},  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1895,  p.  36. 
BLACKISH  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Witch  Creek,  San  Diego  County,  California. 


336  THOMOMYS. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  north  into  southern 
California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  claws  short,  thick;  Skull  massive, 
angular;  dentition  weak;  interparietal  longer  than  wide. 

Color.  Above  tawny  brown;  rump  lighter;  head  blackish;  ears 
and  aural  patch  sooty;  beneath  tawny  ash;  feet  and  lower  surface 
of  limbs  ash. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebrae,  89;  hind  foot, 
33.5.  Skull:  total  length,  39;  zygomatic  brea-dth,  24.4;  basilar 
length,  35.5;  nasals,  11.9;  interorbital  constriction,  6.9;  length  of 
mandible,  25. 

(I. — intemnedius  (Thomomys),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1897, 

xix,  p.  719.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  228. 
PLATEAU  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Huachuca  Mountains,  southern  Arizona.  Alti- 
tude, 9,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  connecting  Colorado  Plateau  with  that 
of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  T.  fulrus. 

Color.  General  hue  mars  brown;  dorsal  area  plumbeous  black; 
feet  and  tail  soiled  white ;  base  of  under  fur  plumbeous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  66;  hind  foot, 
24.  Skull:  31.5X22.  (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

336  martirensis  (Thomomys),  Allen,  Bull.   Amer.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist., 

1898,  p.  147. 
SAN  PEDRO  MARTIR  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  8,200  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California, 
Mexico.  Altitude,  7,000  to  8,200  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Larger  than  T.  fiilvus;  color  less  fulvous. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  grayish  brown  and  blackish,  darkest 
on  median  line;  side  washed  with  pale  fulvous;  under  parts  grayish 
white;  hairs  plumbeous  at  base;  around  mouth  and  entrance  to 
cheek  pouches  dusky ;  ear  patch  blackish ;  tail  and  feet  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  248;  tail  vertebras,  67;  hind  foot, 
31.  Skull:  total  length,  44.5;  basal  length,  41;  zygomatic  width, 
25;  mastoid  width,  21;  interorbital  constriction,  9;  length  of  nasals, 
16;  width  of  nasals  anteriorly,  5. 

337.  aphrastus   (Thomomys),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1903. 
p.  219.     Zoology. 


THOMOMYS.  337 

TROUBLESOME  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     San  Tomas,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  About  the  size  of  T.  f virus,  but  darker  and  grayer. 
Nasals  short,  broad  anteriorly;  pterygoid  almost  touching  the  bullae. 

Color.  (March.)  Upper  parts  mixed  broccoli  brown  and  ochra- 
ceous,  the  slate  at  base  of  hairs  showing  through  occasionally  and 
giving  a  grayish  tint  to  the  pelage;  sides  bright  ochraceous  buff; 
spot  behind  ear,  nose  and  openings  of  pouches  black;  under  parts 
ochraceous  buff,  plumbeous  of  under  fur  showing  through;  hands 
and  feet  grayish  white;  tail  ochraceous  buff  above,  yellowish  beneath. 
Another  specimen  in  July  from  San  Quentin  is  lavender  gray,  darkest 
on  dorsal  region,  with  top  of  head  ochraceous  buff  and  black,  and 
sides  of  head  pinkish  buff.  This  individual  is  beginning  to  change 
to  the  darker  pelage  of  winter. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  222;  tail  vertebrae,  69;  hind  foot, 
29;  ear,  7.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  38;  Hensel,  35;  interorbital 
constriction,  6;  zygomatic  width,  25;  length  of  nasals,  12.5;  anterior 
width  of  nasals,  4.5;  palatal  length,  23;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
7.5;  length  of  mandible,  22;  length  of  lower  molar  series,  7;  height 
at  coronoid  process,  15. 

338.  peregrinus  (Thomomys),   Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   vin, 

1893,  p.  146. 
WANDERING  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Salazar,  State  of  Mexico,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Mexico.     Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  fulrtis,  but  darker;  incisors  curving 
forward;  rostrum  narrower  than  interorbital  width. 

Color.  Above  dark  umber  brown;  sooty  black  on  head  and  on 
median  line;  sides  dull  fulvous;  under  parts  buffy;  end  of  nose, 
around  mouth  and  ear  patch  blackish;  fore  feet  umber  brown  to 
base  of  toes;  hind  feet  plumbeous  (under  fur  showing  through). 

Measurements.  Total  length,  207;  tail  vertebrae,  72;  hind  foot, 
28.5. 

339.  orizaba  (Thomomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vin,  1893, 

P-  i45- 
ORIZABA  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Mt.  Orizaba,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico.  Altitude, 
9,500  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Puebla,  Mexico.     Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  color  similar  to  that  of  T.  fulvus;  tail 
long;  feet  well  haired;  muzzle  of  skull  longer  and  broader  than  in 
T.  peregrinus,  and  broader  than  interorbital  width. 


338  THOMOMYS. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  umber  brown;  sides  fulvous;  under 
parts  buffy  fulvous;  under  side  of  face  blackish;  feet  and  apical 
third  of  tail  white.  Melanistic  phase,  which  the  type  represents,  is 
slate  black  all  over,  except  ends  of  fore  and  hind  feet  and  the  apical 
third  of  tail  and  inside  of  cheek  pouches,  which"  are  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  217  ;  tail  vertebrae,  68;  hind  foot,  30. 

340.  atrovarius  (Thomomys),  Allen,   Bulh   Amer.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist., 

1898,  p.  148. 
TATAMELES  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Tatameles,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico.     Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  nasals  narrow;  similar  in  color  to 
T.  orizabce. 

Color.  General  hue  plumbeous,  tinged  with  brown  above  and 
with  gray  on  the  under  parts,  the  tips  of  the  hairs  being  of  that  color; 
tail  hairs  plumbeous  and  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  65;  hind  foot, 
28;  ear,  7.  Skull:  total  length,  40;  zygomatic  width,  24.5;  mastoid 
width,  19.5 ;  interorbital  width,  7  ;  length  of  nasals,  9 ;  width  of  nasals 
anteriorly,  3.7. 

341.  toltecus    (Thomomys),    Allen,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1893,  p.  52,  pi.  i,  fig.  13. 
JUAREZ  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Juarez,  northern  part  of  State  of  Chihuahua, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico.  Extent  of  range 
unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  T.  fulvus.  Skull  heavy,  broad ;  pre- 
maxillae  much  longer  posteriorly  than  nasals ;  interparietal  very  small ; 
upper  incisors  slightly  grooved. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grayish  rufescent  brown,  lined  with  black 
on  median  line;  under  parts  pale  grayish  buff;  tail  and  feet  grayish 
buff;  edge  of  cheek  pouches  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  230;  tail  vertebras,  60;  hind  foot, 
27.  Skull:  total  length,  43;  basilar  length,  40;  greatest  zygomatic 
breadth,  27  ;  interorbital  constriction,  7  ;  length  of  nasals,  14. 

342.  perditus   (Thomomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901, 

p.  108. 
LOST  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Lampazos,  State  of  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Range  unknown. 


THOMOMYS.  339 

Genl.  Char.  Small,  similar  to  T.  toltecus,  but  grayer  and  smaller. 
Nasals  notched  behind  and  terminating  on  plane  of  premaxillas; 
interparietal  subquadrate;  braincase  swollen. 

Color.  Above  mixed  drab  gray  and  black;  sides  buffy;  rump 
and  sides  of  shoulders  buffy  fulvous;  under  parts,  fore  legs,  and 
feet  buffy  salmon ;  hind  feet  whitish ;  space  around  mouth  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  195;  tail  vertebrae,  59;  hind  foot, 
26.5. 

343.  sinaloae  (Thomomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901, 

p.  108. 
SINALOA  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Altata,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  the  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  cervinus,  but  darker.  Skull  has 
"strongly  spreading,  depressed,  and  sharply  angular  zygomata." 

Color.  Above  pale  chestnut  brown;  under  parts  pale  chestnut 
fulvous;  space  around  mouth  pale  dusky. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  233;  tail  vertebrae,  73;  hind  foot,  31. 

344.  goldmani    (Thomomys),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xiv. 

1901,  p.  108. 
GOLDMAN'S  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Mapimi,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Very  small,  allied  to  T.perditus.  Nasals  shorter  than 
premaxillae. 

Color.  Above  "  bright  rusty  fulvous,  mixed  with  dark -tipped 
hairs;  under  parts  white;  nose  and  region  around  mouth  dusky." 

Measurements.     Total  length,  208;  tail  vertebrae,  68;  hind  foot,  30. 

345.  nelsoni  (Thomomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  1901, 

p.  109. 
NELSON'S  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Parral,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium.  Skull:  "Zygomata  strongly  spread- 
ing, broader  behind  than  in  front,  with  well  developed  anterior  angle; 
temporal  impressions  marked;  interparietal  subquadrate,  becoming 
subtriangular  in  old  age;  nasals  narrowly  cuneate,  notched  behind, 
and  falling  well  short  of  premaxillae;  bullae  medium;  under  jaw 
very  long,  the  postcoronoid  notch  narrow  and  completely  covered 
by  coronoid  process." 

Color.  Above  "dull  chestnut  brown,  mixed  with  black-tipped 
hairs  on  middle  of  back;  under  parts  same  color,  but  paler;  nose 


340  THOMOMYS. 

and  region  around  mouth  dusky;  feet  whitish,  but  brown  of  hind 
leg  coming  well  down  over  ankle  and  covering  part  of  foot."  (Merr. 
I.e.) 

Measurements.     Total  length,  196;  tail  vertebrae,  60;  hind  foot,  28. 

346.  cervinus  (Thomomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat  Hist.,  1895, 

p.  203,  fig.  i.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  230. 
CERVINE  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.     Phoenix,  Maricopa  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  to  southern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  pale;  rostrum  broad,  heavy;  skull 
large. 

Color.  Above  fawn,  obscured  on  dorsal  region  with  dusky; 
beneath  gray,  base  of  hair  plumbeous;  blackish  area  about  ears; 
pouches  inside  white;  feet  whitish;  tail  above  grayish  fawn,  paler 
beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebrae,  63;  hind  foot, 
28.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  44;  Hensel,  38;  zygomatic  width, 
26.5;  interorbital  width,  7;  mastoid  breadth,  20;  median  length  of 
nasals,  13;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  10;  width  of  nasals  anteriorly,  5. 

347.  perpallidus    (Thomomys),    Merr.,    Scien.,    vin,     1886,    p.    588. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  229. 
PALE  POCKET  GOPHER. 

Type  locality.  Colorado  Desert,  San  Diego  County,  southern 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  Colorado  Desert,  southern 
California,  and  northeastward  to  the  Painted  Desert,  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  clusius  (Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1875,  p.  138,  Ex.  Bridger's  Pass.,  Rocky  Mts.),but  tail  longer, 
half  the  length  of  head  and  body;  color  pale. 

Color.  Above  pale  brownish  yellow;  sides  yellowish  white; 
beneath  white;  feet  white;  tail  white  for  two-thirds  the  length,  tip 
blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebrae,  76;  hind  foot, 
52.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  38;  Hensel,  33;  zygomatic  width, 
23;  interorbital  width,  7;  mastoid  width,  19.5;  median  length  of 
nasals,  12;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7;  length  of  mandible,  25. 


The  Kangaroo  Rats,  as  their  name  implies,  are  remarkable  for 
the  great  length  of  their  hind  legs  and  tail,  and  they  progress  by 
long  leaps  exactly  similar  to  those  of  the  animal  from  which  they 


HETEROMYIDJE.  DIPODOMYINJE.  DIPODOMYS.  341 

derive  their  trivial  name.  They  possess  cheek  pouches,  and  these, 
like  those  of  the  members  of  the  GEOMYIDJE,  are  external,  causing 
these  families  to  differ  from  all  other  Mammals  in  this  respect. 
These  pouches  are  covered  with  hair  on  the  inside  as  well  as  on  the 
outside.  The  skull  of  these  animals  is  peculiarly  shaped  and  very 
light,  being  not  thicker  than  a  sheet  of  paper.  The  Kangaroo  Rats 
are  divided  into  two  genera,  one  with  four  toes  on  the  hind  feet, 
the  other  with  five;  but  in  the  latter  the  first  digit,  although  possess- 
ing a  claw,  is  rudimentary.  These  handsome  little  creatures  live 
in  burrows  which  they  excavate  in  sandy  soil,  and  they  are  preyed 
upon  by  the  spotted  skunks,  which  are  numerous  in  the  localities 
they  frequent.  They  live  in  colonies  and  are  very  industrious, 
digging  their  burrows,  some  of  which  are  several  inches  in  diameter, 
in  the  shifting  sand.  They  are  hardy  and  do  not  seem  to  heed  the 
severest  weather,  and  run  about  on  the  snow  when  the  thermometer 
registers  below  zero.  At  this  time  they  feed  on  the  seeds  of  cockle 
and  sand  burrs,  and  in  summer  on  the  seeds  of  the  prickly  pear  and 
other  hardy  desert  plants.  They  prefer  the  sandy  districts  near 
rivers,  where  vegetation  is  scanty,  and  on  sandy  portions  of  the 
prairies,  and  avoid  those  places  where  the  soil  is  rich.  They  are 
nocturnal,  passing  the  day  in  sleep,  and  their  tracks  in  the  sand 
each  morning  exhibit  their  activity  and  th.e  extent  of  their  night 
wanderings.  They  are  exceedingly  pretty  creatures,  with  a  pleasing 
coloring  and  fur  as  soft  as  silk,  and  with  large,  soft,  expressive  eyes. 

Fam.  V.    Heteromyidw.     Kangaroo  Rats.     Pocket  Jlice. 

Incisors  narrow;  molars  rootless;  mastoids  enormously  developed, 
appearing  on  top  of  the  skull;  hind  feet  long;  digits  four  or  five; 
pelage  soft. 

Subfam.  IV.     Dipodomyinse. 

Anterior  molar  without  lobe  to  the  prism.  Skull  two-thirds  as 
wide  as  long,  occipital  plane  emarginate;  zygomatic  plate  of  maxillary 
nearly  roofing  the  orbit;  pit  on  inner  side  of  jaw  near  molars. 

71.     Dipodomys.     Four-toed  Kangaroo  Rats. 


Dipodomys  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vn,  1841,  p.  521.  Type 
Dipodomys  phillipsi  Gray. 

Macrocolus  Wagn.,  Archiv.  fur  Natiirg.,  1846,  i,  p.  172. 

Skull  light,  depressed,  smooth,  thin,  broad  posteriorly,  tapering 
anteriorly;  anterior  outline  emarginate;  rostrum  extending  beyond 


342 


DIPODOMYS. 


incisors,  acuminate;  zygomata  delicate,  straight,  abutting  against 
tympanics,  which  are  greatly  inflated  and  possess  a  nontubular 
orifice  of  meatus;  mastoids  enormous;  squamosals  reduced;  parietal 
triangle-shaped;  interparietal  small,  situated  between  forks  of  occip- 
ital; bullae  in  contact  below  the  basisphenoid ;  palate  terminating 
posteriorly  with  a  sharp  median  somewhat  lengthened  spur;  external 
to  this  is  a  fossa  with  two  small  anterior  foramina,  and  a  large  one 
behind  pterygoids,  with  a  hamular  termination  abutting  the  bullae; 
basioccipital  narrow,  acuminate,  reduced,  separated  by  a  fissure  for 
its  entire  length  from  the  bullae;  a  similar  fissure  divides  the  last 
named  bones  from  the  alisphenoid  and  squamosal.  The  interorbital 
foramen  is  placed  low  down,  midway  on  the  side  of  the  rostrum; 
incisive  foramina  minute  slits  between  incisors  and  molars.  In  the 
rear  of  the  skull  the  occipital  bones  appear  as  a  rim  to  the  foramen 
magnum;  upper  incisors  sulcate,  pointing  backward;  molars  rootless; 
mandible  small,  thick,  with  a  conspicuous  acute  lamina  twisting 
obliquely  outward  and  upward;  mental  foramen  outside,  near  incisors; 
hind  legs  elongate;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body,  penicillate;  soles 


FIG.  65.    DIPODOMYS  PHILLIPSI. 

No.  5913  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 


DIPODOMYS.  34:i 

hairy;  hind  foot  with  four  toes  only;  cheek  pouches  large;  fur  of 
velvet  softness.  All  the  species  of  both  genera  have  facial  crescentic 
lines  more  or  less  distinctly  marked;  side  of  mouth  white;  white 
spot  over  the  eyes  and  another  behind  the  ear,  and  a  white  stripe 
across  the  thighs,  usually  reaching  the  tail;  digits  four. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Hind  foot  with  four  toes. 

a.   Under  parts  white.  PAGE 

a.'  Above  sepia  brown D.  phillipsi  343 

b/  Above  golden  clay  color D.  ornatus  344 

c.'  Above   mixed    brownish    clay    color    and 

black D.  perotensis  344 

d/  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black D.  mitchclli  344 

e.'  Above  pale  yellowish  brown D.  dcscrti  345 

f/  Above  ochraceous  buff  and  black D.  spcctabilis  345 

g/  Above  mouse  gray,  tinged  with  pinkish 

buff D.   mcrriami  345 

h.'  Above  buffy  drab  and  pale  buff D.  m.  ambiguus  346 

i.'   Above  buffy  gray D.m.  parvus  346 

j.'  Above  cinnamon D.m.  simiolus  347 

k/  Above  pinkish  buff D.m.  arenivagus  347 

I/    Above  dark  clay  color D.m.  atronasus  348 

m/ Above  mixed  pale  ochraceous  buff  and 

black D.   m.  melanurns  348 

348.  phillipsi   (Dipodomys),  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vn,  1841, 

p.  522. 
PHILLIPS'  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Real  del  Monte,  north  end  of  Valley  of  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valley  of  Mexico,  State  of  Mexico,  and  States  of 
Puebla,  eastern  Tlaxcala  and  western  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  colors  dark;  tip  of  tail  white.  Skull: 
interorbital  constriction  very  considerable;  mastoids  relatively  small 
and  separated  on  top  of  skull;  superior  outline  arched. 

Color*  Above  sepia  brown  and  ochraceous  mixed  with  black; 
sides  of  nose,  spot  at  base  of  ear,  stripe  across  thigh,  and  under  parts 
white;  stripe  across  nose  from  base  of  whiskers  and  base  of  tail 
black;  tail  black  above  and  below,  sides  and  tip  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  270;  tail  vertebrae,  168;  hind  foot, 
41.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  42;  Hensel,  29.5;  zygomatic  width, 
22;  mastoid  width,  28;  width  of  parietal,  19.5;  posterior  width  of 
basioccipital  between  bullae,  5.5;  palatal  length,  17;  postpalatal 


344  DIPODOMYS. 

length,  12;  length  of  bullae,  11.5;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  alveolar 
border,  5;  length  of  mandible,  18.5;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  5. 

349.  ornatus  (Dipodomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  ix,  1894, 

p.  no. 
ORNAMENTED  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Berriozabal,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  D.  phillipsi;  hind  "foot  shorter.  Upper 
premolar  without  the  antero-internal  lobe. 

Color.  Above  golden  clay  color;  head  and  median  line  of  back 
darker;  orbital  ring,  facial  crescents,  and  inner  sides  of  hind  legs 
black;  stripes  on  thighs  and  under  parts  white;  tail  black  above  and 
below,  sides  and  tip  white. 

Measurements.   Total  length,  274 ;  tail  vertebrae,  167  ;  hind  foot,  39. 

350.  perotensis   (Dipodomys),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    ix, 

1894,  p.  in. 
PEROTE  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Perote,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  the  preceding  species  in  color  and  cranial 
characters,  the  differences  being  mainly  comparative,  viz.,  skull  nar- 
rower on  top,  more  arched;  breadth  of  supra-occipital  between 
mastoids  greater;  angle  of  mandible  larger. 

Color.  Above  brownish  clay  mixed  with  black  on  head  and  back ; 
sides  ochraceous  buff;  facial  crescents  and  inner  side  of  hind  leg 
black;  tail  black,  with  white  side  stripes  and  tip. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  271;  tail  vertebras,  162;  hind  foot, 
40. 

351.  mitchelli  (Dipodomys) ,  Mearns,  Proc.   U.  S.   Nat.  Mus.,   1897, 

xix,  p.  719. 
TIBURON  ISLAND  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Tiburon  Island,  Gulf  of  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  D.  m.  simiolus  Rhoads,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black  on  back;  sides 
ochraceous  buff;  under  parts  white;  tail  black,  with  white  side  stripes, 
pencil  grayish;  ears  black  inside,  yellowish  outside;  stripe  on  under 
side  of  hind  foot  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  no;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  hind  foot, 
38.5.  (ex  Type.)  Skull:  total  length,  36.5;  breadth  of  skull,  22.5; 
length  of  nasals,  13.3.  (Mearns,  1.  c.) 


DIPODOMYS.  345 

352.  deserti  (Dipodomys) ,  Steph.,  Am.  Nat.,  xxi,  1887,  p.  42,  pi.  v. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  235. 
DESERT  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Mojave  River,  near  San  Bernardino  County, 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora  and  Lower  California,  Mexico, 
north  to  Mojave  and  Colorado  deserts,  southeastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  colors  pale;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body; 
mastoids  greatly  developed. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  hairs  plumbeous  at  base; 
legs,  feet,  and  under  parts  white;  tail  white,  with  a  pale  brown  dorsal 
stripe,  growing  darker  towards  end,  and  extending  from  near  base 
to  white  tip;  white  spot  over  eye  and  behind  ear;  white  thigh  stripe. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  133;  tail  vertebrae,  204;  hind  foot, 
52.  Skull:  total  length,  42;  Hensel,  36;  zygomatic  width,  21;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  13;  mastoid  width,  28.5;  length  of  nasals,  15; 
width  of  parietal  anteriorly,  17.5;  palatal  length  to  incisive  foramina, 
7;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5;  length  of  mandible,  18. 

353.  spectabilis   (Dipodomys),   Merr.,   N.   Am.   Faun.,   No.   4,    1890, 

p.  46.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  235. 
HANDSOME  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Dos  Cabezos,  Cochise  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  and 
portions  of  Texas  and  Arizona,  eastward  to  Sierra  Blanca,  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  nearly  twice  the  length  of  head  and 
body;  mastoids  not  meeting  behind  parietals;  maxillary  bridge  of 
orbit  broad. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff,  lined  with  black,  sides  paler;  top 
of  head  and  back  darkest;  facial  crescent  crossing  nose  black;  hip 
patch  ochraceous;  hind  leg  white  above,  dusky  below;  dorsal  stripe 
of  tail  dusky  for  basal  half,  followed  by  a  broad  black  band,  termi- 
nating in  a  long  white  brush;  ventral  stripe  dusky,  the  two  meeting 
about  two-thirds  the  length  of  tail  from  base,  the  lateral  white  stripes 
disappearing. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  355;  tail  vertebras,  211;  pencil,  30; 
hind  foot,  56;  ear,  17.5.  Skull:  total  length,  46;  Hensel,  31;  zygo- 
matic width,  25;  interorbital  constriction,  15;  mastoid  breadth,  28; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.5;  length  of  nasals,  10;  length  of 
mandible,  21. 

354.  merriami  (Dipodomys),  Mearns,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1890,  p.  290.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  232. 


346  DIPODOMYS. 


FIG.  XLVIII.    DIPODOMYS  MERRIAMI. 
MERRIAM'S  KANGAROO  RAT. 

MERRIAM'S  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.    New  River,  between  Phoenix  and  Prescott,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north 
into  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Limbs  and  tail  slender,  latter  longer  than  head  and 
body;  skull  small. 

Color.  Above  mouse  gray,  tinged  with  pinkish  buff;  sides  sandy; 
nose  and  sides  of  face  black  nearly  to  eyes;  aural  spot  and  under 
parts  white;  tail  drab  gray,  white  band  on  each  side  not  reaching 
extremity. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  281;  tail  vertebrae,  149;  hind  foot, 
36.  Skull:  total  length,  37;  Hensel,  22;  zygomatic  width,  17;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  13;  mastoid  width,  23;  length  of  nasals,  14; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  4;  length  of  mandible,  18.5. 

a. — ambiguus   (Dipodomys),   Merr.,    N.   Am.    Faun.,   No.   4,    1890, 

p.  42.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  234. 
DOUBTFUL  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north  to  north- 
western Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  one-third  longer  than  head  and  body;  size  me- 
dium; body  slender. 

Color.  Above  buffy  drab;  sides  tinged  with  pale  buff,  and  lined 
everywhere  with  black;  beneath  white;  upper  and  lower  tail  stripes 
dusky  to  tip;  lateral  white  stripes  terminating  with  the  vertebras. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  233;  tail  vertebrae,  133;  hind 
foot,  37;  ear,  7. 

h. — parvus   (Dipodomys),   Rhoads,   Am.   Nat.,   xxvin,   1894,  p.   70. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  234. 
SMALL  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Bernardino,  San  Bernardino  County,  California. 


DIPODOMYS.  347 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico,  into  southern  California. 

(icii!.  Char.  Similar  to  D.  merriami,  smaller,  tail  longer  and 
without  black  markings  on  face  and  nose. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray,  sides  buff;  under  parts  white;  usual 
white  eye  and  ear  spot,  and  stripe  on  thighs;  dark  dorsal  and  ventral 
tail  stripes  brownish  black;  pencil  sooty  black;  lateral  stripes  white; 
orbital  ring  black;  under  surface  of  hind,  foot  brownish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  248;  tail  vertebrae,  154;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  10.  Skull:  basilar  length,  21;  mastoid  breadth,  22.5;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  13;  length  of  nasals,  13;  length  of  upper  molar 
series  on  crowns,  3.6;  length  of  mandible,  13.9;  height  of  coronoid 
process  from  angle,  5.1. 

c. — xiiniolus  (Dipodomys),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1893,  p.  410.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  234. 

similis  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1893,  p.  41 1.     Elliot, 

Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  234. 
ALLIED  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Agua  Caliente,  Mojave  Desert,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California  and  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  into 
California. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  D.  descrti,  but  smaller;  pencil  not  white. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  like  D.  descrti,  inclining  to 
cinnamon  on  rump;  beneath  white;  tail,  upper  fourth  dark  ashy 
extending  to  tip,  brownish  black  on  middle  third  of  under  side;  feet 
white,  soles  slightly  darker. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  241;  tail  vertebrae,  149;  hind  foot, 
38;  ear  from  crown,  9;  pencil,  35.  Skull:  basilar  length,  21.8;  mastoid 
breadth,  24;  interorbital  constriction,  14.5;  length  of  nasals,  13; 
length  of  mandible,  angle  to  base  of  incisors,  13.8;  coronoid  process 
from  angle,  5.6. 

(I. — f/rcnirfto'nfi  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in,  1903,  p.  249. 
Zoology. 

Type  locality.     San  Felipe,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

d'ciil.  Char.  Size  small,  similar  to  D.  m.  simiolus,  but  paler;  ear 
larger;  hind  foot  shorter.  Skull  narrower  across  mastoids  and  parietal ; 
nasals  shorter. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pinkish  buff,  palest  on  the  head  and  darkest 
on  rump,  the  plumbeous  under  fur  showing  in  places;  no  black 
streaks  on  face;  white  spots  behind  ears  and  above  eyes;  upper  parts 
of  sides  from  eye  to  rump  like  color  of  rump;  nose,  sides  of  face, 
lower  part  of  flanks,  entire  under  parts  and  limbs,  pure  white;  a 
narrow  line  of  pinkish  buff  across  thighs;  hands  yellowish  white, 


348  DIPODOMYS. 

feet  white;  tail  with  a  bushy  pencil,  the  upper  parts  to  tip  pale  drab, 
sides  and  beneath  white;  ears  naked,  yellowish. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  225;  tail  vertebrae,  134; 
hind  foot,  36;  ear,  15.  Average  of  ten  specimens:  Total  length, 
234.7;  tail,  137.3;  hind  foot,  36.7;  ear,  14.1.  Skull:  total  length, 
posterior  line  of  mastoids  to  anterior  end  of  nasals,  34;  Hensel,  20; 
zygomatic  width,  15 ;  width  of  mastoids,  22 ;  greatest  width  of  parietal, 
15;  length  of  nasals,  12;  greatest  width  of  rostrum,  5;  palatal  length, 
ii ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  3;  length  of  mandible,  condyle  to  tip 
of  incisors,  16;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  3. 

e. — atrona-sus  (Dipodomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  ix,  1894, 

p.  113. 
BLACK-NOSED  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Hacienda  La  Parada,  25  miles  northwest  of  the 
City  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  D.  merriami,  but  darker. 

Color.  Above  dark  clay  color;  sides  ochraceous  buffy;  nose  from 
tip  to  eyes  blackish;  usual  black  stripes  on  face  and  thighs;  tail 
black  above  and  below,  white  on  sides  to  middle  third  of  the  length. 

Measurements  Total  length,  267;  tail  vertebrae,  162;  hind  foot, 
40. 

/. — melanurus   (Dipodomys},   Merr.,   Proc.   Calif.   Acad.   Scien.,    2d 

Ser.,  1893,  p.  345. 
BLACK-TAILED  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Jose  del  Cabo,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  region  of  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Like  D.  merriami;  terminal  third  of  the  tail  blackish. 

Color.  Above  mixed  pale  ochraceous  buff  and  black;  face  and 
supra-orbital  spot  white;  under  parts  white;  penicillate  part  of  tail 
blackish,  rest  like  D.  merriami. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  240;  tail  vertebrae,  141;  hind  foot, 
36.5- 


The  description  given  of  the  Kangaroo  Rats  of  the  genus  Dipod- 
omys will  answer  perfectly  for  the  members  of  PERODIPUS.  They 
closely  resemble  each  other  in  general  appearance,  and  the  presence 
of  a  fifth  toe  on  the  hind  foot  was  not  suspected,  so  minute  is  it,  for 
a  considerable  time  after  the  animals  were  known  to  naturalists. 


PERODIPUS. 


349 


72.    Perodipus.    Five-toed  Kangaroo  Hats. 

I.1"1;    M.^—  16. 

Perodipus  Fitzin.,  Sitz.  Math.-Natur.  Classe,  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien., 

1867,  LVI,  p.  126.     Type  Dipidomys  agilis  Gambel. 
Dipodops  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1890,  No.  3,  p.  72. 

Skull  similar  to  that  of  Dipodomus,  with  greatly  developed  mas- 
toids  and  thread-like  zygomata;  audital  bullae  in  contact  below  basi- 
sphenoid;  hind  feet  with  five  toes,  the  first  digit  rudimentary,  but 
having  a  claw,  and  reaching  to  the  end  of  the  metatarsal  bones  of 
the  other  digits. 


FIG.  66.    PERODIPUS  CHAPMANI. 

No.  802  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Hind  feet  with  five  toes. 

a.  Above  ochraceous  buff  and  black P.  ordi 

b.  Above  brownish  ochraceous  and  black P.O.  palmeri 

c.  Above  mouse  gray  and  black P.  chapmani 

d.  Above  gray  brown  suffused  with  fulvous P.  obscurus 

e.  Above  ashy  brown  and  black P.  agilis 


PAGE 

35° 
35° 
350 


350  PERODIPUS. 

355.  ordi  (Dipodomys),  Woodh.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1853, 

p.  235.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  238. 
ORD'S  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north  to  Snake  Plains. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Size  medium;  tail  little  shorter  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff,  darkest  on  back,  mixed  with 
black  on  rump;  sides  paler;  side  of  nose,  spot  behind  the  ear,  stripe 
across  thigh,  and  under  parts,  white;  tail  with  dorsal  and  ventral 
stripes  dusky,  pencil  dusky,  base  of  hairs  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  240;  tail  vertebrae,  134;  hind  foot, 
38;  ear,  7. 

a. — palineri  (Dipodops},  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  1891, 

p.  276. 
PALMER'S  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Luis  Potosi,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  ordi,  but  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  brownish  ochraceous,  mixed  with  black; 
under  parts,  arms  (excepting  a  patch  of  buff),  band  across  thigh 
and  hind  feet  white;  tail  dusky  brown,  with  narrow  lateral  white 
stripes,  tip  dusky  brown;  ears  whitish,  with  a  dusky  patch  on  outer 
anterior  border,  and  another  on  inner  lower  posterior  border. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  249;  tail  vertebras,  141;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  11.4.  Skull:  total  length,  38;  basal  length,  25.4;  mastoid 
width,  24;  interorbital  constriction,  13.2;  length  of  nasals,  11.4; 
length  of  mandible,  condyle  to  tips  of  incisors,  17.8 ;  height  at  coronoid 
process,  5.8. 

356.  chapman!    (Dipodomys),  Mearns,   Bull.   Am.  Mus.    Nat.   Hist., 

1890,  p.  291.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  237. 
CHAPMAN'S  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Forte  Verde,  Yavapai  County,  Arizona,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  into  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  More  slender  than  C.  ordi,  tail  longer,  and  color 
darker.  Skull  lighter,  smaller. 

Color.  Above  mouse  gray,  mixed  with  black  and  buff;  sides 
sandy  buff;  usual  line  on  side  of  nose,  ear,  and  eye  spots,  and  thigh 
stripe  white;  under  parts  white;  dorsal  and  ventral  stripes  on  tail 
drab  gray;  lateral  white  stripes  extending  to  near  end  of  vertebrae. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebrae,  148;  hind  foot, 
38.  Skull:  total  length,  37.2;  zygomatic  width,  17;  Hensel,  23.5; 


PERODIPUS.  351 

interorbital  constriction,   13;  length  of  nasals,   13.5;  mastoid  width, 
23;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5;  length  of  mandible,  18.3. 

357.  obscurus  (Pcrodipus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903, 

p.  603. 
DUSKY  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Rio  Sestin,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Color  very  dark;  size  moderate. 

Color.  Dorsal  area  gray  brown  suffused  with  fulvous;  flanks 
more  fulvous;  lower  half  of  cheeks,  sides  of  neck,  small  spot  above 
eye,  postauricular  patch,  band  on  thighs,  fore  legs,  inner  side  of 
hind  legs  and  entire  under  parts  white;  tip  of  nose  and  bar  at  base 
of  whiskers  black;  ear  buffy  white;  tail  with  dorsal  and  ventral 
stripes  blackish;  sides  and  basal  ring  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  232;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear  from  notch,  12.7.  Skull:  total  length,  36;  greatest  mastoid 
breadth,  23;  length  of  nasals,  13. 

358.  agilis    (Dipodomys),   Gambel,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1848,  p.  77.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  236. 
hermanni  &  wagncri  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1848, 

P-  77- 
NIMBLE  KANGAROO  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Los  Angeles,  Los  Angeles  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico  to  southern  and  middle 
California. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  color  dark;  body  rather  stout. 

Color.  Above  ashy  brown,  heavily  lined  with  black,  especially 
on  top  and  sides  of  head  and  lower  back;  sides  yellowish  brown; 
spot  over  eye  and  behind  ear,  side  of  snout,  stripe  on  thighs  and 
under  parts  white;  facial  crescent  black  and  broad,  and  meeting  on 
bridge  of  nose;  tail  blackish  and  with  a  blackish  tip,  lateral  white 
stripes  terminating  at  base  of  pencil;  under  part  of  leg  and  base  of 
foot  dusky ;  rest  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebras,  170;  hind  leg, 
39.5;  ear,  14.5.  Skull:  total  length,  38;  Hensel,  24;  zygomatic 
width,  17.5;  interorbital  constriction,  12;  mastoid  breadth,  24; 
palatal  length  to  incisive  foramina,  7;  median  length  of  nasals,  7.5; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  3.5;  length  of  mandible,  condyle  to  tips 
of  incisors,  20. 


352  HETEROMYINJE.  PEROGNATHUS. 

The  Pocket  Mice,  while  related  to  the  Kangaroo  Rats,  have  not 
their  long  hind  limbs;  indeed,  these  members  scarcely  exceed  the 
fore  legs  in  length,  and  the  pelage,  instead  of  being  soft  and  silky, 
is  usually  harsh  and  coarse.  The  skull,  however,  is  of  a  papery 
construction,  and  the  tail  is  long,  and  often  tufted,  and  the  general 
appearance  of  the  animals,  especially  in  some  of  the  species,  is  not 
unlike  that  of  the  Kangaroo  Rats.  The  cheek  pouches  have  rather 
narrow  openings,  but  extend  back  nearly  to  the  ears.  The  Pocket 
Mice  differ  somewhat  in  their  habits  from  the  Dipodomyince  ,  and 
apparently  hibernate,  for  they  are  rarely  seen  during  the  winter  in 
localities  where  the  temperature  goes  below  zero.  They  are  prairie 
dwellers,  and  make  their  burrows  amid  the  buffalo  grass,  sinking 
them  perpendicularly  for  five  or  six  inches,  and  the  excavated  earth 
is  piled  up  in  little  mounds  near  the  opening.  These  mice  are  gen- 
erally small  in  size,  some  species  being  indeed  almost  minute.  They 
are  divided  into  two  subgenera,  distinguished  from  each  other  by 
variations  in  the  skulls. 

Subfam.  V.     Heteromyinse. 

C.  H.  Merriam.  Revision  of  the  North  American  Pocket  Mice, 
N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889. 

W.  H.  Osgood.  Revision  of  the  Pocket  Mice  of  the  genus  Perog- 
nathus,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18,  1900. 

73.    Perogiiatlms.    Pocket  Mice. 


Perognathus    Wied.     Nov.    Act.    Phys.    Med.    Acad.    Caes.    Leop. 

Carol.,    xix,    1839,    pp.    368-373,    pi.    xxxiv.     Type    Perog- 

nathus fasciatus  Wied. 
Cricetodipus  Peale,  Rep.  Mamm.  &  Ornith.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped., 

1848,  p.  53,  pi.  13,  fig.  2. 

Abromys  (sic)  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1868,  p.  202. 
Otognosis  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1875,  p.  305. 
Chcetodipus  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889,  p.  5,  pi.  in,  fig.  15. 

Skull  depressed  and  flat  above;  nasals  lengthened,  projecting 
beyond  incisors;  mastoids  less  developed  than  those  of  the  species 
of  Dipidomyina,  and  in  certain  species  not  projecting  beyond  plane 
of  occiput;  zygomata  much  as  in  ordinary  rodents;  occiput  not 
emarginate;  molars  rooted;  no  pit  between  last  lower  molar  and 
coronoid  process;  tail  moderate;  soles  naked  or  sparsely  haired;  hind 
limbs  scarcely  exceeding  the  fore  limbs  in  length. 


PEROGNATHUS. 


353 


FIG.  67.    PEROGNATHUS  MERRIAMI. 

No.  4963  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Twice  nat.  size 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  10  times.  Enlarged  10  times. 

A.  Perognathus. 

Mastoids  well  developed,  extending  beyond  occipital  line;  inter- 
parietal  pentagonal;  mastoid  side  of  parietal  longest;  audital  bullae 
nearly  contiguous  below  basisphenoid. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 


A.  Size  small;  hind  foot  less  than  18  mm. 
a.  Tail  about  60  mm. 

a/  Above  ochraceous  and  black P.  merriami 

b.'  Above  pale  fulvous  or  buff  and  black. 

a."  Hind  foot,  15  mm P.  flavus 

b."  Hind  foot,  17  mm P.  f.  mexicanus 

c."   Hind  foot,  17.4  mm P.  p.  brevinasus 

c/  Above  pale  ochraceous  drab  and  black ....  P.  pacificus 

B.  Size  large;  hind  foot  over  18  mm P.  a.  melanotis 


PAGE 

353 

354 
355 
355 
355 
356 


359.  merriami  (Perognathus},    Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 
1892,  p.  45,  pi.  in,  figs.   1-6.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm., 
1901,  p.  243. 
mearnsi  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1896,  p.  237. 


354  PEROGNATHUS. 


FIG.  XLIX.    PEROGNATHUS  MERRIAMI. 
MERRIAM'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

MERRIAM'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Brownsville,  Cameron  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Alta  Mira,  State  of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico,  into 
Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  of  P.  flaims,  color  more  yellow,  sides  golden. 

Color.  Autumn  Pelage.  Above  yellow,  heavily  lined  with  black; 
sides  golden,  sparsely  mixed  with  black;  beneath  white;  thighs 
golden;  feet  white;  tail  pale  brownish  yellow  above,  becoming 
blackish  at  tip;  beneath  paler. 

Summer  Pelage.  Above  ochraceous,  lined  with  black;  lateral 
stripe  ochraceous;  under  parts  white;  ears  dusky;  aural  spot  buff; 
tail  pale  grayish  brown,  lightest  beneath.  This  phase  of  pelage  repre- 
sents P.  mearnsi  Allen. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  118;  tail  vertebrae,  55;  hind  foot, 
16;  ear,  4.  Skull:  basilar  length  of  Hensel,  14.8;  occipito-nasal 
length,  20.4;  greatest  mastoid  breadth,  11.2;  length  of  interparietal, 
2.3;  greatest  width  of  interparietal,  3.6. 

360.   flavus    (Perognathus),    Baird,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1855,  p.  332.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  244. 
BAIRD'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  into  southeastern 
Arizona  and  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small;  ear  without  antitragal  lobe;  tail 
less  than  head  and  body;  audital  bullae  meeting  below  basisphen- 
oids. 

Color.  Above  pale  fulvous,  lined  with  black,  no  lateral  stripe; 
feet  and  under  parts  white;  buff  patch  behind  ear,  and  white  one 
on  lower  margin;  orbital  ring  pale  fulvous;  tail  pale  brownish  or 
olive  gray,  of  nearly  the  same  hue  above  and  below. 


PEROGNATHUS.  353 

Measurements.  Total  length,  117;  tail  vertebrae,  71;  hind  foot, 
17;  ear,  4.  Skull:  length  of  Hensel,  14.6;  occipito-nasal  length,  21; 
greatest  mastoid  breadth,  12;  length  of  interparietal,  2.6;  greatest 
width  of  interparietal,  2.9. 

(i. — mexicanus  (Perognathns),  Merr.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1894,  p.  265. 
MEXICAN  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tlalpam,  Federal  District,  Mexico. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  States  of  Zacatecas  and  San  Luis  Potosi  to  the 
State  of  Jalisco  on  the  west  and  State  of  Hidalgo  on  the  east,  and 
south  to  the  State  of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  flavus,  but  darker  and  larger. 

Color.  Above  buff,  mixed  with  black;  spot  behind  ear,  and  the 
lateral  line  ochraceous;  under  parts  white;  tail  dusky  above,  paler 
beneath. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  115.7;  tail,  53.7;  hind  foot,  17.4. 

panamintinux  hn-r'unisus  (Perognathus),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun., 
No.  18,  1900,  p.  30.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  246. 
SHORT-NOSED  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  San  Bernardino,  San  Bernardino  County,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California  north  to  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  patiamintiuus,  but  darker.  Skull 
smaller;  interparietal  smaller,  nasals  shorter;  lower  premolar  larger 
than  last  molar. 

Color.  Above  pinkish  buff,  lined  with  black;  lateral  line  pinkish 
buff;  ears  dusky,  orbital  ring  buffy;  tail  buffy  white,  faintly  dusky 
above. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  124;  tail  vertebrae,  66;  hind  foot, 
17.4.  Skull:  length  of  Hensel,  14.9;  occipito-nasal  length,  21.4; 
mastoid  breadth,  11.9;  length  of  interparietal,  2.5;  greatest  width 
of  interparietal,  3.5;  interorbital  constriction,  5.2;  length  of  nasals, 
8.3. 

361.  pacificus   (Perognathus),   Mearns,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1898,  p.  299.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  246. 
PACIFIC  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mouth  of  Tijuana  River,  Mexican  boundary 
Monument,  No.  258,  shore  of  Pacific  Ocean,  San  Diego  County, 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Edge  of  Pacific  Ocean,  on  a  flat  at  mouth  of 
Tijuana  River,  and  probably  into  Lower  California,  Mexico. 


356  PEROGNATHUS. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  bimaculatus ,  but  smaller;  tail  more 
hairy;  lower  premolar  more  nearly  quadrate;  audital  bullae  more 
separated. 

Color.  Above  pale  ochraceous  drab,  lined  with  black;  ears  and 
spot  at  base  of  whiskers  blackish;  orbital  area  pale  buff;  spot  behind 
eye  and  also  the  lateral  line  on  body  pale  buff;  feet  and  under  parts 
white;  tail  hoary  at  base,  tip  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  109;  tail  vertebrae,  53;  hind  foot, 
15.5;  ear  from  crown,  4.7.  Skull:  length  of  Hensel,  13;  occipito- 
nasal  length,  19;  greatest  mastoid  breadth,  n;  length  of  inter- 
parietal,  2.2;  greatest  width  of  interparietal,  3.44  interorbital  con- 
striction, 4.9;  length  of  nasals,  7. 

apache  melanotis  (Perognathus) ,  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18,  1900, 

p.  27. 
BLACK-EARED  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Casas  Grandes,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  apache,  but  darker,  smaller. 

Color.  Above  rich  buff,  lined  with  black;  under  parts  pure 
white;  orbital  region  buff;  ears,  edges,  and  spot  at  base  white;  inside 
black;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  buffy  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  133;  tail  vertebrae,  65;  hind  foot, 
19.5.  Skull:  length  of  Hensel,  15.3;  occipito-nasal  length,  21.5; 
greatest  mastoid  width,  n.8;  length  of  interparietal,  2.8;  greatest 
interparietal  width,  4.3;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  length  of 
nasals,  8. 

B.  Ohsetodipus. 

"Mastoids  moderately  developed,  not  projecting  behind  plane 
of  occiput;  interparietal  broadly  pentagonal,  or  strap-shaped;  mas- 


FIG.  68.    PEROGNATHUS  (CH/ETODIPUS)  FEMORALIS  MESOPOLIUS. 

No.  10374  Field  Columbian  Mus.    Nat.  size. 

Tooth  rows  enlarged  q  times. 


PEROGNATHUS.  357 

toid  side  of  parietal  not  longest;  audital  bullae  separated  anteriorly 
by  full  width  or  nearly  full  width  of  basisphenoid." 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 

A.  Rump  without  bristles.  PAGE 

a.  Size  small;  total  length,  136  mm. 

a/  Above  buffy  drab  and  black P.  p.  arenarius     358 

b.  Size  medium;  total  length,  159-191  mm. 
a.'  Above  vinaceous  buff  and  black. 

a."  Hind  foot,  24.4  mm P.  p.  angustirostris  358 

b."  Hind  foot,  23  mm P.  p.  pricii  358 

b/  Above  whitish  drab,  tinged  with  fawn.  .  .P.  p.  crcmicus  359 

c/  Above  hair  brown P.  pcrnix  359 

d.'  Above  broccoli  brown P.  p.  restrains  359 

e.'  Above  mixed  dark  buff  and  black P.  helleri  360 

c.  Size  large;  total  length,  208-242  mm. 

a.'  Above  cinnamon  and  brownish  black P.  hispidus  360 

b/  Above  olive  brown P.  h.  zacatecas  361 

c.'  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black P.  h.  paradoxus  361 

d/  Above  drab  brown  and  black P.  baileyi  361 

e.'  Above  pale  buff  and  black P.  b.  rhydinohris  362 

f/    Above  ochraceous  buff  and  black P.  cnecus  362 

B.  Rump  with  bristles, 
a.  Size  large. 

a.'  Pelage  very  coarse,  bristly, 
a."  Mastoids  very  small. 

a.'"  Above  pale  fawn  and  black P.  margarita     363 

b."  Mastoids  moderate. 

a/"  Above  dark  gray,  lined  with  black. 

a.""  Tail  104  mm P.  spinatus     363 

b.""  Tail  101  mm P.  s.  peninsula     363 

c/"'  Tail  127  mm P.  s.  bryanti     364 

b/  Pelage  moderately  coarse,  not  bristly. 

a.."  Above  drab  gray,  lined  with  black.  .  .P.  intcrmedius     364 

b."  Above  hair  brown P.  nclsoni     364 

c."  Above  drab  gray P.  n.  cancscens     365 

d."  Above  broccoli  brown  and  black. 

a/"  Rump  bristles  prominent P.  goldmani     365 

b/"  Rump  bristles  undeveloped P.  g.  artus     365 

e."  Above  dark  grizzled  yellowish  brown 

and  black P.  fallax     366 

i"   Above    pale   broccoli    brown,    slightly 

mixed  with  black P.  /.  pallidus     366 


358  PEROGNATHUS. 

PAGE 

g."  Above  grayish  fawn P.  anthonyi  366 

h."  Above  grayish  yellowish  brown  and 

black P.  jemoralis  367 

i."  Above  mixed  pale  gray,  light  buff,  and 

black P.  /.  mesopolius     367 

penicillatus  aremtrius  (Perognathus} ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Scien., 

2d  Ser.,  iv,  1894,  p.  461. 
LITTLE  DESERT  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  San  Jorge,  near  Comandu,  Lower  California, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     East  coast  of  Lower  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small;  tail  exceeding  head  and  body;  no 
bristles.  Similar  to  P.  penicillatus. 

Color.  Above  buffy  drab,  mixed  with  black;  sides  paler;  no 
lateral  line;  white  spot  on  lower  margin  of  ears;  under  parts  white; 
tail  brownish  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  136;  tail  vertebrae,  70;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  length  of  Hensel,  15.3;  occipito-nasal  length,  23;  greatest 
mastoid  breadth,  12;  length  of  interparietal,  3.5;  greatest  width  of 
interparietal,  6.4;  interorbital  constriction,  6.2;  length  of  nasals,  8.8. 

penicillatus  angustirostris  (Perognathus},  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun., 
No.  18,  1900,  p.  47.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  252. 
SLENDER-NOSED  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Carriso  Creek,  Colorado  Desert,  San  Diego 
County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Lower  California,  east  to  the  Colorado 
Desert  and  southwestern  Arizona,  north  to  Colorado  Desert,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  penicillatus,  but  smaller;  nasals  and 
ascending  premaxillae  long  and  narrow. 

Color.  Above  vinaceous  buff,  sprinkled  with  black;  under  parts, 
fore  legs,  and  feet  white;  lateral  stripe  indistinct,  pale  fulvous;  tail 
above  dusky  extending  over  pencil,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  191;  tail  vertebras,  105;  hind  foot, 
24.4.  Skull:  length  of  Hensel,  18;  occipito-nasal  length,  26;  greatest 
mastoid  breadth,  13;  length  of  interparietal,  3.1;  greatest  width  of 
interparietal.  7;  interorbital  constriction,  6.4;  length  of  nasals,  10.3. 

penicillatus  pricii  (Perognathus},  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
1894,  p.  318.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  253. 

obscurus  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  P-  2I^- 
PRICE'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Oposura,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 


PEROGNATHUS.  3.'>9 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwestern  Mexico  west  of  the  Sierra  Madre, 
north  into  south  central  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  penicillatus,  but  smaller;  no  spines  on 
rump;  pelage  harsh;  skull  short. 

Color.  Above  and  on  sides  vinaceous  buff,  lined  with  black; 
lateral  stripe  indistinct;  under  parts  white;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath 
white;  ears  like  back. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  172;  tail  vertebrae,  90;  pencil,  10; 
hind  foot,  23;  ear,  7.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26;  Hensel, 
18.4;  greatest  mastoid  breadth,  13;  length  of  interparietal,  6.7; 
greatest  width  of  interparietal,  6.2;  length  of  nasals,  9.4. 

peniciUatus  eremicus  (Perognathus) ,  Mearns,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1898,  p.  300.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  253. 
EASTERN  DESERT  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Hancock,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  central  Mexico  east  of  the  Sierra  Madre  to 
La  Ventura,  State  of  Coahuila,  and  north  into  western  Texas. 

(icnl.  Char.     Small;  colors  pale;  skull  rather  heavy. 

Color.  Above  whitish  drab,  tinged  with  fawn  and  lined  with 
dusky;  lateral  stripe  faint;  feet  and  lower  parts  white;  tail  above 
and  tip  pale  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length  of  six,  163;  tail  vertebrae, 
83;  hind  foot,  22.1;  ear  from  base,  9.1.  Skull:  Hensel,  17.5;  greatest 
mastoid  breadth,  12.6;  length  of  interparietal,  3;  greatest  width  of 
interparietal,  7;  interorbital  constriction,  6.4;  length  of  nasals,  9.3. 

362.  pernix  (Perognathus),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 

p.  149- 
SINALOA  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Rosario,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     States  of  Sinaloa  and  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  colors  dark;  no  spines;  tail  long. 

Color.  Upper  parts  hair  brown;  lateral  line  pinkish  ochraceous 
buff;  under  parts  whitish;  tail  brownish  above,  whitish  beneath; 
ears  dusky  with  white  dot  on  inferior  margins. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  175;  tail  vertebrae,  97;  hind  foot, 
22.3.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  24.4;  Hensel,  17.4;  greatest  mas- 
toid breadth,  12.2;  length  of  interparietal,  3.3;  greatest  width  of 
interparietal,  7.2;  interorbital  constriction,  5.4;  length  of  nasals,  8.6. 

a. — rostratus  (Perognathus),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18,  1900, p.  51. 
BROAD-NOSED  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Camoa,  Rio  Mayo,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 


300  PEROGNATHUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  part  State  of  Sonora  and  northern  por- 
tion State  of  Sinaloa,  plains  of  the  coast,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  per  nix,  but  skull  shorter  and  wider. 

Color.  Above  broccoli  brown;  lateral  line  pinkish  buff;  under 
parts  whitish;  generally  paler  than  P.  pernix. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  162;  tail  vertebrae,  94;  hind  foot, 
23.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  22.7;  Hensel,  16.5;  greatest  mas- 
toid  width,  11.7;  length  of  interparietal,  3.4;  greatest  width  of  inter- 
parietal,  7;  interorbital  constriction,  5.5;  length  of  nasals,  8.6. 

363.  helleri    (Pcrognathus} ,   Elliot,    Pub.    Field    Columb.    Mus.,    in, 

1903,  p.  166.     Zoology. 
HELLER'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Quentin,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  similar  to  P.  p.  arenarius,  color  very  different, 
conspicuous  lateral  line.  Skull  with  shorter  nasals,  broader  ros- 
trum, wider  interorbital  space,  braincase  broader,  mastoids  less 
prominent,  bullse  smaller  and  more  pointed  anteriorly. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  dark  buff,  giving  a  dark  yellowish 
brown  appearance  to  the  upper  parts;  distinct  bright  buff  lateral 
line  from  nose  to  rump;  under  parts  pure  white;  tail  above  dark 
brown-,  almost  dusky,  beneath  pure  white,  pencil-like  upper  part 
dusky;  hands  and  feet  gray;  ears  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  159;  tail  vertebra?,  83;  hind  foot, 
20.5;  ear,  8.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  23;  Hensel,  14;  zygo- 
matic  breadth,  11.5;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  mastoid  breadth, 
11.5;  greatest  width  of  braincase,  10.5;  palatal  length,  8.5;  length 
of  nasals,  7.5;  width  of  rostrum,  4;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  al- 
veolar border,  3. 

364.  hispidus  (Perognaikus) ,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,   1857,  p.  421. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  251. 
HISPID  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Charco  Escondido,  State  of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Nuevo  Leon  and  Tamaulipas,  Mexico, 
north  into  Texas  and  Oklahoma. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  about  equal  to  head  and  body;  no 
spines;  antitragus  lobed;  hind  foot  broad,  short. 

Color.  Above  brownish  black  and  cinnamon;  lateral  stripe 
bright  fulvous;  under  parts,  fore  legs,  and  feet  white;  tail  black 
above,  white  below;  no  tuft. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  208;  tail  vertebrae,  102;  hind  foot, 
24.  Skull:  length  of  Hensel,  20.2;  occipto-nasal  length,  28;  greatest 
mastoid  breadth,  13.8;  length  of  interparietal,  4.1;  greatest  width 


PEROGNATHUS.  361 

of  interparietal,  7.2;   interorbital  constriction,  7;   length  of  nasals, 
10.6. 

a, — ziicntfcic  (Pefognatkus),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.   18,  1900, 

P-  45- 
ZACATECAS  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Valparaiso,  State  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     States  of  Zacatecas  and  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  hispidus,  but  larger  and  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  olive  brown;  lateral  line  ochraceous;  under 
parts  white;  spots  on  side  of  whiskers  black;  tail  black  above,  white 
beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  211;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind  foot, 
27.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  30.2;  Hensel,  22.5;  greatest  mas- 
toid  breadth,  15;  length  of  interparietal,  4;  greatest  width  of  inter- 
parietal,  8;  interorbital  constriction,  7;  length  of  nasals,  12. 

b, — paradoxus  (Perognathus) ,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889, 
p.  24,  pi.  in,  fig.  18.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  252. 
STRANGE  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Banner,  Trego  County,  Kansas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora,  north  to  northern  and  western 
Kansas. 

Genl.  Char.     Large;  ears  large,  with  antitragal  lobes;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black;  sides  fulvous; 
fore  legs  fulvous  outside;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail  above 
fuliginous,  beneath  white,  tinged  with  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  205-242  (Merr.  measurements,  1.  c. 
100  mm.  error);  tail  vertebrae,  113;  hind  foot,  26;  ears,  5.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  32;  Hensel,  24;  greatest  mastoid  breadth,  15; 
length  of  interparietal,  4.7;  greatest  width  of  interparietal,  8;  inter- 
orbital constriction,  7.5;  length  of  nasals,  13.2. 

365.  baileyi  (Perognathiis} ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1894,  p.  262,  fig.  i.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  251. 
BAILEY'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Magdalena,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Sonora  and  Lower  California,  Mexico, 
into  Arizona. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Large;  tail  very  much  longer  than  head  and  body; 
mastoids  considerably  developed;  bullae  nearly  meeting  below  basi- 
sphenoid;  interparietal  pentagonal,  broadest  anteriorly. 

Color.  Above  drab  brown,  lined  with  black;  beneath  white; 
pale  lateral  stripe;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  white. 


362  PEROGNATHUS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  122;  hind  foot, 
27.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  30;  Hensel,  21.5;  greatest  mastoid 
breadth,  15.6;  length  of  interparietal,  4.2;  greatest  width  of  inter- 
parietal,  6.8;  interorbital  constriction,  6.8;  length  of  nasals,  12.2. 

a. — rhydinorhis   (Perognathiis) ,    Elliot,    Pub.    Field   Columb.  Mus., 

in,  1903,  p.  167.     Zoology. 
SAN  QUENTIN  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Quentin,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  West  coast  of  Lower  California  in  the  vicinity  of 
San  Quentin. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  baileyi,  but  darker,  with  very  slender 
nasals,  larger  mastoids,  and  more  slender  upper  incisors. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  pale  buff,  finely  lined  with  black, 
darkest  on  head;  sides  of  head,  the  nose,  cheeks,  and  line  above  eyes 
yellowish  buff,  lined  with  black;  ochraceous  lateral  line  from  lips  to 
thighs;  under  parts  pure  white;  tail  above  and  pencil  dark  brown, 
beneath  yellowish  white;  hands  and  feet  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  232;  tail  vertebrae,  128;  hind  foot, 
27;  ear,  11.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  31;  Hensel,  22;  zygo- 
matic  width,  16;  interorbital  constriction,  6.5;  width  of  interparietal, 
6.5;  length  of  nasals,  10;  palatal  length,  12;  mastoid  breadth,  15; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  4. 

366.   cnecus    (Perognathus),    Elliot,    Pub.    Field    Columb.  Mus.,  in, 

1903,  p.  169.     Zoology. 
BUFF-COLORED  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Rosarito,  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower 
California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large;  color  of  under  parts  deep  cream 
buff;  skull  large,  with  very  long,  slender  nasals,  broadening  at  tip. 

Color.  Upper  parts  ochraceous  buff,  lined  with  black;  top  of 
nose  and  whiskers  blackish;  spot  in  front  of  eye,  and  broad  lateral 
band  from  lip  to  posterior  part  of  thigh  ochraceous  buff;  sides  above 
lateral  line  grayish  buff;  rest  of  under  parts,  arms,  legs,  hands,  and 
thighs  creamy  buff,  and  a  pure  white  spot  with  hairs  white  to  the 
roots  on  chest  between  arms,  extending  in  a  narrow  line  towards 
abdomen;  tail  hairy,  above  blackish,  beneath  cream  buff;  ears  dark 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebrae,  126;  hind  foot, 
28;  ear,  9.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  32;  Hensel,  22;  zygomatic 
width,  16.5;  greatest  mastoid  breadth,  16;  greatest  width  of  inter- 
parietal, 8;  interorbital  constriction,  7;  median  length  of  nasals,  13; 
lateral  length,  14;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  2;  anterior  width,  3; 


PEROQNATHUS.  363 

greatest  width  of  rostrum,  5;  palatal  length,  13;  length  of  tooth  row, 
alveolar  border,  4;  length  of  mandible,  tip  of  angle  to  alveolus  of 
incisor,  14.2. 

367.  margaritae  (Pcrognathus),  Merr.,   Proc.   Cal.   Acad.   Scien.,    2d 

Ser.,  1894,  p.  459. 
MARGARITA  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Santa  Margarita  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Type  locality  only. 

(icnl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body. 
Skull:  mastoids  small;  occiput  not  projecting  posteriorly. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  fawn  mixed  with  black;  lateral  line 
indistinct;  subauricular  spot  small;  under  parts  and  feet  whitish; 
tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  180;  tail  vertebrae,  102;  hind  foot, 
22.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  25.9;  Hensel,  18;  greatest  mas- 
toid  breadth,  12;  length  of  interparietal,  12;  greatest  width  of  inter- 
parietal,  8;  interorbital  constriction,  6.5;  length  of  nasals,  10.3. 

368.  spinatus  (Pcrognathus),   Merr.,    N.    Am.    Faun.,    No.    i,    1889, 

p.  21.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  255. 
SPINY  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Twenty-five  miles  below  the  Needles,  Colorado 
River,  San  Bernardino  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Lower  California,  Mexico,  and  southern 
California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body, 
crested;  antitragal  lobe  large;  soles  naked;  rump  spinous. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray,  lined  with  black;  no  lateral  stripe; 
fore  legs,  feet,  and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  dusky;  below  white; 
pencil  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  179;  tail  vertebrae,  104;  pencil,  15; 
hind  foot,  21;  ear  from  crown,  3.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  28; 
Hensel,  19.8;  greatest  mastoid  breadth,  13.1;  length  of  interparietal, 
4;  greatest  width  of  interparietal,  8.3;  interorbital  constriction,  6.5; 
length  of  nasals,  11.2. 

a. — peninsula*    (Perognathus) ,    Merr.,  Proc.   Cal.   Acad.   Scien.,    2d 

Ser.,  1894,  p.  460. 
CAPE  ST.  LUCAS  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Jose"  del  Cabo,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  region  of  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  spinatus,  but  larger;  tail  shorter; 
ears  large,  rounded;  skull  with  comparative  differences. 


364  PEROGNATHUS. 

Color.     Exactly  like  that  of  P.  spinatus. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  average,  188;  tail  vertebrae,  101 ; 
hind  foot,  24.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26.5;  Hensel,  18; 
greatest  mastoid  breadth,  13;  length  of  interparietal,  3.7;  greatest 
width  of  interparietal,  7.6;  least  interorbital  width,  6.6;  length  of 
nasals,  9.8. 

J). — bryanti  (Perognathus) ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Scien.,   2d  Ser., 

1894,  p.  458. 
BRYANT'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Jose*  Island,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Type  localit^  only. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  s.  peninsula;  larger,  tail  longer. 

Color.     Like  P.  s.  peninsula. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  216;  tail  vertebras,  127;  hind  foot, 
25.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  27.3;  Hensel,  18.9;  greatest  mas- 
toid breadth,  13.1;  length  of  interparietal,  3.5;  greatest  width  of 
interparietal,  8.1 ;  interorbital  constriction,  6.8;  length  of  nasals,  10.3. 

369.  intermedius  (Perognathus) ,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889, 

p.  18,  pi.  n,  fig.  13.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  253. 
INTERMEDIATE  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Mud  Spring,  Mohave  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.    State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  into  Texas  and  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  much  longer  than  head  and  body;  antitragal 
lobe  large;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray,  tinged  with  pale  fulvous  and  lined  with 
black;  lateral  line  pale  fulvous;  fore  legs,  feet,  and  under  parts  white; 
tail  above  sooty  brown,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  183;  tail  vertebrae,  106;  pencil,  18; 
hind  foot,  21;  ear,  4.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  24.5;  Hensel, 
17;  greatest  mastoid  breadth,  13.5;  length  of  interparietal,  3; 
greatest  width  of  interparietal,  8;  interorbital  constriction,  6.3; 
length  of  nasals,  9.4. 

370.  nelson!    (Perognathus},   Merr.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1894,  p.   266. 
NELSON'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Hacienda  La  Parada,  25  miles  northwest  of  the 
city  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Durango,  south  into 
State  of  Jalisco,  and  east  into  State  of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  intermedius,  but  larger  and  darker; 
bristles  on  rump;  tail  crested. 


PEROGNATHUS.  865 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  hair  brown;  lateral  line  fawn; 
under  parts  soiled  white;  tail  black  above,  whitish  beneath;  ears 
dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  182;  tail  vertebrae,  104;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  8.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26;  Hensel,  18;  greatest 
mastoid  breadth,  13.8;  length  of  parietal,  3.5;  greatest  width  of 
interparietal,  7.6;  interorbital  constriction,  6.7;  length  of  nasals,  10. 

a. — ('(iiti'xci-iix    (Pcrognathus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1894,  p.  267. 
JARAL  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Jaral,  State  of  Coahuila,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  intermedium;  larger  and  more  grayish. 

Color.  Upper  parts  drab  gray;  lateral  line  pinkish  buff;  under 
parts  white;  tail  mouse  gray  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  193;  tail  vertebra?,  117;  hind  foot, 
22.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  25;  Hensel,  17.5;  greatest  mastoid 
breadth,  13.5;  length  of  interparietal,  37;  greatest  width  of  inter- 
parietal,  7.2;  interorbital  constriction,  6.1;  length  of  nasals,  9.3. 

371.  goldmani   (Pcrognathus),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18,  1900, 

P-  54- 
GOLDMAN'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Sinaloa,  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa,  Mexico;  coast 
plains. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  ears  large;  similar  in  color  to  P.  nclsoni. 

Color.  Upper  parts  broccoli  brown,  darkened  on  anterior  half 
with  black;  lateral  line  pinkish  buff;  ear  whitish  exteriorly  for 
apical  half;  under  parts  white;  tail  blackish  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  202;  tail  vertebras,  108;  hind  foot, 
28.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  27.7;  Hensel,  20.6;  greatest  mas- 
toid width,  14.3;  length  of  interparietal,  3.8;  greatest  width  of  inter- 
parietal, 6.5;  interorbital  constriction,  6.5;  length  of  nasals,  n.i. 

a. — artus    (Pcrognathus),    Osgood,    N.    Am.    Faun.,    No.    18,    1900, 

P-  55- 
BATOPILAS  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Batopilas,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Chihuahua,  Durango,  and  Sinaloa, 
Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  goldmani;  rump  bristles  undeveloped; 
slight  cranial  differences. 


366  PEROGNATHUS. 

Color.  Indistinguishable  from  P.  goldmani.  The  less  prominent 
rump  bristles  seem  chiefly  to  distinguish  this  from  the  preceding  one. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  191;  tail  vertebrae,  106;  hind  foot, 
24.6.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  25.4;  Hensel,  18.8;  greatest  mas- 
toid  breadth,  12.4;  length  of  interparietal,  3.3;  greatest  width  of 
interparietal,  7.1;  interorbital  constriction,  6.1;  length  of  nasals,  9.7. 

372.  fallax   (Perognathus) ,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889,  p.  19, 

pi.  in,  fig.  14.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  254. 
SHORT-EARED  CALIFORNIA  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Reche  Canon,  three  miles  southeast  of  Colton, 
San  Bernardino  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Lower  California,  Mexico,  into  southern 
California. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  tail  crested,  longer  than  head  and  body; 
antitragal  lobe  higher  than  broad;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  dark  grizzled  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black; 
lateral  line  pale  fulvous,  covering  upper  surface  of  fore  leg;  beneath 
white;  tail  above  sooty  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  183-211;  tail  vertebrae,  104-126; 
hind  foot,  24-25;  ear,  6.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  26;  Hensel,  18; 
greatest  mastoid  breadth,  14;  length  of  interparietal,  3.8;  greatest 
width  of  interparietal,  7.8;  interorbital  constriction,  6.6;  length  of 
nasals,  10. 

a. — pallidus    (Perognathus},    Mearns,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv. 

1901, p.  135. 
PALLID  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  East  slope  of  the  Coast  Range  Mountains,  on  the 
Mexican  boundary  line,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  north  to  Riverside 
County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  fallax,  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  pale  broccoli  brown,  slightly  mixed  with  black; 
under  parts  creamy  white;  lateral  line  pale  pinkish  buff;  tail  drab; 
feet  creamy  white;  ears  sparsely  covered  with  white  hairs. 

Measurements.  "Average  of  six  specimens:  total  length,  195 
(188-206);  tail  vertebrae,  107  (98-112);  hind  foot,  24.2  (23.7-25); 
ear  from  crown,  6.9  (6.5-7)."  (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

373.  anthonyi  (Perognathus},  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18, 1900, p.  56. 
ANTHONY'S  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  South  Bay,  Cerros  or  Cedros  Island,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico. 


PEROGNATHUS.  367 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  fallax,  but  smaller,  and  comparative 
differences  in  skull. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grayish  fawn,  mixed  with  black;  lateral  line 
faint,  brownish  fawn;  white  spots  under  eye;  tail  above  dusky, 
beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  168;  tail  vertebrae,  92;  hind  foot, 
23.5.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  25.4;  Hensel,  17.4;  greatest  mas- 
toid  breadth,  12.9;  length  of  interparietal,  2.6;  greatest  width  of 
interparietal,  5.8;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  length  of  nasals,  10.2. 

374.  femoralis   (Perognathus) ,    Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1891,  p.  281.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  254. 
GREAT  CALIFORNIA  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Dulzura,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Lower  California,  Mexico,  and  adjoining 
portions  of  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  much  longer  than  head  and  body;  size  large. 

Color.  Above  grayish  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black;  lateral 
line  fulvous;  fore  legs,  feet,  and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  sooty 
brown,  including  tip,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  198-241;  tail  vertebrae,  112-133; 
hind  foot,  25-27.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  29.6;  Hensel,  20.3; 
greatest  mastoid  breadth,  14.3;  length  of  interparietal,  4;  greatest 
width  of  interparietal,  8.1;  length  of  nasals,  11.4;  interorbital  con- 
striction, 7.1. 

a. — inesopolius  (Perognathus) ,  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  in, 

1903,  p.  1 68.     Zoology. 
GRAY  POCKET  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Pinon,  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico;  5,000  feet  elevation. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ear  large;  hind  foot  and  tail  long;  similar 
in  color  to  P.  femoralis,  but  grayer  and  without  the  bistre  hue. 
Skull  with  greater  interorbital  constriction  and  less  mastoid  breadth. 

Color.     Above  mixed  pale  gray  and  light  buff,  lined  sparingly 
with  black;  sides  grayer  than  upper  parts;  lateral  line  bright  buff; 
under  parts,   hands,   and   feet  pure   white;  tail   and   pencil   dusky 
above,  white  beneath;  ears  light  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  232;  tail  vertebrae,  136;  hind  foot, 
27;  ear,  14.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  27;  Hensel,  18;  zygomatic 
width,  13;  mastoid  breadth,  13;  interorbital  constriction,  6;  palatal 
length,  10;  length  of  nasals,  10;  posterior  width  of  nasals  2;  anterior 
width  of  nasals,  3;  greatest  width  of  rostrum,  5. 


368  HETEROMYS. 

The  harsh  pelage  exhibited  in  Perognathus  and  Chcetodipus  of 
the  Pocket  Mice,  is  in  the  members  of  HETEROMYS  carried  farther, 
even  to  the  presence  of  small  flattened  spines  in  the  fur.  They  are 
animals  of  moderate  size,  with  tails  about  equaling  the  head  and 
body  in  length,  of  various  colorations,  with  a  heavier  skull,  and 
incisors  smooth  in  front.  Only  one  species  is  found  north  of  the 
Mexican  boundary,  but  a  number  are  natives  of  Mexico,  Central 
America,  and  the  West  Indies.  They  have  a  rather  long,  slender 
body,  and  moderatel^  short  legs. 

74.    Heteromys.    Spiny  Pouched  Rats. 


Heteromys    Desm.,   Nouv.   Diet.   Hist.   Nat.  Mamm.,   1817,  p.   313. 

Type  Mus  anomalus  Thompson. 
Dasynotus  Wagl.,  Nat.  Syst.  Amphib.,  1830,  p.  21. 
Saccomys  F.  Cuv.,  Mem.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  Paris,  x,  1823,  p.  419. 
Xylomys  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  p.  43. 
Liomys  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  p.  44. 

Molars  rooted;  flattened  spines  mingled  with  the  fur;  skull  almost 
flat  above,  slightly  arched  in  middle  of  superior  outline;  nasals 
projecting  beyond  incisors;  mastoids  level  with  plane  of  occiput; 
zygomata  depressed,  but  not  dipping  to  level  of  palate;  occiput 


FIG.  69.    HETEROMYS  GAUMERI. 

No.  5844  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  8  times.  Enlarged  8  times. 


HETEROMYS.  369 

horizontal,  flat;  tail  long,  exceeding  body  and  head;  soles  hairy, 
with  five  tubercles;  pouches  covered  with  hair;  tail  scaly,  short  hairs 
from  between  the  scales. 

A.  *  Heteromys. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUHGENUS. 
A.  Pelage  harsh;  flattened  spines  present. 

a.  Soles  hairy,  5-tuberculate.  PAGE 
a/  Above  mixed  grayish  yellow  and  black.  .  .  .H.  irroratus     369 
b.'  Above  grizzled  smoke  gray  and  yellow H.  bullcri     369 

b.  Soles  hairy,  6-tuberculate. 

a.'  Above  grizzled  black  and  yellowish H.  salvini  370 

b.'  Above  dark  smoke  brown H.  s.  nigrcsccns  370 

c.'  Above  dark  smoke  gray H.  gaumcri  371 

d/  Above  blackish  brown H.  auncctcns  372 

e/  Above  reddish  brown H.  hispidus  371 

c.  Soles  naked,  6-tuberculate. 

a/  Above  chestnut  brown H.  dcsmarestianns  372 

b.'  Above  blackish  brown H.  longicaiidatus  372 

c/  Above  mixed  dusky,  brown,  and  ochra- 

ceous H .  rcpens  372 

d/  Above  dusky  gray H.  goldmani  373 

e/  Above  grizzled  with  fulvous H.  g.  Icpturus  373 

f/  Above  drab  grizzled  with  black H.  griseus  373 

g/  Above  black,  mixed  with  ochre  yellow.  .  .H.  adspersus  373 

375.  irroratus   (llctcromys),  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1868,  p.  205. 
LA  PARADA  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     La  Parada,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  short,  hairy;  lateral  line  present. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grayish  yellow,  mixed  with  black;  lips  and 
under  parts,  inner  side  of  legs,  and  feet  white;  faint  lateral  line  pale 
fawn;  tail  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Head  and  body,  118;  tail,  imperfect  ?  106; 
hind  foot  and  claws,  32.5.  (ex  mounted  specimen  in  Brit.  Mus.  O. 
Thomas  in  litt.) 

376.  bulleri   (Hetcromys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  Ser., 
• xi,  1893,  p.  330. 

*The  arrangement  of  the  members  of  HETEROMYS  under  its  two  subgenera 
Heteromys  and  Liomys  cannot  be  satisfactorily  accomplished,  as  the  teeth  of 
the  adults  in  various  instances  have  no  distinguishing  characters;  hence  the 
present  separation  of  the  species  and  races  in  the  keys  given  may  be  regarded 
only  as  tentative 


370  HETEROMYS. 

BULLER'S  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.  La  Laguna,  Sierra  de  Juanacatlan,  State  of 
Jalisco,  Mexico.  Altitude,  7,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     High  elevations,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  between  H.  alleni  and  H.  irroratus;  skull  stout. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  smoky  gray  and  yellow;  lateral  line  yel- 
lowish; under  parts  pure  white;  hands  and  feet  white;  arms  white  to 
elbow;  hind  leg  dark  gray  on  outer  side,  white  on  inner;  tail  brown 
above,  white  beneath;  ears  without  white  edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  234;  tail,  120;  hind  foot,  28.5;  ear 
from  notch,  15.  Skull:  basal  length,  29.5;  greatest  length,  34.5; 
greatest  breadth,  16.8;  length  of  nasals,  13.5;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 8.5;  length  of  interparietal,  4;  breadth  of  interparietal,  6.4; 
palatal  length,  21 ;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.3. 

377.  salvini   (Heteromys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  Ser., 
xi,  1893,  p.  331. 

longicaudatus ,  Alst.,   Biol.   Cent.  Am.,  Mamm.,   i,    1880,  p.    167, 

pi.  xvn,  fig.  2.  (nee  Gray.) 
SALVIN'S  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Duefias,  Gautemala. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  equal  to  that  of  H.  bulleri;  feet  shorter;  fur 
spiny. 

Color.  General  hue  grizzled  black  and  yellowish  above;  under 
parts  pure  white;  outer  sides  of  forearm  slaty  gray;  tail  brown  above, 
whitish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  210;  tail,  95;  hind  foot,  26.5. 
Skull:  basal  length,  28;  greatest  length,  33.6;  greatest  breadth,  15.2; 
length  of  nasals,  13.1;  interorbital  constriction,  7.6;  length  of  inter- 
parietal, 4.5;  breadth  of  interparietal,  10.2;  palatal  length,  19.2; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  4.4. 

a. — nigrescens    (Heteromys},   Thomas,   Ann.   Mag.    Nat.   Hist.,   6th 

Ser.,  xii,  1893,  p.  234. 
BLACK  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  H.  salvini,  but  dorsal  region  uniform  in 
color. 

Color.  Above  dark  uniform  smoky  brown;  a  few  yellow-tipped 
hairs  on  sides ;  lateral  line  absent ;  limbs  dark  gray ;  under  parts  white ; 
tail  above  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Length  of  head  and  body,  127;  tail  incomplete; 
hind  foot  without  claws,  25.  "Skull:  greatest  length,  32.7;  greatest 
breadth,  15.4;  length  of  nasals,  3.8;  interorbital  constriction,  6.8; 


HETEROMYS.  371 

breadth  of  interparietal,   8;  length  of  interparietal,   4.1;  length  of 
upper  molar  series,  4.7." 

378.  gaumeri   (Hctcromys),  Allen  &  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  1897,  p.  9. 
GAUMER'S  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.    Size  large;  premaxillae  and  nasals  terminating  equally. 

Color.  Above  dark  smoke  gray;  sides  lighter,  fulvous;  lateral 
line  and  outer  surface  of  fore  legs  orange  ochraceous;  outer  surface 
of  hind  legs  like  back;  under  parts  and  inner  surface  of  limbs  white; 
ears  dusky  with  white  edges;  tail  crested  and  tufted,  dusky  above, 
grayish  white  below;  middle  of  dorsal  surface  covered  with  spines 
which  are  whitish  at  base,  black  apically,  and  mixed  in  with  orange 
ochraceous  hairs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  292;  tail  vertebrae,  162;  hind  foot, 
and  claw,  32;  ear  from  notch,  14.5.  Skull:  basal  length,  31 ;  greatest 
length,  37;  greatest  breadth,  16;  interorbital  breadth,  10.5;  length 
of  nasals,  16;  length  of  interparietal,  n;  palatal  length,  20;  upper 
tooth  row,  5. 

379.  annectens    (Hetcromys),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xv, 

1902,  p.  43. 
ALLIED  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Pluma,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  long;  skull  similar  to  that  of 
H.  gaumeri,  but  "smaller,  narrower  interorbitally,  with  more 
abruptly  spreading  zygomata  and  smaller  interparietal."  Hind  foot 
6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Upper  parts  blackish  brown;  lateral  line  fulvous;  under 
parts,  hands,  and  feet  white,  the  latter  sometimes  "clouded";  tail 
above  dusky,  beneath  whitish,  except  tip,  which  is  all  dark. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  300;  tail  vertebrae,  165 ;  hind  foot,  33. 

380.  hispidus  (Heteromys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897, 

p.  56. 
HISPID  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Compostella,  Territorio  de  Tepic,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Territorio  de  Tepic,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Pelage  soft;  soles  6-tuberculate,  hairy. 

Color.  Upper  parts  reddish  brown,  mixed  with  black-tipped 
bristles;  under  parts  and  feet  white;  lateral  line  reddish  fulvous; 
tail  above  pale  brown,  beneath  lighter. 


372  HETEROMYS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220-230;  tail  vertebrae,  115-123; 
hind  foot,  27-28;  ear,  13.5.  Skull:  total  length,  30;  basal  length,  24; 
greatest  mastoid  breadth,  13.5;  interorbital  constriction,  7;  length 
of  nasals,  12;  palatal  length,  12. 

381.  desmarestianus   (Heteromys),    Gray,    Proc.    Zool.    Soc.,    1868, 

p.  204.     Alston,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Mamm.,  i,  1880,  p.  167, 

pi.  17.  %  I- 
COBAN  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Coban,  Guatemala. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala. 

GenL  Char.  Ears  moderate;  teeth  small,  "upper  flat,  lower 
keeled,  narrow  in  front." 

Color.  "Chestnut  brown;  tip  of  nape,  lips,  chin,  and  under  side 
of  the  body,  hands,  and  feet  and  under  side  of  tail  white;  spines  of 
back  white  with  chestnut  tips."  (Gray,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.     Total  length,  247.5;  tail,  I]t8-5- 

382.  longicaudatus  (Heteromys},     Gray,     Proc.     Zool.     Soc.,     1868, 

p.  204. 

LONG-TAILED  SPINY  RAT.     Tultusia  in  Guatemala,  also  applied  to 
Heterogeomys  torridus. 

Type  locality.     Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  long;  no  lateral  line;  soles  6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  blackish  brown,  in  some  specimens  with  rufous 
intermixed;  sides  dark  drab  brown,  uniform,  or  mixed  with  rufous; 
limbs  uniform  in  color  with  sides;  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white; 
tail  above  blackish  brown,  beneath  yellowish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  247.15;  tail,  118.75. 

383.  repens  (Heteromys},  Bangs,    Bull.    Mus.    Comp.    Zool.,    xxxix, 

1902,  p.  45. 
BOQUETE  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  4,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  feet  large;  soles  "6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Top  of  nose  and  face  grayish  dusky;  upper  parts  of  body 
mixed  dusky,  brown,  and  tawny  ochraceous;  no  lateral  line;  upper 
lip,  under  parts,  and  inner  sides  of  arms  and  legs  white;  upper  sur- 
face of  arms  gray;  outer  surface  of  legs  dusky;  tail  above  dusky, 
beneath  white,  pencil  whitish;  ears  dusky,  bordered  with  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  282-300;  tail  vertebras,  145-155; 
hind  foot,  32-33;  ear,  14-15.  Skull:  type;  basal  length,  31.4; 
occipito-nasal  length,  35.4;  zygomatic  width,  16.4;  mastoid  width, 


HETEROMYS.  373 

14.8;  interorbital  width,  9.2;  length  of  nasals,  14.8;  width  of  nasals, 
4.2;  upper  molar  series,  4.8;  length  of  single  half  mandible,  17.2; 
(Bangs,  1.  c.) 

384.  goldmani   (Hctcromys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902, 

P-  41- 
GOLDMAN'S  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Chicharras,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body,  naked; 
sole  of  hind  foot  with  6  pads. 

Color.  Above  dusky  gray,  head  and  back  darkest;  upper  lip, 
inner  side  of  limbs,  hands,  and  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail  dusky 
above,  paler  below,  tip  whitish;  ears  without  white  edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  347;  tail  vertebrae,  199;  hind 
foot,  40. 

a. — leptuvus  (Heteromys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902, 

p.  42. 
SHORT-TAILED  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.  Mountains  near  Sant</T)omingo,  State  of  Oaxaca, 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  H.  goldmani,  but  smaller  and  not  so  black. 

Color.  "Head  and  back,  grizzled  with  fulvous;  nose  and  ankles 
dusky  by  contrast;  hind  feet  and  tail  decidedly  shorter;  rostrum 
broader,  broadening  gradually  to  zygomata  with  much  less  of  the 
usual  notch." 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  340;  tail  vertebrae,  191;  hind  foot, 
39."  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

385.  griseus  (Hctcromys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,   1902, 

p.  42. 
GRAY  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Mountains  near  Tonala,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  hind  foot  6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  drab,  grizzled  with  black;  upper  lip,  hands,  feet, 
and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish,  tip  dark 
all  around;  faint  buff  lateral  line  on  head  and  body;  ears  without 
white  edging. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  325;  tail  vertebrae,  186;  hind 
foot,  38. 

386.  adspersus    (Hctcromys),    Peters,    Monatsb.    K.    Preuss.    Akad. 

Wiss.  Berl.,  1874,  p.  357. 
SPOTTED  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Panama. 


374 


HETEROMYS. 


Genl.  Char.  Soles  6-tuberculate ;  tail  half  as  long  as  head  and 
body. 

Color.  Head  dark  gray;  upper  parts  black,  mixed  with  ochre 
yellow,  base  of  all  the  hairs  white;  flat  grooved  spines,  with  black 
tips;  the  stiff  hairs  with  a  black  ring  and  reddish  yellow  tip,  these 
last  distributed  sparingly  over  the  head  and  rump;  tip  of  nose,  lips, 
inner  sides  of  arms  and  legs  and  under  parts  of  body  white;  tail 
above  black,  beneath  white;  ears  naked  on  outer  side,  black  on  inner. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  240;  tail,  95  ;  hind  foot  and  claw,  30. 

B.  Liomys. 
T  '-i.  p  1=1-  M  3~3  =  20 

'i — i  '        *i— i '         '3 — 3 

Pelage  harsh;  tail  well  haired;  molars  with  two  parallel  trans- 
verse loops,  without  "additional  lobes  or  permanent  enamel  islands," 
uniting  in  old  animals  and  forming  a  horseshoe  as  in  Heteromys. 


FIG.  70.    HETEROMYS  ILIOMYS>  ALBOLIMBATUS. 

No.  8673  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.     Nat.  size. 

LOWER  TOOTH  ROW.  UPPER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  6  times.  Enlarged  6  times. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  THE  SUBGENUS. 

A.  Soles  5-tuberculate.  PAGE 

a.  Above  mixed  black  and  yellowish  black.  .H.  albolimbatns  375 

b.  Above  mixed  gray  and  pale  fulvous H.  can  us  375 

c.  Above  blackish  and  buffy H.  alleni  376 

d.  Above  grizzled  gray. 

a/  Dark  "saddle"  on  middle  of  back H.  torridus  376 

b.'  No  "saddle"  on  middle  of  back H.  t.  minor  377 

e.  Above  mixed  buff  and  brownish  black H.  exiguus  377 

f.  Above  grizzled  fulvous  and  black H.  plantinarcnsis  377 


HETEROMYS.  375 

g.  Above  mixed  grizzled  rufous  and  orange.  PAGE 

a/  Size  small H.  pictus  377 

b.'  Size  large H.  p.  restrains  378 

h.  Above  pale  grizzled  rufous H.  p.  isthmius  378 

B.  Soles  6-tuberculate. 

a.  Above  grizzled  brownish  fulvous H.  parviceps  378 

b.  Above  mixed  grayish  drab  and  fulvous H.  sonorana  379 

c.  Above  mixed  black  and  fulvous H.  veracrucis  379 

d.  Above  mixed  black  fulvous  and  whitish H.  obscurus  379 

e.  Above  drab  brown,  mixed  with   black  and 

pale  fulvous H.  ph&ura     379 

f.  Above  dark  brown  and  fulvous H.  orbitalis     380 

g.  Above  gray,  sprinkled  with  white H.  crispus     380 

h.  Above  darker  gray  in  color H.  c.  setosus     380 

i.  Above  dark  drab  brown,  grizzled  with  black 

and  ferrugineous H.  heterothrix     380 

j.    Above  blackish  brown,  reddish  or  gray H.  paralius     381 

387.  albolimbatus  (Heteromys),  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1868,  p.  205. 
GRAY'S  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     La  Parada,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Edges  of  ears  and  tip  of  tail  white ;  tail  long  as  body 

Color.  Above  mixed  gray,  black,  and  yellow;  lateral  line  buff 
saddle  conspicuous;  rump  gray;  under  parts  and  feet  white;  tai 
above  blackish  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  207-226;  tail  vertebrae,  108-113; 
hind  foot,  25-28.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  29.5;  Hensel,  20; 
zygomatic  width,  14;  interorbital  constriction,  7.5;  length  of  nasals, 
10.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5;  length  of  mandibles,  13;  length 
of  lower  tooth  row,  5. 

388.  canus  (Liomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  p.  44. 
HOARY  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Parral,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  hind  foot  5-tuberculate.  Skull  similar  to 
that  of  H.  alleni,  but  larger  and  heavier  and  with  broader  inter- 
orbital  space. 

Color.  Above  gray,  mixed  with  pale  fulvous,  white,  and  dark 
gray,  lateral  line  indistinct;  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white;  tail 
blackish  above,  white  beneath,  tip  all  dark. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  276;  tail  vertebrae,  138;  hind 
foot,  34. 


376 


HETEROMYS. 


FIG.  L.    HETEROMYS  ALLENI.    ALLEN'S  SPINY  MOUSE. 

389.  alleni   (Heteromys),  Coues,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vin,  1881, 

p.  187. 
ALLEN'S  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Hacienda  Angostura,  Rio  Verde,  State  of  San 
Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Soles  hairy,  5-tuberculate;  tail  long;  pelage  coarse, 
with  flattened  spines  intermixed  in  the  hairs;  incisors  yellow. 

Color.  Above  blackish,  the  hairs  having  buff  bases  and  tips 
black,  the  lighter  color  showing  amid  the  darker  one;  narrow  lateral 
line  from  nose  to  thighs  bright  buff;  under  parts  white;  upper  part 
of  arms  and  thighs  like  back;  hands  and  feet  white;  ears  like  back, 
edged  with  white;  lips  white;  tail  bicolor,  above  black,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  238-260;  tail,  115-136;  hind  foot, 
28-30. 

390.  torridus  (Liomys),   Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xv,    1902, 

P-  45- 
TORRID  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Cuicatlan,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  arms  whitish,  hind  foot  5-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  gray,  grizzled  with  black,  forming  saddle  on  the 
back;  lateral  line  indistinct;  arms,  hands,  feet,  and  under  parts 
whitish;  tail  above  dark,  beneath  whitish,  tip  all  dark. 


HETEROMYS.  377 

Measurements.  Total  length,  222;  tail  vertebrae,  125;  hind 
foot,  27. 

a. — minor  (Liomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  p.  45. 
SMALLEST  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Huajuapam,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Like  H.  torridus,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  gray,  no  saddle  on  back,  remainder  similar 
to  L.  torridus. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  222;  tail  vertebrae,  125;  hind 
foot,  27. 

391.  exiguus    (Heteromys),    Elliot,    Pub.    Field    Columb.   Mus.,   in, 

1903,  p.  146.    Zoology. 
LITTLE  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Puenta  de  Ixtla,  State  of  Morelos,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  above  buff  and  dark  brown,  and  with  a 
"saddle"  on  back. 

Color.  Above  mixed  buff  brownish  black  and  dark  gray,  forming 
a  dark  "saddle"  on  middle  of  back;  sides  of  head,  neck,  and  body, 
rump,  and  thighs  light  gray;  lips,  under  parts,  and  hands  white; 
arms,  legs,  and  feet  yellowish  white;  tail  above  blackish  brown, 
beneath  white;  no  lateral  line  separating  the  gray  of  sides  from  the 
white  under  parts. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  185;  tail  vertebras,  106;  hind 
foot,  24.  (Type.) 

392.  plantinarensis    (Liomys),   Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xv, 

1902,  p.  46. 
PLANTINAR  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Plantinar,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  small;  tail  but  slightly  haired; 
rostrum  and  nasals  curved,  the  latter  notched  posteriorly;  hind  foot 
5-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  fulvous  and  black;  lateral  line  fulvous, 
broad;  under  parts  yellowish  white;  hands  and  feet  white;  tail  drab 
above,  beneath  whitish;  ear  edged  with  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  202;  tail  vertebrae,  102;  hind 
foot,  26. 

393.  pictus  (Heteromys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  Ser., 

xn,  1893,  p.  233. 
PAINTED  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.  Mineral  San  Sebastian,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 
Altitude,  4,300  feet. 


378  HETEROMYS. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  and  dimensions  of  skull  similar  to  those  of 
H.  salvini  from  Guatemala. 

Color.  Above  mixed  grizzled  rufous  and  orange;  sides  bright 
rufous ;  lateral  line  orange  rufous ;  fore  limbs  white ;  hind  limbs  dusky 
on  outer  sides,  white  on  inner;  under  parts  white;  tail  blackish  above, 
white  beneath;  ear  black,  edges  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  217;  tail,  113;  hind  foot,  24.8;  ear 
from  notch,  12. 

a. — rostratus  (Liomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  p.  46. 
LONG-NOSED  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Ometepec,  State  of  Guerrero,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  H.  pictus,  but  somewhat  larger;  pelage 
coarser.  Skull  heavy;  nasals  long,  truncate,  or  notched  posteriorly. 

Color.     Like  that  of  H.  pictus,  but  not  so  red. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  252;  tail  vertebrae,  133;  hind 
foot,  29. 

b. — isthmius  (Liomys),   Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xv,    1902, 

p.  46. 
ISTHMIAN  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tehuantepec,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  H.  pictus,  but  differing  in  color. 

Color.  Similar  to  H.  pictus,  but  with  the  upper  parts  very  much 
paler  and  less  red,  and  lateral  line  faint  or  absent;  cheeks  pale  grayish 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  245;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  hind 
foot,  30. 

*393a.  parviceps    (Liomys}  Goldman,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xvn, 

1904,  p.  82. 
URUAPAN  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Uruapan,  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  very  small,  hind  feet  short,  6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  brownish  fulvous ;  under  parts  white ; 
faint  fulvous  lateral  line;  tail  above  brownish,  beneath  whitish; 
hands  and  feet  white ;  ears  with  white  edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  202;  tail  vertebrae,  no;  hind  foot, 
24.  Skull:  greatest  length,  28.3;  Hensel,  20;  zygomatic  width,  13; 
interorbital  constriction,  6.7;  length  of  nasals,  11.5;  interparietal, 
3.2X8.3;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  alveolar  border,  4.2. 

*Description  published  too  late  to  be  included  in  the  regular  order  of 
numerals. 


HETEROMYS.  379 

394.  sonorana   (Liomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xv,    1902, 

P-  47- 
SONORA  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Alamos,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  skull  with  long  and  slender  rostrum, 
the  sides  parallel;  nasals  long,  emarginate  posteriorly;  hind  foot 
6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  grayish  drab,  grizzled  with  fulvous  and  dark  hairs; 
lateral  line  fulvous;  under  parts,  hands,  and  feet  white;  brown  band 
across  nose;  tail  above  dusky;  beneath  whitish,  grading  into  dusky 
on  terminal  third;  ears  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  262;  tail  vertebrae,  142;  hind  foot, 
32-5- 

395.  veraecrucis  (Liomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902, 

P-  47- 
VERA  CRUZ  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Andreas  Tuxtla,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  skull  small;  upper  surface  of  anterior 
root  of  zygomata  strongly  depressed  and  rounded;  nasals  notched 
posteriorly;  interparietal  sub-triangular;  hind  foot  6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown,  mixed  with  black  and  fulvous;  lateral 
line  faint  on  sides  of  body;  under  parts  white;  tail  dusky  above, 
whitish  beneath;  ankles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  108;  hind 
foot,  25. 

396.  obscurus    (Liomys},  Merr.,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,   1902, 

p.  48. 
DUSKY  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Carrizal,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  large;  skull  heavy,  and  with  high  brain- 
case;  hind  foot  6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  blackish,  grizzled  with  fulvous  and  whitish,  and 
becoming  grayish  on  the  sides. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  230;  tail  vertebrae,  124;  hind 
foot,  31. 

397.  phaeura  (Liomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  p.  48. 
DARK-TAILED  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Pinotepa,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  large;  hind  foot  6-tuberculate;  tail 
short,  unicolor  except  basal  third  beneath.  Skull  broad,  short,  and 
flat;  rostrum  and  nasals  short,  slender. 


380  HETEROMYS. 

Color.  Above  drab  brown,  mixed  with  black  and  pale  fulvous; 
lateral  line  fulvous;  tail  all  dusky  except  basal  third  beneath  which 
is  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  204;  tail  vertebrae,  95  (broken); 
hind  foot,  29. 

398.  orbitalis    (Liomys},   Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   xv,    1902, 

p.  48. 
CATEMACO  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Catemaco,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  skull  broad,  heavy;  nasals  suddenly 
expanding  on  anterior  half;  zygomata  widely  and  squarely  spread; 
rostrum  short,  sides  parallel;  superciliary  beads  developed,  reaching 
to  middle  of  parietals;  hind  foot  6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown,  slightly  grizzled  with  fulvous, 
blackish  on  middle  of  back;  lateral  line  indistinct;  hands,  feet,  and 
under  parts  white;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish,  tip  all  dark. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  225;  tail  vertebras,  109;  hind 
foot,  29. 

399.  crispus  (Liomys},    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    xv,    1902, 

p.  49. 
CURLY  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Tonala,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body,  scantily 
haired;  hind  foot  6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  gray,  sprinkled  with  white,  darkest  on  dorsal 
region,  the  hairs  with  tips  recurved;  hands,  feet,  and  under  parts 
whitish;  no  lateral  line;  ears  without  white  edges;  tail  dusky,  paler 
beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  99  (broken); 
hind  foot,  27.5. 

a. — setosus  (Liomys},  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902,  p.  49. 

HUEHUETAN    SPINY    MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Huehuetan,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  H.  crispus,  but  with  coarser  pelage;  tail 
longer;  skull  larger,  and  with  its  characters  correspondingly  inten- 
sified; nasals  more  cuneate,  truncate  posteriorly. 

Color.    Like  H .  crispus,  but  darker  and  with  fewer  recurved  hairs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  225;  tail  vertebrae,  no;  hind 
foot,  29. 

400.  heterothrix  (Liomys},  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,  1902, 

P-  So- 


HETEROMYS.  381 

HONDURAS  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Pedro  Sula,  Honduras. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium ;  tail  nearly  naked ;  skull  similar  to  that 
of  H.  c.  setosus,  but  larger  and  heavier;  roots  of  zygomata  broad; 
hind  foot  6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Above  dark  drab  brown,  grizzled  with  ferrugineous  and 
black;  hands,  feet,  and  under  parts  yellowish  white;  tail  dark  above, 
paler  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  255;  tail  vertebrae,  126;  hind 
foot,  31. 

401.  paralius    (Hcteromys),  Elliot,    Pub.    Field    Columb.    Mus.,  in, 

1903,  p.   233.     Zoology. 
LITTORAL  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     San  Carlos,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  H.  texensis;  size  large;  tail  long,  usually 
with  a  white  tip ;  grayish  patch  behind  ears ;  ears  large ;  skull  with  a 
greater  occipito-nasal  length  and  wider  zygomatic  arch;  soles 
6-tuberculate. 

Color.  Top  of  head  and  back  behind  shoulders  blackish  brown 
mixed  with  reddish,  the  base  of  hairs  grayish;  back  of  ears  and  sides 
of  head  and  body  grayish,  with  blackish  brown  hairs  intermingled; 
lateral  stripe  bright  buff,  extending  from  nose  to  thighs;  nose  and 
upper  lip,  hands,  and  feet  white;  under  parts  yellowish  white;  a 
patch  of  orange  buff  on  each  side  of  root  of  tail;  tail  above  black, 
beneath  whitish,  with  an  all-around  white  tip. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  255;  tail  vertebrae,  136;  hind  foot, 
29.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  33;  Hensel,  23;  interorbital  con- 
striction, 8;  zygomatic  width,  15;  length  of  nasals,  12;  palatal  length, 
13;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  4;  length  of  mandible,  13;  length  of 
lower  molar  series,  4. 

0.  Xylomys. 
T  «-'.  p  !=!•  M  3=3—  20 

1'i-i'    r'i-i'    M'3-3~ 

Xylomys  Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.   Soc.    Wash.,    xv,    1902,   p.   43.     Type 

Heteromys  nclsoni  Merriam. 

Pelage  without  bristles.  Skull  has  small  superorbital  beads  and  a 
high  and  rounded  braincase;  frontals  elongate;  maxillary  root  of 
zygomata  large,  rectangular;  no  tubercle  over  root  of  lower  incisor; 
lower  jaw  broad,  the  angle  everted  slightly;  last  upper  molar  with 
two  transverse  loops  and  a  posterior  loop;  posterior  prism  double. 

402.  nelsoni   (Heteromys},   Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xv,   1902, 

P-  43- 


382  HETEROMYS.          OCTODONTIDJE.         LONCHERIN^B. 

NELSON'S  SPINY  MOUSE. 

Type  locality.     Pinabete,  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size    very    large;    ears    large.    Skull    long,  slender 
superorbital  beads  faint. 

Color.  Above  mouse  gray,  darkest  on  top  of  head;  upper  lip, 
hands,  feet,  under  parts,  inner  side  of  fore  legs  and  streak  on  hind 
leg  white;  hind  feet  clouded  above;  ears  without  white  edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  356;  tail  vertebrae,  195;  hind 
foot,  43.5. 


Fam.  VI.     Octodontidse.    The  Octodonts. 

This  Family  has  been  divided  into  several  subfamilies,  only  two 
of  which,  the  CAPROMYIN^;  and  LONCHERIN^;,  are  necessary  to  be 
mentioned  as  coming  within  the  scope  of  this  work.  Save  one 
species,  the  Coypu  (Myocastor  coypu),  yielding  the  "Nutria  fur"  of 
commerce,  the  members  of  this  family  are  not  generally  known 
except  to  naturalists,  and  among  them,  in  the  New  World  and  on 
certain  of  its  islands,  are  found  the  curious  Tree  Rats  of  the  genus 
CAPROMYS,  from  which  the  name  of  the  first  of  the  above-mentioned 
subfamilies  is  derived;  the  allied  PLAGIODONTIA  and  various  species 
of  Spiny  Rats  of  different  genera  compose  the  other  subfamily 
LONCHERIN.E.  Their  trivial  names  are  Hedge-hog  or  Spiny  Rats, 
as  many  have  variously  shaped  spines  mingled  with  the  fur.  Some 
are  of  considerable  size,  and  all  have  a  more  or  less  harsh  fur,  in  some 
instances  even  bristly.  The  various  species  are  arboreal,  terrestial, 
or  aquatic  in  habits,  the  Coypu  having  webbed  hind  feet  and  a  cylin- 
drical, tapering  otter-like  tail.  The  technical  characters  by  which 
these  subfamilies  are  separated  exist  chiefly  in  the  skull  and  teeth. 

Sub f am.  I.     Lioncherinee. 

In  the  succeeding  genera  the  fur  is  usually  mixed  with  flattened 
lancet-shaped  spines,  contracted  at  the  base,  and  acutely  pointed. 
Sometimes  they  are  ridged,  and  never  project  beyond  the  hair. 
Some  species  are  prettily  marked  in  brown  and  white,  but  many 
have  sombre  hues  only.  Certain  members  of  this  subfamily  are 
destitute  of  spines,  and  so  the  trivial  names  for  these  animals  would 
be  inappropriate  for  them,  but  it  will  answer  well  enough  for  the 
majority  of  the  species  found  within  the  limits  of  this  work. 


LONCHERES. 

75.    Loiicheres. 


383 


Loncheres  Illig.,  Prodr.  Syst.  Mamm.  Av.,  1811,  p.  90.  Type 
Myoxus  chrysurns  Zimm.—Echinotnys  cristatus  Desmarest. 

Lonchctcs  Billberg,  Syn.  Faun.  Scandinav.,  i,  1828,  Mamm.,  Con- 
spectus A. 

Palate  long,  narrow,  V-shaped  posteriorly;  nasals  long,  broad 
anteriorly,  decreasing  in  width  to  posterior  end,  which  is  truncate 
and  on  a  line  with  the  premaxillae;  rostrum  deep;  interorbital  con- 
striction moderate;  braincase  broad  anteriorly,  narrowing  slightly 
towards  occipital  region;  zygomata  parallel  with  axis  of  skull,  nearly 
straight,  the  jugal  composing  most  of  the  arch;  bullae  large,  swollen 
slightly,  oblique;  interpterygoid  fossa  broad,  widest  posteriorly; 
hamular  processes  of  pterygoids  long,  abutting  the  bullae;  upper 


FIG.  71.    LONCHERES  LABILIS. 
Mus.  Com  p.  Zool.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

UPPER  TOOTH  ROW.  LOWER  TOOTH  ROW. 

Enlarged  3  times.  Enlarged  3  times. 


384 


LONCHERES. 


molars  with  one  internal  and  three  external  loops;  lower  molars  with 
one  external  and  two  internal  loops ;  mandible  broad  with  conspicuous 
bead  on  inferior  outline,  the  angle  prolonged  into  a  lengthened 
delicate  spur;  condyle  broad,  rounded  at  extremity;  coronoid  process 
short,  pointed;  symphyseal  portion  narrow,  lower  outline  V-shaped. 

403.  labilis   (Lonchcrcs} ,  Bangs,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxxv,  1901,  p.  638. 
GLIDING  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Miguel  Island,  Bay  of  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.     Pelage  long,  stiff;  spines  wanting. 


FIG.  LI.    LONCHERES  LABILIS.    GLIDING  SPINY  RAT. 

Color.  Top  of  head,  nose,  and  cheeks  mixed  black  and  yellowish; 
patch  of  yellowish  white  at  base  of  whiskers,  also  one  above  eye  and 
behind  ear;  rest  of  upper  parts  bright  ferrugineous,  varied  with  black 
in  certain  specimens;  chin  grayish  white;  under  parts  buff  or  ferru- 
gineous— in  some  individuals  these  colors  show  in  patches;  upper 
surface  of  hands  and  feet  yellowish  brown;  nails  white;  tail  at  base 
like  body,  then  black,  tipped  sometimes  with  yellowish  white;  ears 
blackish,  nearly  naked.  • 

Measurements.  Total  length,  420-540;  tail  vertebrae,  175-240; 
hind  foot,  42-48;  ear  from  notch,  14-16.  Skull:  basal  length,  47.8; 
occipito-nasal  length,  56.6;  zygomatic  width,  27.4;'  mastoid  width, 
22.4;  interorbital  constriction,  12;  length  of  nasals,  16;  width  of 
nasals,  7.2;  palatal  length,  to  palatal  notch,  21.2;  to  end  of  pterygoid, 
36.4;  upper  tooth  row,  13;  length  of  single  half  mandible,  34;  lower 
tooth  row,  13.2. 


The  next  is  a  comparatively  large  genus  of  moderate  sized  Spiny 
Rats.  One  curious  characteristic  of  these  animals  is  the  tendency  to 
lose  their  tails,  the  separation  taking  place  at  the  fifth  caudal  ver- 


PROECHINOMYS.  3H5 

tebrae  at  the  posterior  border  of  the  pelvis.  The  fifth  caudal  is 
abnormal,  the  posterior  half  having  apparently  been  lost  by  absorp- 
tion. This  interesting  fact  was  ascertained  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Chapman,* 
who  also  states  that  on  skinning  specimens  the  tail  easily  broke 
away  at  the  fifth  caudal  vertebras.  So  frequently  does  the  loss  of 
the  tail  occur,  that  in  Trinidad  the  natives  believe  there  are  two 
species,  those  with  tails,  and  the  tailless. 

76.  fProeehinomyg*    Spiny  Hats. 


Proechimys   (sic)  Allen,    Bull.  Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,   1899,  p.  264. 

Type  Echimys!  trinitatis  Allen  &  Chapman. 

Echimys  (sic)  Geoff.  St.  Hil.,  Ann.  Scien.  Nat.,  2me  Se"r.,  x,  1838, 
p.  125.  (nee  G.  Cuvier,  1809.)  Id.  Mag.  Zool.,  2me  Se"r., 
1840,  p.  30. 

Nasals  very  long,  rounded  anteriorly,  narrowing  posteriorly,  and 
longer  than  premaxillae;  orbital  constriction  slight,  greatest  width  of 
skull  at  fronto-parietal  suture;  bullae  large,  converging  to  a  point 
anteriorly;  interpterygoid  fossa  broad,  widest  anteriorly;  processes 
of  the  pterygoids  long  and  broad,  shaped  somewhat  like  the  head  of 
a  spear,  pointed,  the  exterior  half  twisted  outward  and  lying  parallel 
with  axis  of  skull;  palate  short,  wide,  posterior  margin  with  V-shaped 
notch;  incisive  foramina  broad,  rather  short;  root  of  upper  incisor 
curving  backward  to  anterior  base  of  zygoma;  molar  pattern  rather 
simple,  upper  premolars  with  two  external  and  two  internal  loops, 
the  molars  with  two  internal;  lower  molars  with  two  external  loops. 
Lower  part  of  mandible  broadly  flattened  and  rounded  outward, 
narrowing  anteriorly  to  angle,  which  terminates  in  a  short  pointed 
process;  condyle  very  broad,  slightly  rounded;  coronoid  process 
short,  and  pointed  backward. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES.  PAGE 

A.  Hands  and  feet  ashy  brown  ..............  P.  semispinosus     386 

B.  Hands  and  feet  dull  whitish  .......  ...........  P.  centralis     386 

C.  Hands  and  feet  brown. 

a.  Above  dark  rufous  ....................  P.  c.  chiriquinus     387 

b.  Above  paler  ..........................  P.  c.  panamensis     387 

c.  Above  deep  ferrugineous  and  brownish  black.  .  .P.  burrus     388 


*Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893,  p.  226. 

^eXtvoff,  /zu(T=EcHiNOMYs  nee  Echimys= PROECHINOMYS. 


386 


PROECHINOMYS. 


404.  semispinosus  (Echimys!),  Tomes,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1860,  p.  265. 
SHORT-SPINED  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Ecuador. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Nicaragua  south  to  Ecuador. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  small;  tail  half  as  long  as  head  and 
body;  long  and  strong  claws  on  hands  and  feet;  spines  short,  flexible, 
confined  to  middle  of  back. 

Color.  Above  mixed  reddish  brown  and  black;  cheeks,  sides  of 
neck,  and  body  paler;  orbital  ring  black;  under  parts  white;  tail 
above  black,  beneath  ashy  brown;  hands  and  feet  ashy  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  370-400;  tail  vertebrae,  140-169; 
hind  foot,  47-55;  ear>  18-19.  Skull:  total  length,  57;  zygomatic 
breadth,  29;  upper  tooth  row,  16;  length  of  nasals,  21. 


FIG.  72.    PROECHINOMYS  CENTRALIS. 
No.  23252  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


405.  centralis  (Echinomys),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  Ser., 
xvin,  1896,  p.  312. 


PROECHINOMYS.  387 

NlCARAGUAN    SPINY    RAT. 

Type  locality.   San  Emilio,  north  end  of  Lake  Nicaragua,  Nicaragua. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica,  Nicaragua. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  scmispinosus,  but  brighter  colored; 
nasals  pointed  posteriorly;  zygomata  broad;  pterygoid  processes 
broad,  spatulate. 

Color.  Similar  to  P.  semis pinos us,  "but  brighter  and  richer,  less 
heavily  black-lined  on  the  back,  and  with  the  spineless  fur  of  the 
sides  and  rump  much  brighter  rufous;  hands  and  feet  dull  whitish 
above,  the  darker  mark  which  runs  along  the  outer  side  of  the  meta- 
tarsal  in  some  species  little  marked."  (Thomas,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  437;  tail,  170;  hind  foot,  55 
(dried  skin).  Skull:  basal  length,  47.5;  basilar  length,  41;  greatest 
breadth,  26.5;  length  of  nasals,  21.3;  width  of  nasals,  6;  interorbital 
constriction,  12.5;  breadth  of  interparietal,  12.5;  Hensel,  20;  length 
of  palatine  foramina,  5;  width,  2.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  9.2; 
length  of  mandible,  condyle  to  the  incisor,  34. 

a. — chiriquinus  (Proechimys!),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th 

Ser.,  v,  1900,  p.  220. 
BOGAVA  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     Bogava,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  800  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Panama,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  ccntralis,  but  darker.  Skull:  muzzle 
broad,  heavy;  nasals  short,  broad;  supraorbital  ridges  broad. 

Color.  Above  dark  rufous;  sides  of  face  grayish  brown;  feet 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  450;  tail,  150;  hind  foot,  55;  ear, 
14.  Skull:  greatest  breadth,  31;  length  of  nasals,  23.5;  width  of 
nasals,  7.5;  interorbital  constriction,  15.8;  greatest  breadth  on  ridges, 
25;  palatal  length  from  henselion,  23;  length  of  upper  molar  series, 
9.2 ;  length  of  palatal  foramina,  6.5  ;  width  of  palatal  foramina,  3.7. 

b. — panamensis    (Proechimys!),   Thomas,    Ann.    Mag.    Nat.    Hist., 

7th  Ser.,  v,  1900,  p.  220. 
PANAMA  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     "Savanna  near  City  of  Panama,"  Panama. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Panama,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  centralism  head  and  shoulders  grayish 
brown. 

Color.  Above  rufous;  head  and  limbs  grayish  brown;  cheek  and 
sides  of  neck  paler;  hind  feet  brown,  remainder  like  P.  centralis. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  475;  tail,  178;  hind  foot,  54;  ear, 
26.  Skull:  basilar  length,  43;  greatest  breadth,  29;  length  of  nasals, 


:(>s  PROECHINOMYS.  CAPROMYIN^E. 

24;  interorbital  constriction,  13.2;  greatest  breadth  on  ridges,  23.6; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  8.9. 

406.  burrus  (Proechimys!),  Bangs,  Am.  Nat.,  xxxv,  1901,  p.  640. 
SAN  MIGUEL  SPINY  RAT. 

Type  locality.     San  Miguel  Island,  Bay  of  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  c.  panamcnsis,  but  larger  and  more 
red;  nasals  long,  broad,  and  truncate  posteriorly. 

Color.  Upper  parts  deep  ferrugineous,  varied  with  brownish 
black;  top  of  nose,  cheeks,  and  lower  sides  more  yellowish;  anal 
regions  like  back;  rest  of  under  parts  pure  white;  tail  above  black, 
beneath  grayish;  hands  and  feet  dusky  brown;  ears  dusky,  nearly 
naked. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  410-490;  tail  vertebrae,  140-205; 
hind  foot,  50-60;  ear  from  notch,  20-22.  Skull:  basal  length,  52; 
occipito-nasal  length,  61.2;  zygomatic  width,  29;  mastoid  width, 
22.2;  interorbital  constriction,  13.4;  length  of  nasals,  24.2;  width  of 
nasals,  7.6;  length  of  palate  to  palatal  notch,  21;  end  of  pterygoid, 
34;  length  of  palatal  foramina,  5.2;  width  of  palatal  foramina,  3; 
upper  tooth  row,  9.8;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  33.8;  lower 
tooth  row,  10.2. 


The  subfamily  CAPROMYIN^;  comprises  large  arboreal  rats,  which 
are  found  only  in  some  of  the  West  India  islands,  the  Bahamas,  and 
certain  of  the  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  They  have  compara- 
tively short  tails;  in  some  species  this  member  is  very  short,  and 
one  has  a  prehensile  tail.  All  these  are  naked  and  scaly,  only  a 
few  scattering  hairs  being  observable.  The  food  of  these  animals 
consists  of  leaves,  twigs,  and  bark;  and  in  one  island  at  least,  the 
most  eastern  of  the  Plana  Keys,  Mr.  Ingraham  observed  the  species 
that  bears  his  name,  associating  together  in  considerable  numbers. 
Not  much  is  known  of  the  habits  of  these  singular  creatures,  but 
as  their  size  makes  them  rather  conspicuous  and  they  are  prac- 
tically defenseless,  while  their  flesh  is  said  to  be  palatable,  it  is 
probable  they  will,  ere  long,  become  extinct  in  the  limited  localities 
in  which  they  are  now  found.  Indeed,  the  species  inhabiting  Jamaica 
is  stated  to  be  practically  extinct  already.  When  on  the  ground 
they  greatly  resemble  the  muskrat  in  their  shape  and  movements. 

Subfam.  II.     Capromyinee. 

F.  M.  Chapman.  A  Revision  of  the  genus  Capromys.  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1901,  p.  313. 


CAPROMYS. 

77.    Capromys. 


389 


Capromys  Desmarest,  Me"m.  Soc.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  i,  1822,  p.  43.  Type 
Capromys  fonrnicri  Desmarest  =  Isodon  piloridcs  Say. 

Geocapromys  Chapman,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1901,  p.  314. 

Procapromys  Chapman,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1901,  p.  322. 

Incisors  moderate;  upper  molars  with  one  internal  and  two 
external  enamel  folds;  ear  rather  small;  tail  long;  form  slender; 
habits  arboreal. 


FIG.  73.    CAPROMYS  PILORIDES. 
No.  1140  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    *,  nat.  size. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 
A.  Tail  long. 

a.  Above  reddish  chestnut  and  black,  to  reddish  PAGE 

brown  and  black;  beneath  yellowish  white.  C.  pilorides     390 


390 


CAPROMYS. 


b.  Above  yellowish  brown,  beneath  paler C. 

c.  Above  dark  reddish  brown,  beneath  yellow- 

ish tinged  with  reddish  posteriorly C. 

d.  Above  buffy  black  and  ferrugineous ;  under 

parts  buffy  white C.  p, 

e.  Above  brilliant  yellowish  red;   grayish   red 

spot  on  back 

B.  Tail  short. 

a.  Above  mixed  black  and  golden  brown;  be- 

neath yellowish 

b.  Above   blackish   brown,   chest   white,   belly 

yellowish  gray C. 

c.  Above   mixed   yellowish   brown,   gray,    and 

black;  beneath  pale  yellowish  brown C. 


PAGE 

melanurus  391 

prehensilis  391 

gundlachi  392 

.  C.  elegans  392 

.  C.  browni  393 

thoracatus  394 

ingrahami  394 


FIG.  Lll.    CAPROMYS  PILORIDES.    HAIRY  HUTIA. 

A.  Oapromys. 

407.  pilorides  (Isodon),    Say,    Journ.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil.,    n, 
1822,  p.  333,  fig. 

fournieri  Desm.,  Mem.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.,  1822,  p.  43,  pi.  i. 

quemi  Fisch.,  Syn.  Mamm.,  1829,  p.  312. 
HAIRY  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.  "South  America  or  one  of  the  West  Indian 
Islands."  Cuba? 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cuba. 

Genl,  Char.     Size  large;  tail  long,  sparsely  haired;  muzzle  white. 

Color.  Variable;  above  reddish  chestnut  and  black,  the  hairs 
being  black,  tipped  with  reddish  chestnut,  darkest  on  median  line 
and  paler  on  the  sides  where  the  hairs  are  tipped  with  yellowish 
brown;  nose  and  sides  of  head  white,  mixed  with  blackish  and  yel- 


CAPROMYS.  391 

lowish  brown;  under  parts  mixed  gray  and  yellowish  brown;  limbs, 
hands,  and  feet  similar  to  back,  but  with  less  chestnut  red;  tail 
covered  with  scattering  reddish  brown  hairs. 

Another  style  is  yellowish  brown  and  black  above,  and  pale 
yellow  and  black  on  sides.  Nose  and  sides  of  head  with  a  large 
amount  of  white;  under  parts  yellowish  white  from  chin  to  tail,  with 
the  sides  of  the  belly  pale  brown ;  tail  yellowish ;  hands  whitish ;  arms 
mixed  black  and  yellowish  white;  legs  and  feet  black  to  toes,  which 
are  whitish;  ears  blackish,  edged  with  whitish  hairs.  The  two  styles 
are  strikingly  different. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  777;  tail,  220;  hind  foot,  83 
(skin).  Skull:  total  length,  96;  greatest  zygomatic  width,  48;  length 
of  Hensel,  78;  mastoid  breadth,  34;  palatal  length,  22;  upper  tooth 
row,  20;  height  of  lower  jaw  at  condyle,  30. 

408.  melanurus    (Capromys},    Poey,    Monatsb.    K.    Preuss.    Akad. 

Wiss.  Berl.,  1864,  p.  384.      Dobson,    Proc.    Zool.    Soc.,   1884, 
p.  233,  pis.  xvm-xxi. 
BLACK-TAILED  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.     Manzanillo,  Cuba. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Island  of  Cuba. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  short,  rounded,  naked;  eyes  small;  nostrils 
obliquely  placed  in  end  of  muzzle;  tail  scaly,  but  clothed  with  long 
hairs;  thumb  rudimentary  with  small  blunt  claws;  other  digits  with 
convex,  acute  claws;  foot  twice  the  size  of  the  hand. 

Color.  General  hue  yellowish  brown,  darkest  on  head  and 
palest  beneath  the  body,  mixed  with  long  projecting  black  hairs; 
the  hair  on  head  much  shorter  than  on  the  body ;  tail  blackish 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  595;  tail,  266;  ear,  25.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  75;  edge  of  foramen  magnum  to  alveoli  of 
incisors,  57;  length  of  nasals,  24;  of  frontal,  25;  of  parietal,  26;  of 
upper  molar  series,  15.5. 

409.  prehensilis    (Capromys),   Poeppig,    Journ.   Acad.    Nat.    Scien. 

Phil.,  i,  1824,  p.  ii. 
PREHENSILE-TAILED  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.     Southern  Cuba. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Island  of  Cuba. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  long,  rather  thickly  covered  with  hair;  pelage 
rather  smooth;  size  moderate. 

Color.  Nose  pale  whitish  brown;  top  and  sides  of  head  dark 
reddish  brown  mixed  with  white;  upper  parts  dark  reddish  brown, 
being  a  mixture  of  dark  brown,  reddish  brown,  yellowish,  and  black, 


392  CAPROMYS. 

becoming  more  reddish  on  the  rump;  side  paler,  somewhat  grayish; 
throat  and  breast  grayish;  rest  of  under  parts  yellowish,  with  a  red- 
dish tinge  near  the  inguinal  region;  limbs,  hands,  and  feet  like  back; 
tail  covered  with  short  reddish  hair. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  710;  tail,  305;  hind  foot,  82;  ear, 
20.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  75;  length  of  parietal,  27;  of  upper 
molar  series,  18;  width  between  upper  premolars,  4;  between  pos- 
terior molars,  9. 

a. — ifundlachi  (Capromys),  Chapman,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1901,  p.  317. 
GUNDLACH'S  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.     Nueva  Gerona,  Isle  of  Pines,  near  Cuba. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  C.  prehensilis,  but  less  rufous;  zygomata 
heavier;  postorbital  process  less  produced;  tail  hairy  throughout. 

Color.  Above  mixed  buff,  black,  and  f errugineous ;  rump  brighter 
ferrugineous ;  crown  and  cheeks  brown,  nose  buffy;  lower  part  of 
cheek  whitish;  under  parts  and  inner  side  of  limbs  buffy  white;  tail 
mixed  rufous  and  brownish  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  695;  tail,  300;  hind  foot,  80;  ear, 
23.  Skull:  greatest  length,  80.5;  greatest  width,  40;  width  of  post- 
orbital  processes,  24.5;  length  of  nasals,  22.5;  of  frontal,  26.5;  of 
parietal,  28;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  11.5;  height  of  lower  jaw 
at  condyle,  26.5. 

410.  elegans  (Capromys),    Latorre,    Bol.    Soc.    Espan.    Hist.    Nat., 

Madrid,  i,  1901,  p.  372. 
LANCEOLATE-SPOT  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.     Cuba? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Unique  specimen  in  Madrid  Museum,  presumably 
from  Cuba. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  smaller  than  C.  prehensilis;  large  grayish  red 
lanceolate  spot  on  middle  of  back. 

Color.  General  color  brilliant  yellowish  red;  head,  tail,  and  feet 
chestnut  brown;  tawny  yellow  spot  between  the  eyes;  on  the  back  is 
a  large  spot  shaped  like  the  head  of  a  lance,  the  point  directed 
towards  the  rump,  of  an  intense  grayish  red  graduating  into  black 
towards  the  broadest  part.  This  spot  is  surrounded  by  an  irregular 
white  band,  which  extends  on  the  right  flank  toward  the  under 
surface.  On  the  shoulders,  front  of  hind  legs,  and  at  base  of  tail  are 
numerous  white  hairs  mixed  with  the  others;  nails  large,  curved,  and 
of  a  yellowish  color;  incisors  large,  and  orange  on  the  outer  surface. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  685;  head  with  skull  in  skin,  95; 
tail  200;  hind  foot,  75. 


CAPROMYS. 


393 


B.  Geocapromys. 

Tail  short,  about  equal  to  hind  foot;  claws  shorter  than  in 
Capromys;  inner  toe  of  fore  foot  barely  perceptible;  ascending 
maxillary  of  zygomatic  arch  wider  than  in  Capromys,  the  superior 
margin  of  squamosal  narrower  and  without  processes;  occipital 
region  lower. 


FIG.  74.    CAPROMYS  (GEOCAPROMYS)  BROWNI. 

No.  19147  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    %  nat.  size. 

411.    browni      (Capromys},    Fisch.,    Syn.    Mamm.,    Addend.,    1830, 
p.  389. 

brachyurus   (Capromys},   Hill,   Gosse,   Nat.   Sojourn  in   Jamaica, 

1851,  p.  471. 
SHORT-TAILED  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.     Jamaica. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Island  of  Jamaica. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  very  short,  stiff,  scaly,  naked  at  base,  covered 
with  short  bristly  hair  above;  fur  dense,  harsh;  muzzle  covered  with 
down. 


394  CAPROMYS. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  golden  brown,  beneath  yellowish; 
tail  black  above,  grayish  brown  beneath;  hands  and  feet  blackish; 
ears  blackish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  450;  tail,  35;  hind  foot,  60;  ear,  6 
(skin).  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  101;  length  of  Hensel,  81; 
length  of  nasals,  36;  of  frontals,  35;  of  upper  molar  series,  21;  lower 
molar  series,  21 ;  width  between  rows  of  posterior  molars,  10. 

412.  thoracatus  (Capromys),  True,    Proc.    U.   S.    Nat.    Mus.,    1888, 

p.  469. 
WHITE-BANDED  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.     Little  Swan  Island,  Gulf  of  Honduras. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  very  short,  and  in  other  characters  also  similar 
to  C.  browni. 

Color.  Above  blackish  brown;  hairs  plumbeous  brown  at  base, 
and  ringed  in  center  with  yellow;  throat  pale  gray;  breast  crossed 
by  a  nearly  pure  white  band;  belly  yellowish  gray;  tail  dark  brown; 
hands  and  feet  ochraceous;  fingers  and  toes  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  389;  tail,  45;  hind  foot,  65;  ear 
from  occiput,  18.  Skull:  greatest  length,  68.5;  length  of  Hensel, 
53-5  '•  greatest  breadth,  35.5;  interorbital  constriction,  17.7;  length  of 
nasals,  23 ;  of  frontals,  23  ;  of  upper  molar  series,  15.5 ;  width  between 
posterior  upper  molars,  5.3;  length  of  lower  molar  series,  15.5. 

413.  ingrahami    (Capromys),   Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1891,  p.  329. 
INGRAHAM'S  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.     Plana  Key,  Bahama  Islands. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Bahama  Islands. 

Genl.  Char.  In  size  similar  to  C.  browni  from  Jamaica; 
pelage  coarse,  harsh;  tail  very  short,  graduated,  pointed,  hairy. 

Color.  Above  mixed  yellowish  brown,  gray  and  black,  or 
blackish  brown,  darkest  on  head  and  nape;  sides  similar  to  back, 
but  paler;  under  parts  pale  yellowish  brown;  hands  and  feet  red- 
dish brown;  tail  rusty  brown;  bare  on  apical  third  beneath,  which  is 
black;  ears  black,  fringed  with  reddish  brown  hairs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  335-375;  tail  vertebrae,  55;  hind 
foot,  53-55;  ear  from  crown,  16.  Skull:  total  length,  63;  greatest 
width,  32;  interorbital  constriction,  17.5;  length  of  nasals,  21;  of 
frontals,  21;  of  upper  molar  series,  15;  width  between  rows  of  pos- 
terior molars,  5.5;  length  of  lower  jaw,  44;  height  of  condyle,  18.5. 


PLAGIODONTIA. 


78.    Plagioclontia. 


395 


Plagiodontia   F.  Cuv.,  Ann.   Scien.  Nat.,  2me  Se"r.,  vi,  1836,  p.  347, 
Zool.     Type  Plagiodontia  aedium  F.  Cuvier. 

Skull  broad;  nasals  broad,  truncate  posteriorly;  infraorbital 
foramina  very  large,  round;  superior  outline  descending  from  parietal 
to  end  of  nasals,  and  to  occiput;  zygomata  moderately  heavy,  jugal 
broad,  extended;  thumb  rudimentary  with  a  flat  nail;  the  four  ringers 
with  slender  curved  claws;  toes  larger,  with  strong  compressed 
curved  claws;  the  middle  and  two  outer  toes  longest  and  nearly 
equal.  Teeth  without  roots,  diminishing  in  upper  row  from  last 
molar  to  premolar,  which  is  smallest;  each  tooth  has  two  oblique 
loops  horizontal  to  the  jaw,  one  internal  and  one  external,  parallel 
to  each  other.  Lower  molars  nearly  equal  in  size,  the  premolar 


FIG.  75.    PLAGIODONTIA  AEDIUM. 
ex  Ann.  Scien.  Nat.,  Paris,  1836.    Plate  17,  nat.  size. 


396 


PLAGIODONTIA. 


slightly  smaller,  with  one  external  and  two  internal  loops,  the  angle 
on  latter  much  shallower  than  the  others;,  lower  incisors  enter  jaw 
to  base  of  last  molar. 

414.  aedium   (Plagiod ontia) ,  F.  Cuv.,  Ann.  Scien.  Nat.,  2me  Ser.,  vi, 

1836,  p.  347,  pi.  17,  Zool. 
HAITIAN  HUTIA. 

Type  locality.     Island  of  Haiti. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Island  of  Haiti. 

Genl.  Char.     Those  of  the  genus. 


FIG.  Llll.    PLAGIODONTIA  AEDIUM.    HAITIAN  HUTIA. 
ex  Ann.  Scien.  Nat.,  Paris,  1836,  PI.  17. 

Color.  General  hue  pale  brown;  hairs  on  upper  parts  gray  for 
three-fourths  their  length,  and  fawn  at  the  tips;  long  black  hairs  are 
intermingled  with  the  others;  hairs  of  under  parts  are  paler  than 
those  of  the  back,  and  the  long  hairs  are  whitish;  tail  naked,  scaly; 
incisors  yellow. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  425;  tail,  125.  Skull:  occipital 
region  imperfect ;  posterior  border  of  frontal  to  end  of  nasals,  5  2 ; 
interorbital  constriction,  19;  zygomatic  width,  42;  length  of  nasals, 
23.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  alveolar  border,  21;  length  of 
mandible,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  48;  height  at  coronoid  process, 
23;  length  of  lower  molar  series,  alveolar  border,  22. 


Of  the  Family  of  "fretful  porcupines,"  the  semi-arboreal  species 
of  the  genus  ERETHIZON  are  found  in  North  America.  They  prefer 
a  cold  climate,  and  if  their  lot  is  cast  in  tropical  lands  .such  as  Mexico, 


ERETHIZONTIDJE.  ERETHIZONTINJE.  ERETHIZON.  397 

they  endeavor  to  equalize  matters  by  living  in  high  altitudes  in  the 
mountains.  While  the  American  Porcupines  are  to  a  great  extent 
arboreal,  yet  they  are  by  no  means  restricted  to  a  life  in  the  trees, 
and  the  different  species  are  frequently  met  with  traveling  on  the 
ground,  and  in  the  western  part  of  the  United  States  it  is  not  uncom- 
mon to  find  the  Porcupine  out  on  the  prairie  far  from  any  timber. 
They  are  inoffensive  animals  when  unmolested,  but  disagreeable 
creatures  to  handle  or  meddle  with  by  either  man  or  dog. 

Fam.  VII.     Erethizoiiticlfe. 

Form  stout;  long  acute  spines  loosely  attached  to  skin.  Skull 
with  facial  portion  short,  and  the  jugal  without  inferior  angle; 
molars  more  or  less  completely  rooted. 

Subfam.  I.     ErethizontinsB. 
79.     r.n-t  hi/mi.     Long-spiiied  Porcupines. 


Erethizon  F.  Cuv.,  M£m.  du  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  Paris,  ix,  1822,  p.  426. 

Type  Hystrix  dorsatus  Linnaeus. 

Eucritus  Fisch.,  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Moscow,  v,  1817,  pp.  372,  411. 
Echinothrix  Brookes,  Cat.  Anat.  Zool.,  1828,  Id.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 

Lond.,  xvi,  1829,  pt.  i,  p.  97. 
Echinoprocta  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1865,  pp.  321-322  desc. 

Four  toes  on  fore  feet,  five  on  hind  feet,  all  with  strong  claws; 
limbs  short,  strong;  no  naked  mesial  line  on  upper  lip,  which  is 
covered  with  hair  and  notched  above  the  incisors;  tail  short,  thick, 
non-prehensile,  covered  above  with  stiff  hairs  and  spines,  and  on  the 
sides  and  beneath  with  stiff  bristles. 

415.  epixanthum   (Erethizon},    Brandt,    Me*m.    Acad.    Imp.    Scien., 
St.  Petersb.,  6th  Ser.,  1835,  p.  390,  pi.  i,  9.     Elliot,  Syn.  N. 
Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  265. 
pilosus.     Peale  (nee  Rich.),  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  Mamm.,  1848, 

p.  46. 
WESTERN  PORCUPINE. 

Type  locality.     California?     Unalaska? 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  into  New  Mexico,  east- 
ward to  Missouri,  west  to  the  Pacific,  and  north  to  Alaska  and  the 
limit  of  trees. 

Genl.  Char.  Light  tips  of  long  hairs  of  dorsal  surface  greenish 
yellow.  Average  length  of  nasals  exceed  interorbital  breadth,  or  over 


398 


ERETHIZON. 


FIG.  76.    ERETHIZON  EPIXANTHUM. 
No.  4113  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    I  nat.  size. 


one-third   the   skull's   length;    nasals    extending   backward   to   the 
orbits,  or  two-fifths  length  of  skull. 

Color.  Similar  to  E.  dorsatum,  except  tips  of  long  hairs  are  green- 
ish yellow  instead  of  yellowish  white;  central  line  of  belly  sooty 
brown;  spines  yellowish  on  the  back,  on  the  sides  whitish,  tipped 
with  brown. 


ERETHIZON. 


COENDU. 


399 


FIG.  LIV.    ERETHIZON  EPIXANTHUM.    WESTERN  PORCUPINE. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  825;  tail  vertebrae,  165.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  92;  Hensel,  81;  greatest  zygomatic  width,  70; 
mastoid  breadth,  47  ;  palatal  length,  30 ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  24. 


The  members  of  the  genus  COENDU  are  essentially  Tree  Porcupines 
having  prehensile  tails  to  aid  them  in  their  movements  among  the 
branches.  They  are  more  especially  natives  of  South  America,  but 
one  extends  its  range  into  Mexico.  They  are  of  a  more  slender  form 
than  the  Ground  Porcupines,  and  their  quills  are  variously  colored, 
and  these  are  mixed  among  the  hairs,  exhibiting  the  transition 
stage,  neither  all  hairs  nor  all  quills. 

8O.     Coeiidu.     Short-spiiied  Porcupines. 


Coendu  Lace"p.,  Disc,  d'ouvert.  et  de  cloture  du  Cours  Hist.  Nat., 

Suppl.,  1799,  p.  n.     Type  Hystrix  prehensilis  Linnaeus. 
Senetheres     (sic')    F.  Cuv.,  Me"m.  du    Mus.  Hist.  Nat..  Paris,  ix, 
1822,  p.  433. 


400  COENDU. 

Laboura    Bilbberg.    Syn.    Faun.    Scandinav.,    Mamm.,    i,    1828, 

Consp.  A. 
Cercolabes    Brandt,    Mamm.    Exot.    Nov.,   in   Me"m.   Acad.    Imp. 

St.  Petersb.,  Se"r.  3,  in,  1835,  p.  55. 

Jj 

Body  covered  with  short,  variously  colored  spines,  close  together, 
and  mixed  with  hairs;  hind  feet  with  only  four  toes,  hallux  absent; 
fleshy  pad  on  inner  side  of  foot;  tail  prehensile. 


FIG.  77.    COENDU  MEXICANUM. 
No.  102  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    i  nat.  size 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Tail  prehensile. 

a.  Fur  fulvous  brown.  PAGE 
a/  Hind  foot,  52  mm C.  pallidum     401 

b.  Fur  speckled  with  white. 

a.'  Hind  foot,  71  mm C.  rothschildi     401 

c.  Fur  black. 

a/  Hind  foot,  88  mm C.  mexicanum     402 

b/  Hind  foot,  74  mm C.  m.  yucatania     402 

d.  Fur  blackish  brown;  hind  foot,  75  mm C.  lanatum     402 


COENDU. 


401 


416.  pallidum   (Cercolabes) ,  Waterh.,  Mamm.,  n,  1848,  p.  434. 
LIGHT-COLORED  PORCUPINE. 

Type  locality.     "West  Indies"? 

Genl.  Char.  Fur  soft;  spines  short;  tail  short,  with  slender  spines 
on  upper  part  of  basal  half. 

Color.  General  color  pale  fulvous  brown;  limbs,  lower  part  of 
flanks,  and  under  parts  darker  brown;  muzzle  and  feet  dusky  brown; 
tail  brownish  black;  quills  white,  with  black  tips,  hidden  mostly  in 
the  fur. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  513;  tail,  193;  hind  foot,  53.3. 

417.  rothschildi   (Coendu),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ;th  Ser., 

x,  1902,  p.  169. 
ROTHSCHILD'S  TREE  PORCUPINE. 

Type  locality.     Se villa  Island,  off  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Hair  short;  skull  much  inflated  above  orbits;  nasal 
aperture  large;  fourth  premolar  not  larger  than  molars. 

Color.  Profusely  speckled  with  white;  spines  on  back  all  tipped 
with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  740;  tail  vertebrae,  330;  hind  foot, 
with  claws,  68.  Skull:  basilar  length,  71;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  17.3. 


FIG.  LV.    COENDU  MEXICANUM.    MEXICAN  TREE  PORCUPINE. 


402  COENDU. 

418.  mexicanum   (Hystrix),  Kerr,  Linn.,  Anim.  King.,  1792,  p.  214. 
novat-hispani&  Briss.,  Regn.  Anim.,  1756,  p.  127. 

prehensilis  Schreb.,  Saugeth.,  iv,  p.  6o3x 
PREHENSILE-TAILED  PORCUPINE. 

Type  locality.     Mountains  of  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mirador,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  south  to 
Costa  Rica. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Tail  short,  stout,  bare  of  spines  on  apical  half. 

Color.  Body  covered  with  yellow  and  white  spines,  with  black 
tips;  the  fur  amid  these  on  the  body  and  limbs  is  black,  with  the  tips 
of  hairs  white;  basal  half  only  of  tail  covered  with  spines,  remainder 
with  stiff  black  hairs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  750;  tail,  320;  hind  foot,  88 
(dried  skin.)  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  82;  total  length,  84; 
zygomatic  width,  52;  interorbital  constriction,  27;  palatal  length 
(palatal  arch  to  anterior  edge  of  premolar),  16;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  alveolar  border,  18 ;  length  of  mandible,  angle  to  alveolus 
of  incisor,  54;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  alveolar  border,  22. 

a. — yucatanice  (Coendu),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser., 

x,   1902,  p.  249. 
YUCATAN  TREE  PORCUPINE. 

Type  locality.     Izamal,  Yucatan. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  C.  mexicanum;  black  fur  shorter.  Skull 
with  nasals  parallel,  not  expanded  anteriorly;  forehead  inflated; 
braincase  narrow;  anterior  palate  flat;  bullae  high,  narrow. 

Color.     Like  that  of  C.  mexicanum. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  820;  tail,  380;  hind  foot  with  claws, 
74.  Skull :  greatest  length,  88 ;  basilar  length,  75 ;  zygomatic  breadth, 
48.5;  nasals,  30.5  X  19;  height  of  forehead  above  palate,  97;  inter- 
orbital  breadth,  anteriorly,  30;  posteriorly,  36;  breadth  of  braincase 
behind  zygomata,  33;  palatal  length,  38.5;  palatal  foramina,  8  X  3.2; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  18.1. 

419.  laenatum  (Coendu),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser.,  xi, 

1903,  p.  381. 
CHIRIQUI  PORCUPINE.     Gato  de  Spinas  in  Chiriqui. 

Type  locality.     Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Panama.     Altitude,  5,000  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Spines  not  showing  through  fur  on  tail  or  limbs. 
Skull  flat,  not  inflated  on  frontal  region;  anterior  portion  of  pre- 
maxillae  projecting  but  slightly  in  front  of  nasals;  nasals  broad  ante- 
riorly, narrowing  posteriorly;  supraorbital  edges  square,  ridges  well 
defined ;  palatal  foramina  ending  at  premaxillo-maxillary  suture ;  pos- 
terior edge  of  palate  on  line  with  posterior  edge  of  second  upper  molar. 


COENDU.  DASYPROCTA.  403 

Color.  Blackish  brown  above  and  beneath;  spines  of  back  yel- 
lowish white  on  basal  three-fifths,  remainder  brownish  black,  tips 
horny;  hands,  feet,  and  tail  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  708;  tail,  256;  hind  foot,  with  claws, 
75.  Skull:  greatest  length,  80;  basilar  length,  67  ;  zygomatic  breadth, 
47;  length  of  nasals,  24;  breadth  of  nasals,  anteriorly,  16;  breadth  of 
nasals  at  fronto-premaxillary  suture,  12.8;  interorbital  constriction, 
25.5;  palatal  length,  35.7;  height  of  forehead,  above  premolars  27.7; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  19. 


The  Rodents  with  hoof-like  claws  of  the  family  AGOUTID^E, 
resemble  in  their  general  outward  appearance  a  ruminant,  such  as 
the  little  musk-deer,  more  than  a  rodent.  Slender  of  form  and  limbs, 
they  are  small  of  stature  with  very  short  ears  and  tail.  Two  genera 
contain  all  the  known  species,  distinguished  from  each  other  by  the 
number  of  toes  on  the  hind  foot,  the  members  of  DASYPROCTA  having 
three,  and  those  of  AGOUTI  five.  The  former  genus  contains  a  num- 
ber of  species,  distributed  in  Central  and  South  America,  and  even 
on  some  of  the  West  India  islands;  but  on  these  last  only  two  have 
been  found  as  yet,  one  of  which  has  a  great  range,  for  it  is  a  native 
of  South  America  as  far  south  as  Paraguay,  but  is  not  met  with 
west  of  the  Andean  Chain  of  Mountains,  being  replaced  in  Ecuador 
by  A.  taczanowski.  The  absence  of  tail  in  the  Agoutis  is  compen- 
sated for  by  the  length  of  the  hairs  on  the  rump,  which  fall  over  so 
far  that  they  would  hide  any  moderately  long  tail.  Agoutis  are 
dwellers  both  of  the  woods  and  plains,  agile  in  their  movements, 
and  swift  runners.  Nocturnal  in  habits,  they  remain  hidden  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  day.  Their  food  is  chiefly  vegetable. 

Fam.  VIII.     Agoutidee.     Agoutis. 

E.  R.  Alston.  The  genus  Dasyprocta,  with  Description  of  a  New 
Species.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  1876,  p.  347. 

81.    Dasyprocta.    Agoutis.     Paca. 

i.S;P.S:M.g  =  ». 

Dasyprocta  Illiger,  Prodr.  Syst.  Mamm.  et  Av.,  1811,  p.  93.     Type 


Cutia  Liais,   Climats.   Ge"ol.   Faune  et   Geog.    Bot.    Bre"sil,    1872, 

P-  534- 

Myoprocta  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser.,  xn,   1903, 
p.  464. 


404  DASYPROCTA. 

Molars   semi-rooted,   with   external    and   internal    enamel    folds 
claws  hoof-like;  tail  obsolete;  hind  toes  three. 


FIG.  78.    DASYPROCTA  MEXICANA. 
No.  13855  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Col).    %  nat.  size. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
A.  Without  nuchal  crest. 

a.  Long  hairs  on  rump  not  annulated. 

a.'  Above  rufous,  or  hairs  with  yellow  and 
black  rings. 


DASYPROCTA.  405 

a."  Under  parts  like  back;  pale  line  on  PAGE 

belly;  size  large D.  punctata  405 

b."  Under  parts   tinged   with   olivaceous; 

size  small D.  ruatanica  405 

b/  Above  mixed  black  and  white D.  mexicana  405 

c.'  Above  yellowish  clay  color D.  callida  406 

b.  Long  hairs  on  rump,  annulated  to  their  base. 

a.'  Long  rump  hairs  black  and  yellow  ringed.  .D.  isthmica  407 

b.'  Long  rump  hairs,  brown  and  orange D.  coibce  407 

B.  With  nuchal  crest D.  cristata  407 

420.  punctata  (Dasyprocta) ,  Gray,  Ann.   Mag.   Nat.   Hist.,  ist  Ser., 

x,  1842,  p.  264. 
SPOTTED  AGOUTI.     Cotusa  in  Guatemala. 

Type  locality.     "South  America." 

Geogr.  Distr.     Guatemala,  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Color  variable,  from  a  bright  chestnut  to  a  pale 
yellow. 

Color.  Uniform  rufous,  or  with  yellow  and  black  rings  on  hairs 
on  all  the  body  except  a  pale  line  on  middle  of  abdomen;  hairs  of 
rump  only  slightly  elongate. 

Measurements.     Total  length  about  550;  hind  foot,  100. 

421.  ruatanica    (Dasyprocta),  Thomas,  Ann.   Mag.   Nat.    Hist.,   7th 

Ser.,  vin,  1901,  p.  272, 
RUATAN  ISLAND  AGOUTI. 

Type  locality.     Island  of  Ruatan,  Bay  of  Honduras. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  D.  punctata,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  yellow,  like  D.  punctata;  under 
part  like  back,  tinged  with  olivaceous;  chin  white;  yellow  patch  on 
belly;  hands  and  feet  grizzled  or  deep  brown;  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Length  head  and  body,  435;  hind  foot,  101. 
Skull:  basal  length,  70.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  18.7;  interorbital 
breadth,  27.5. 

422.  mexicana  (Dasyprocta) ,  Sauss.,  Rev.   Mag.  Zool.,  2me  Se'r.,  xn, 

1860,  p.  53. 
MEXICAN  AGOUTI. 

Type  locality.     "Hot  zone  of  Mexico."     State  of  Vera  Cruz? 

Genl.  Char.  Long  hairs  black  throughout  their  length;  size 
small. 

Color.  Hairs  on  body  above,  and  sides  ringed  with  black  and 
pure  white;  rump  black;  throat  and  belly  white. 


406 


DASYPROCTA. 


Measurements.  Total  length  about  430;  hind  foot,  90.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  108;  greatest  zygomatic  width,  50;  mastoid 
width,  46;  length  of  Hensel,  79;  palatal  length,  14;  length  of  upper 
tooth  row  (crown),  19;  length  of  frontals,  40;  height  of  lower  jaw  at 
condyle,  28. 

423.  callida  (Dasyproctd) ,  Bangs,  Am.  Nat.,  xxxv,  1901,  p.  635. 
CUNNING  AGOUTI. 

Type  locality.     San  Miguel  Island,  Bay  of  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Color  pale;  rump  hairs  white-tipped.  Skull  slender; 
rostrum  long;  nasals  narrow. 

Color.  Upper  parts  with  the  hairs  annulated  with  yellowish  and 
black,  giving  a  yellowish  clay  as  the  general  color;  more  ochraceous 
in  middle  of  back;  rump  hairs  long,  black  with  white  tips;  under 
parts  soiled  white,  hairs  annulated  with  drab;  fore  and  hind  feet 
brownish  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  420-510;  tail  vertebrae,  20-30; 
hind  foot,  96-105;  ear  from  notch,  33-38.  Skull:  basal  length,  85.4; 
occipito-nasal  length,  98.6;  zygomatic  width,  44;  mastoid  width,  32; 
interorbital  constriction,  26.2;  length  of  nasals,  38;  width  of  nasals, 


FIG.  LVI.    DASYPROCTA  ISTHMICA.    ISTHMIAN  AGOUTI. 


DASYPROCTA.  407 

15.4;  length  of  palate  to  palatal  notch,  39;  to  end  of  pterygoid,  55.4; 
upper  tooth  row  (four  molar  teeth),  17.2;  greatest  width  of  rostrum, 
24;  length  of  single  half  of  mandible,  58;  lower  tooth  row  (four  molar 
t^eth),  1 8. 8. 

424.  isthmicte  (Dasyprocta) ,  Alston,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1876,  p.  347. 
ISTHMIAN  AGOUTI. 

Type  locality.     Colon,  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Unknown,  probably  Costa  Rica  to  Columbia. 

C /V;//.  Char.     Long  hairs  of  rump  black,  with  broad  pale  tips. 

Color.  "Fur  ringed  with  black  and  yellow;  rump  black  more  or 
less  washed  with  orange  or  yellow,  the  long  hairs  being  black  at  the 
base,  scarcely  annulated  except  close  to  the  tips,  which  are  broadly 
margined  with  the  light  color." 

Measurements.  "Total  length  about  22  inches;  hind  foot,  4.25 
inches."  (Alston,  1.  c.) 

425.  coibae  (Dasyprocta),  Thomas,  Novitat.  Zool.,  ix,  1902,  p.  136. 
COIBA  AGOUTI. 

Type  locality.     Coiba  Island,  West  Coast  of  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  as  in  D.  isthmicce;  fur  coarse,  sparse;  rump 
hairs  about  three  inches  in  length;  nasals  parallel,  not  tapering. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  brown;  hairs  ringed  with  brown  and 
orange;  rump  hairs  broadly  tipped  with  orange;  crown  blackish 
brown;  under  parts  soiled  yellowish;  upper  surface  of  feet  black; 
tail  naked  for  about  an  inch;  ears  nearly  naked,  brown. 

Measurements.  Head  and  body,  570;  tail,  25;  hind  foot,  105; 
with  hoofs,  115;  ear,  32.  Skull:  basilar  length,  78;  zygomatic 
breadth,  53;  nasals,  40  X  24;  interorbital  breadth,  32;  palatal  length, 
38.5;  diastema,  26.5;  length  of  palatal  foramina,  4.2;  length  of  bullae, 
15.2;  length  of  upper  molar  series  (crowns),  16. 

426.  cristata  (Cavid),  Desm.,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  i,  1816,  p.  213. 
antillensis,  Sclat.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc..  1874,  p.  666. 

CRESTED  AGOUTI. 

Type  locality.  "Surinam."  Probably  a  West  Indian  form. 
(Alston.) 

Geogr.  Distr.  Islands  of  St.  Vincent,  St.  Lucia,  and  St.  Thomas, 
West  Indies. 

Genl.  Char.     Nuchal  crest  present;  colors  dark. 

Color.  Hairs  ringed  with  black  and  reddish  or  brownish  yellow; 
nuchal  tuft  and  rump  black,  with  hairs  ringed  at  base. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  450;  hind  foot,  93.75. 


408  AGOUTI. 

The  Paca  is  more  robust  than  the  Agouti,  with  coarse  hair,  and 
no  tail  worth  mentioning,  and  the  inner  toe  and  the  nails  on  each 
foot  very  small.  Like  the  Agouti,  it  is  nocturnal,  hiding  in  under- 
ground retreats  in  the  forest  by  day,  coming  out  at  night  to  feed. 
It  excavates  burrows  several  feet  deep,  mostly  in  the  vicinity  of 
rivers.  The  subspecies  mentioned  below,  with  its  parent  species, 
and  a  smaller  one,  A.  taczanowski,  from  Ecuador,  are  the  only  repre- 
sentatives of  the  genus  known,  the  A.  paca,  however,  having  a  wide 
distribution.  A  remarkable  character  in  the  Paca  is  the  unusual 
development  of  the  cheek  bone,  the  malar  being  greatly  inflated 
and  excavated,  and  its  outer  surface  roughened  in  an  extraordinary 
degree.  The  cavity  in  the  cheek  bone  is  lined  with  a  mucous  mem- 
brane and  communicates  with  the  mouth  by  a  small  opening.  The 
raison  d'etre  of  this  peculiar  structure  is  unknown,  and  it  can  hardly 
be  used  as  a  pouch  for  food,  like  those  of  the  Gophers  and  Chipmunks, 
for  it  would  seem  that  any  particles  placed  in  this  bony  pouch  would 
be  apt  to  stay  there,  the  animal  having  no  means  of  extracting  them. 

82.    Agouti.    Paca. 


Agouti  Lacep.,  Tabl.  Divis.  Sous-divis.  Ordres  et  Genres  Mamm., 
Suppl.  to  Disc,  d'ouvert  et  de  cloture  du  Cours  d'Hist.  Nat., 
etc.,  1799,  p.  ii.  Type  Mus  paca  Linnaeus. 

Coelogenus  (sic)  F.  Cuv.,  Ann.  du  Mus.,  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  x,  1807, 
p.  203. 

Paca  Fischer,  Zoogn.,  1814,  p.  85. 

Osteopera  Harlan,  Faun.  Amer.,  1825,  p.  126. 

Genysccelns  Liais,  Climats.  Geol.  Faune  Bre'sil.,  1872,  p.  537. 

Five  toes  on  hind  feet;  zygomatic  arches  greatly  expanded  verti- 
cally, forming  bony  capsules  on  side  of  face,  communicating  with 
mouth  by  a  small  opening  at  bottom  of  inclosed  cavity.  Head  large 
and  broad;  nose  not  pointed;  tail  a  fleshy  tubercle;  inner  toes  and 
the  nail  of  each  foot  very  small. 

paca  virgata  (Agouti},  Bangs.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,xxxix,  1902, 

P-  47- 
CENTRAL  AMERICAN  PACA. 

Type  locality.     Divala,  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Central  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  the  South  American  animal,  but  second 
stripes  much  less  broken  into  spots;  hind  foot  larger.  Skull  larger; 
palate  narrower;  audital  bullae  flatter. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XXXVIII,  ZOOLOGY. 


AGOUTI  PACA  VIRGATA. 
No.  10071)  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Coll.      V4  nat.  size. 


.  i* 


g 

(S      ui 

<  .2 


AGOUTI. 


409 


Color.  Variable;  upper  parts  walnut  brown;  a  stripe  from 
shoulder  to  hip  and  a  shorter  one  above  it  white;  these  break  into  a 
series  of  spots  on  the  sides  of  neck  and  on  flanks  and  are  smaller  on 
the  latter.  Two  rows  of  small  white  spots  above  the  others,  the 
lower  extending  from  sides  of  neck  to  flanks. 


FIG.  LVII.    AGOUTI  PACA  VIRGATA.    CENTRAL  AMERICAN  PACA. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  740;  tail  vertebrae,  22;  hind  foot, 
130;  ear,  43.  Skull:  basal  length,  139.6;  occipito-nasal  length,  151; 
zygomatic  width,  104;  mastoid  width,  54.8;  interorbital  width,  47.2; 
length  of  nasals,  51.2;  width  of  nasals,  26;  length  of  palate  to  palatal 
notch,  76;  width  of  palate  at  middle  of  second  molariform  tooth,  7; 
at  middle  of  last  molariform  tooth,  10.2;  upper  molar  series,  29.6; 
length  of  single  half  mandible,  107.  (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


No  family  of  mammals  is  better  known  generally  than  that  of 
the  LEPORID.E,  which  includes  the  Hares  and  Rabbits.  It  is  the  one 
group  of  animals  with  which  nearly  all  persons  are  familiar.  The 
terms,  Hares  and  Rabbits,  although  used  indiscriminately  by  many 
persons,  really  indicate  very  important  distinctions,  viz.:  Hares 
never  make  burrows  in  the  earth,  but  construct  loosely  arranged 
nests  or  "forms,"  where  they  sit  during  the  day,  and  in  which  they 
bring  forth  their  young  fully  clothed  with  fur  and  able  to  take  care 
of  themselves.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Rabbit  digs  a  deep  burrow 
in  the  earth,  with  many  connecting  passages  and  openings,  and  the 


410  LEPORIDJE. 

young  are  born  underground,  naked,  blind,  and  helpless.  These 
animals  inhabit  districts  varying  greatly  in  their  conditions  and 
situations.  Some  seek  swamps,  marshes,  or  dense  thickets,  like  the 
southern  canebrakes,  and  are  partly  aquatic ;  others  delight  in  woods, 
bushy  coverts,  and  tangled  depths;  while  still  others  are  at  home 
only  in  the  snow-covered  northern  wastes,  or  the  wide  wind-swept 
prairies  or  desert  expanse.  In  the  northern  portion  of  the  western 
hemisphere  the  greater  portion  of  these  animals  are  found,  and  the 
largest  species  occur  in  the  extreme  north  and  on  the  plains,  and  are 
represented  by  the  Arctic  Hares  and  Jack  Rabbits.  Certain  species 
turn  white  in  winter  in  districts  where  there  are  heavy  falls  of  snow, 
the  white  coat  assimilating  with  the  snow,  and  affording  concealment 
to  the  animal.  This  change,  however,  does  not  always  occur 
throughout  the  range  of  every  species,  as  witnessed  by  the  Washing- 
ton Hare,  L.  Washington*,  which  is  a  white  animal  in  winter  in  its 
northern  range,  while  in  the  more  southern  part  of  its  dispersion, 
about  Puget  Sound,  it  does  not  turn  white  in  winter,  the  moderate 
snow  fall  in  that  section  not  making  a  white  coat  necessary  for 
protection.  On  the  contrary,  an  animal  of  such  a  color  would  be, 
probably,  all  the  more  conspicuous.  Hares  are  remarkable  for  their 
lengthened  ears  and  hind  legs,  and  in  some  species  these  characters 
are  carried  to  an  extreme,  but  all  members  of  the  family  have  the 
hind  legs  considerably  elongated,  and  it  is  by  them  that  the  great 
leaps  made  in  flight  are  accomplished.  Hares  and  Rabbits  are 
absolutely  without  defense,  flight  (aided  by  a  low  order  of  strategy, 
illustrated  by  doubling  on  its  tracks)  being  their  only  means  of 
escape  from  their  enemies.  They  are,  however,  always  on  the  watch, 
their  large  eyes  roving  constantly  over  every  object  in  range  of  their 
vision,  and  the  long  ears  constantly  in  motion,  attentive  to  every 
sound.  Innumerable  enemies  of  the  earth  and  air  are  continually 
seeking  their  destruction,  and  it  is  only  its  amazing  fecundity  that 
enables  the  race  to  survive.  The  fore  legs  are  very  short,  and  are 
never  used  as  hands,  as  is  the  case  with  many  rodents,  and  although 
in  the  feeble  combats  indulged  in  by  Hares,  the  fore  feet  may  occa- 
sionally be  used  to  strike  an  adversary,  they  are  capable  of  inflicting 
only  very  slight  injuries.  Compared  with  many  rodents,  the  teeth 
of  Hares  are  weak,  but  they  commit  much  damage  with  such  as 
they  have,  gnawing  trees,  shrubs,  etc.,  and  are  very  destructive  to 
growing  crops,  vegetables,  and  also  to  ornamental  plants.  The 
members  of  this  family  possess  more  teeth  than  those  of  any  other 
among  the  rodents,  and  they  are  remarkable  for  having  at  birth 
three  pairs  of  incisors  in  the  upper  jaw,  the  second  pair  small  and 
placed  behind  the  middle  large  pair.  The  second  outer  pair  early 


LEPORID^E.  ROMEROLAGUS.  411 

becomes  deciduous,  but  the  inner  small  pair  is  retained  through  life. 
The  food  of  these  animals  is  strictly  vegetable.  Rabbits  have  been 
introduced  into  various  parts  of  the  world,  and  in  some  lands  have 
multiplied  to  such  an  extent  as  to  become  very  serious  pests,  and 
all  kinds  of  methods  for  exterminating  them  have  been  tried  in  vain, 
illustrating  in  a  very  forcible  and  unpleasant  manner  the  foolishness 
of  man  when  he  disturbs  the  harmony  of  Nature  and  interferes  with 
her  distribution  of  animal  life  upon  the  Globe.  In  sections  of 
western  North  America  Jack  Rabbits,  so-called,  abound  in  such 
extraordinary  numbers  that  great  hunts  are  regularly  organized  and 
attended  by  all  the  ranchmen  in  the  vicinity,  and  many  thousands  of 
these  animals  are  killed  in  a  single  day,  having  been  "rounded  up" 
in  a  manner  similar  to  that  employed  with  the  half-wild  range  cattle, 
except  that  the  Hares  are  driven  into  a  space  inclosed  with  nets, 
from  which  there  is  no  escape,  and  where  they  are  speedily  dispatched 
with  clubs.  In  spite  of  these  wholesale  executions,  and  all  other 
fatalities  that  overtake  them,  Hares  still  flourish. 

One  other  family  is  comprised  in  this  suborder,  the  LAGOMYID^E, 
containing  the  little  Chief  Hares,  or  Pikas.  No  species  are  found 
within  the  lands  embraced  in  this  work  so  far  as  known.  Far  up 
the  mountain  sides,  sometimes  at  an  elevation  of  many  thousand 
feet,  amid  the  ranges  that  form  the  "backbone"  of  the  North 
American  Continent,  their  fortress  a  hole  amid  the  rocks,  these  little 
creatures,  whose  aspect  is  between  that  of  a  guinea-pig  and  a  rabbit, 
live  in  colonies  and  betray  their  presence  to  the  intruder  on  their 
domains  by  sharp,  squeaking,  querulous  ventriloquial  notes  or  cries, 
deceptive  as  to  distance  and  locality.  Very  timid,  the  Pikas  are  shy 
and  watchful,  and  survey  an  interloper  from  the  farther  side  of  some 
friendly  stone.  They  lay  up  stores  of  provisions,  such  as  grass  and 
other  herbage,  against  the  long  severe  winter,  and  are  very  indus- 
trious. Four  young  are  produced  in  the  spring  about  May.  Pikas 
are  very  small,  tailless  animals,  about  eight  inches  in  length,  with 
large,  flat  ears,  small  eyes,  and  a  rudimentary  thumb  with  claw. 

Fam.  IX.     Leporidse.     Hares,   Rabbits. 

C.  J.  Forsyth-Major,  On  Fossil  and  Recent  Lagomorpha.  Trans. 
Zool.  Soc.,  1898,  p.  433. 


Romerolagus  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  x,  1896,  p.  173.     Type 

Romcrolagus  nclsoni  Merriam. 

Small;  ears,  hind  legs,  and  feet  short.    Skull  similar  to  that  of  the 
subgenus  Sylvilagns,  but  postorbital  processes  are  lacking  anteriorly, 


412  ROMEROLAGUS. 

and  jugals  elongated  posteriorly;  clavicles  articulating  with  sternum 
and  scapula;  prosternum  broader  £han  long  before  first  pair  of  ribs; 
mesosternum  of  three  segments;  six  pair  of  ribs  articulating  with 
sternum;  fifth  cervical  vertebrae  with  transverse  process  directed 
outward,  not  backward;  transverse  process  of  lumbar  vertebrae 
broadly  expanded;  small  hypopophyses  present  on  first  three  lumbar 
vertebrae;  inferior  crest  of  navicular  bone  short  and  not  produced 
under  base  of  metatarsal.  (ex  Merr.,  1.  c.) 


FlG.  79.     ROMEROLAGUS  NELSONI. 
No.  57949  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

427.  *nelsoni    (Romerolagus) ,  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  x,  1896, 

P-  i?3- 
diazi.     (Lepus},  Ferrari-Perez,  Cat.  Comis.  Geogr.  Explor.  Repub. 

Mexicana,  1893,  pi-  42- 
NELSON'S  HARE. 

Type  locality.     West  slope  of  Mt.  Popocatepetl,  State  of  Mexico, 
Mexico.     Altitude,  10,000-12,000  feet. 

*  It  is  a  moot  question  whether  this  species  should  not  bear  the  name  diazi 
instead  of  nelsoni,  the  figure  on  plate  42  of  the  Catalogue  above  cited  represent- 
ing undoubtedly  this  species.  It  is  said  that  a  description  was  a'.so  published 
in  a  Mexican  newspaper.  The  figure  in  the  plate  gives  a  better  idea  of  the  ani- 
mal than  can  be  obtained  from  any  description. 


ROMEROLAGUS.  LEPUS.  413 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mt.  Popocatepetl,  State  of  Mexico,  and  Mt.  Iztac- 
cihuatl  ?  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Those  of  genus. 

Color.  Upper  parts,  collar,  and  sides  grayish  brown  and  black, 
suffused  with  yellowish;  chin  and  belly  smoky  gray  washed  with 
buff;  feet  buffy  yellow. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  311;  tail  vertebrae,  o;  hind  foot, 
53;  ear  from  notch  (skin),  36.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  48; 
Hensel,  38;  zygomatic  width,  25;  across  orbital  processes,  13;  palatal 
length,  20;  length  of  mandible,  angle  to  symphysis,  31;  height  at 
coronoid  process,  23. 

84.    Lepus. 


Lepus  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  57;  i,  1766,  p.  79.  Type  Lepus 
timidus  Linnaeus. 

Hydrolagus  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  221. 

Silvilagus  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  1867,  p.  222. 

Tapcti  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Ser.,  xx,  186}  ,  p.  224. 

Macrotolagus  Mearns,  Science,  i,  1895,  p.  698.  Id.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  1896,  p.  552. 

Microlagus  Trouess.,  Cat.  Mamm.  vivent.  quam  fossil,  18197,  fasc  3, 
p.  660. 

Limnolagus  Mearns,  Science,  N.  S.,  v,  1897,  P-  393- 

Skull  high,  superior  outline  much  curved,  especially  at  occipital 
region  ;  postorbital  processes  in  the  majority  of  species  long,  more  or 
less  divergent,  flanking  a  deep  wide  notch,  their  posterior  extremities 
not  completely  fused  with  skull;  (exceptions  to  this  are  the  swamp 
hares  which  have  this  process  ankylosed  to  the  cranium  by  its  tip,  or 
its  internal  margin)  ;  all  the  openings  of  the  skull  are  large  ;  facial  sur- 
face of  the  maxilla  reticulated;  orbits  very  large,  meeting  in  the  mesial 
line  of  the  cranium  ;  teeth  more  numerous  than  in  any  other  family  of 
rodents;  second  pair  of  upper  incisors  small,  situated  behind  the  chief 
pair;  the  latter  is  grooved  deeply  in  front,  and  all  are  deeply  implanted 
in  the  skull  and  lower  jaw;  molars  rootless;  third  upper  molar  minute; 
last  lower  molar  larger,  but  still  much  the  smallest  of  the  lower  series; 
palate  a  mere  bridge  between  molars.  The  scapula  ends  in  a  process, 
which  has  near  its  termination  a  branch  directed  at  right  angles  to  the 
axis;  tibia  and  fibula  always  ankylosed;  fore  feet  with  five  toes,  hind 
feet  with  four.  A  patch  of  hair  covered  skin  on  inner  surface  of  cheeks 
extending  backward  from  the  angle  of  mouth.  Hind  legs  elongate,  in 
some  species  greatly  so;  ears  very  long;  tail  rudimentary. 


414  LEPUS. 

KEY  TO  THE  SUBGENERA. 

A.  Tail  rudimentary. 

a.  Interparietal  persistent  as  a  distinct  bone  in 

adults, 
a/  Ear  shorter  than  hind  foot. 

a."  Skull  and  teeth  strong,  heavy;  p<0stor- 

bital     process     of     frontal     ankylosed  PAGE 

with  cranium  for  its  entire  length Limnolagus     414 

b."  Skull  and  teeth  lighter;  postorbital  pro- 
cess of  frontal  ankylosed  with  cra- 
nium behind,  inclosing  a  foreman Silvilagiis  416 

b/  Ear  longer  than  hind  foot Microlagus     428 

b.  Interparietal  always  obliterated  in  adults.  .  .  .Macrotolagus     431 

B.  Tail  none Tapeti     426 

A.    Limnolagus. 

"Interparietal  present  as  a  distinct  bone  in  adults.  Skull  and 
teeth  massive ;  rostral  portion  of  skull  wide  as  high ;  postorbital  pro- 
cess of  frontals  ankylosed  with  the  cranium  for  its  entire  length; 
frontals  and  parietals  deeply  pitted ;  skull  rather  straight  above,  about 
half  as  wide  as  long;  pelage  harsh;  head  small;  ear,  tail,  and  hind 
foot  short,  the  latter  scantily  haired." 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 
A.  Skull  large,  heavy ;  frontals  and  parietals  deeply 
pitted ;  pelage  harsh. 

a.  Basisphenoid   and  basioccipital   forming   an 

obtuse  angle.  PAGE 

a.'  Above  pale  buffy  gray,  lined  with  black.  .L.  a.  attwateri  414 
b/  Above  yellowish  brown,  tinged  with 

rufous  and  lined  with  black L.  palustris     415 

b.  Basisphenoid  and  basioccipital  on  same  plane L.  truii     415 

aquaticus  attwateri  (Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895, 

p.  327.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  278. 
ATTWATER'S  SWAMP  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Medina  River,  18  miles  south  of  San  Antonio, 
Bexar  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Yucatan,  Mexico,  to  southeastern  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  The  general  color  paler  than  that  of  L.  aquaticus. 
Size  similar. 

Color.  Above  pale  buffy  gray  lined  with  black ;  sides  whitish  gray 
tinged  with  buff;  dorsal  region  tinged  with  yellowish,  darkest  on  the 
rump ;  belly  and  inside  of  legs  white ;  back  sometimes  nearly  all  black ; 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN   MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XL,  ZOOLOGY. 


LEPUS  AQUATICUS  ATTWATERI. 
No.  6131  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


LEPUS.  415 

ears  sparsely  haired,  reddish  brown  outside,  with  a  narrow  white 
border  anteriorly ;  curved  black  line  at  corner  of  eye  across  cheek ;  tail 
reddish  brown  above,  white  below;  feet  fulvous  above,  soles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  520;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  83;  hind 
foot,  105;  ear,  65.  Skull:  total  length,  87;  basal  length,  79;  zygomatic 
breadth,  40;  mastoid  breadth,  32;  interorbital  constriction,  32; 
length  of  nasals,  35 ;  of  lower  jaw,  63 ;  height  of  coronoid  process,  37. 

428.  palustris   (Lcpns),  Bachm.,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837, 
p.  194,  pis.  15,  16.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  279. 

douglasi  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1837,  p.  586. 
SWAMP  HARE.     Conejo  in  Mexico. 

Type  locality.     Eastern  South  Carolina? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Yucatan,  Mexico,  north  to  Texas;  Florida;  and 
North  Carolina. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  L.  sylvaticus,  tail  shorter;  ears  broader,  more 
rounded;  head  larger;  nails  of  toes  exposed;  incisors  and  molars, 
broader  and  heavier. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  tinged  with  rufous  or  rusty  (the 
latter  especially  on  the  rump  and  outside  of  legs),  and  heavily  shaded 
with  black;  beneath  grayish  white;  fore  neck,  breast,  and  sides  yellow- 
ish brown;  chin  grayish  white;  throat  brownish  gray;  ear  grayish 
rufous  lined  with  black;  tail  above  rufous  and  black,  beneath  grayish 
white;  soles  brownish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  444;  tail  vertebrae,  38;  hind  foot,  88; 
ear,  64.  Skull:  total  length,  79;  greatest  width,  38;  interorbital 
width,  15;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  32;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  19; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  1 5 ;  length  of  lower  jaw,  60. 

429  truii   (Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  192. 
TRUE'S  SWAMP  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Mirador,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  palustris,  darker,  smaller;  skull  with 
comparative  differences. 

Color.  Similar  to  L.  palustris,  but  smaller  in  size  and  more  mixed 
with  black  on  upper  parts,  especially  on  the  dorsal  region;  beneath 
pale  yellowish  except  a  broad  yellowish  brown  pectoral  band;  ears 
black  and  rufous ;  feet  pale  rufous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  335;  hind  foot,  75;  ear  from  crown, 
54.  Skull:  basal  length,  57;  greatest  zygomatic  breadth,  35;  inter- 
orbital constriction,  25;  mid-palatal  length,  n;  length  of  nasals,  27; 
length  of  upper  molar  series,  14;  height  of  lower  jaw  at  coronoid 
process,  32.  (ex  Type.) 


416 


LEPUS. 


B.  Silvilagus. 

"Interparietal  persistent  as  a  distinct  bone  in  adults;  rostrum 
wider  than  high ;  skull  and  teeth  light ;  postorbital  process  united  with 
cranium  behind,  inclosing  a  narrow  foramen;  upper  surface  of  skull 


FIG.  80.    LEPUS  ISILVILAGUSI  F.  SUBCINCTUS. 

No.  8678  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


less  pitted;  skull  sometimes  wider  than  half  its  length,  much  arched; 
pelage  softer." 


LEPUS.  417 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 

A.  Ears  shorter  than  hind  foot. 

a.  Ears  equal  to  or  shorter  than  head.  PAGE 
a.'  Above  mixed  black  and  buffy  white.  .  .  .L.  f.  subcinctus  417 

b/  Above  buffy  cinnamon  and  black  ..........  L.  f.  aztecus  418 

c/   Above  black  and  ochraceous  buff   ......  L.  f.  pcrsultator  418 

d.'  Above  mixed  black  and  buff  ..........  L.  f.  yucatanicus  419 

e.'   Above  vinaceous    cinnamon   mixed    with 

gray  and  black  (summer.)  ...............  L.  f.  holzneri  419 

f/    Above  yellowish  brown  and  black  ........  L.  veracrucis  420 

g/  Above  pale  brownish  russet  ...............  L.  russatus  420 

h/  Above  pale  buff  and  black  ................  L.  parvulus  421 

i/    Above  sandy  buff  and  black  ...............  L.  insolitus  421 

b.  Ears  longer  than  the  head. 

a/  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black  .........  L.  anduboni  422 

b/  Above  mixed  black  and  light  cream 

buff  .................................  L.   sanctidiegi  422 

c.'   Above  pale  yellowish  gray  and  black  ........  L.  arizonaz  423 

d/  Above  grayish  drab  and  black  tinged  with 

cinnamon  ..............................  L.  a.  major  423 

e/   Above  yellowish  brown  and  black  ..........  L.  a.  minor  423 

f.'    Above  dark  grayish  brown  ..............  L.  a.  con-finis  424 

g.'  Above  paler  than  L.  a.  major,  larger  ........  L.  dnrangce  424 

h/  Above  deep  clay  color  and  black  ............  L.  orizabce  425 

c.  Ears  very  short. 

a/  Above  mixed  yellowish  gray,  black,  and 

brown.     Ear,  50  mm  ......................  L.  mtttalli  425 

b/  Above  pale  rufous  varied  with  blackish 

brown.     Ear,  57  mm  .....................  L.  graysoni  426 


subcinctus  (Lepns},  Miller,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1899,  p.  386. 
MICHOACAN  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Hacienda  El  Molino,  near  Negrete,  State  of  Mich- 
oacan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico  ;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  f.  chapmani;  larger. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  buffy  white;  paler  on  rump  and 
sides;  nape  light  cinnamon;  crown  yellowish;  orbital  ring  whitish; 
cheeks  below  and  behind  eyes  blackish  ;  lower  throat  and  chest  buffy 
cream  sprinkled  with  black;  rest  of  under  parts  whitish,  with  a  buff 
band  in  front  of  hind  legs;  legs  ochraceous  cinnamon  buff,  palest  on 
hind  legs;  tail  mixed  brown  and  whitish  above,  white  beneath;  ears 


418  LEPUS. 

gray  exteriorly,  buff  interiorly;  black  along  anterior  border  near  tip, 
extreme  anterior  margin  pale  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  434;  tail  vertebrae,  47 ;  hind  foot,  86; 
ear  from  crown,  76.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  73;  Hensel,  52; 
zygomatic  width,  34;  length  of  nasals  (outer  side),  30;  (median),  22.5  ; 
palatal  length,  7;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  17;  upper  tooth 
row,  7. 

floridanus  aztecus    (Lepus),   Allen,    Bull.   Amer.   Mus.  Nat.    Hist., 

1890,  p.  188. 
TEHUANTEPEC  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Tehuantepec  City,  State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Gent.  Char.  Smaller  than  L.  floridanus,  lighter  in  color  and  ears 
larger ;  palatal  arch  round. 

Color.  Above  and  sides  of  neck  buffy  cinnamon  and  black;  sides 
gray,  with  buffy  cinnamon  band  in  front  of  thighs;  nape  and  outer 
surface  of  limbs  yellowish  rufous;  under  parts  white;  chest  yellowish 
white ;  eye  stripe  grayish  white ;  cheeks  gray ;  fore  feet  yellowish  white ; 
hind  feet  pure  white;  tail  above  cinnamon  rufous,  like  rump;  ears  dark 
brownish  gray,  blackish  at  tip,  anterior  border  white  basally. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  300;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  37;  hind 
foot,  82;  ear  from  notch,  64.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  71 ;  median 
length  of  nasals,  25;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  33;  posterior  width  of 
nasals,  16;  anterior  width,  9;  distance  from  anterior  premolar  to 
alveolus  of  incisor,  19.5  ;  length  of  palatine  foramina,  16.5 ;  least  inter- 
orbital  width  anterior  to  postorbital  processes,  18;  length  of  palate,  7; 
width  of  palate,  9. 

floridanus  persuMator  (Lepus),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field.  Columb.  Mus.,  in, 

1903,  p.  147.     Zoology. 
PUEBLA  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Puebla,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  In  color  very  closely  resembling  L.  f.  siibcinctus,  but 
smaller  in  all  its  dimensions.  Skull  is  distinguished  for  the  straight- 
ness  of  its  anterior  superior  outline,  the  nasals  being  flat  and  on  a  line 
with  the  frontals ;  posterior  portion  of  skull  from  behind  orbits  curving 
sharply  downward;  nasals  broad,  abruptly  compressed  near  anterior 
termination ;  ears  short ;  palatal  arch  with  azygos  process  in  center. 

Color.  Top  of  head  cinnamon  rufous  and  black,  rest  of  upper  parts 
except  rump  mixed  black  and  ochraceous  buff ;  sides  gray ;  rump  gray 
and  black ;  nape  and  outer  surface  of  limbs  yellowish  rufous ;  ochra- 
ceous buff  band  in  front  of  thighs ;  pectoral  band  pale  yellowish  rufous ; 
under  parts  white;  eye  stripe  buff;  orbital  ring  cream  buff;  cheeks 


LEPUS.  419 

mixed  gray  buff  and  black;  fore  feet  buff;  hind  feet  white;  tail  above 
ochraceous  buff,  beneath  white;  ears  dark  brown  sprinkled  with  buff, 
darkest  at  tip,  anterior  border  for  three-fourths  its  length  from  base, 
white. 

Measurements.  Hind  foot,  72;  ear  from  notch,  54;  from  head,  62 
(skin).  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  66;  median  length  of  nasals,  19; 
lateral  length  of  nasals,  27;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  n;  anterior 
width,  8;  distance  from  anterior  premolar  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  19; 
length  of  palatine  foramina,  16;  least  interorbital  width,  anterior  to 
postorbital  processes,  1 1 ;  length  of  palate,  5  ;  width  of  palate,  8. 

floridaiuiH  i/nctffttnirns    (Lepus),   Miller,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.  Scien. 

Phil.,  1889,  p.  384. 
YUCATAN  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Merida,  Yucatan,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Yucatan,  Mexico;  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  f.  aztecus,  but  larger  in  size,  and  darker 
in  color. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  buff,  lightest  on  rump  and  sides; 
nape  cinnamon  rufous,  crown  of  head  like  back  but  darker;  orbital 
ring  whitish;  breast  ochraceous  buff;  rest  of  under  parts  white;  thighs 
gray;  legs  cinnamon  rufous  with  a  white  line  on  inner  side,  including 
the  hind  foot,  but  only  reaching  the  wrist  on  fore  legs;  ears  gray, 
fringed  with  pale  buff  on  anterior  margin,  changing  to  black  near  tip; 
interior  of  ears  whitish;  tail  mixed  reddish  brown  and  black  above, 
white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  430;  hind  foot,  198;  ear  from  crown, 
71.  Skull:  greatest  length,  82;  basal  length,  64;  posterior  margin  of 
palate  to  tip  of  hamular  process,  17;  zygomatic  breadth,  39;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  20;  greatest  length  of  nasals,  37;  greatest  breadth 
of  nasals,  16;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  21;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  14;  length  of  mandible,  62;  lower  molar  series,  14.6. 

floi-iflanus  holzneri  (Lepus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1896, 
p.  554.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  284. 

rigidus.     Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  18,  189 5,  p.  555.     (Winter 

pelage.} 
HOLZNER'S  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Near  the  summit  of  Huachuca  Mountains,  south- 
ern Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Arizona  and  northern  New  Mexico  to 
northern  Mexico  in  States  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  rather  short;  hind  feet  long;  colors 
dark;  nasals  extending  beyond  premaxillae. 


420  LEPUS. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  sides  of  head  and  back  to  rump 
vinaceous  cinnamon  mixed  with  gray  and  black;  thighs  and  rump 
whitish  gray,  lined  with  black;  beneath  white,  tinged  with  yellowish; 
pectoral  band  clay  color;  nape  tawny;  legs  tawny,  the  inner  side 
brownish  white;  ears  reddish  brown,  gray,  and  black  mixed,  bor- 
dered anteriorly  for  basal  two-thirds  with  white;  tail  above  yellowish 
brown  grizzled,  beneath  white. 

Winter  Pelage.  Above  gray,  lined  with  black,  washed  with  clay- 
color  on  back,  hips,  and  ventral  border;  sides  and  thighs  gray,  lined 
with  black;  under  parts  grayish  white  on  breast,  tinged  with  clay- 
color,  remainder  pure  white;  orbital  region  whitish;  nape  russet; 
top  and  sides  of  head  gray,  washed  with  yellowish  brown;  tail  grayish 
brown  above,  hairs  tipped  with  hoary,  beneath  pure  white;  feet 
whitish;  ears  grayish  white  on  lower  part  passing  into  gray  mixed 
with  black,  with  a  narrow  black  band  on  terminal  half  and  edged 
with  white;  inner  side  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  415;  tail  vertebrae,  64;  ear  from 
crown,  77;  from  notch,  65;  hind  foot,  99.5. 

430.  veraecrucis  (Lepus},  Thomas,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1890,  p.  74,  pi. 

VII. 

VERA  CRUZ  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Las  Vigas,  Jalapa,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico ;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  floridanus,  but  larger,  ears  longer. 

Color.  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black ;  nape  pale 
rufous;  face  grayish  yellow  and  black;  orbital  ring  pale  cream  color; 
ears  pale  gray,  tips  and  outer  edges  blackish;  inner  surface  yellowish; 
under  parts  yellowish  gray ;  legs  pale  orange  yellow  or  orange  gray ;  tail 
above  grayish  brown;  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  492;  tail  vertebras,  32;  hind  foot, 
104;  ear  from  crown,  90.  Skull :  greatest  length,  85  ;  basal  length,  69.5  ; 
length  of  nasals,  36;  interorbital  constriction,  19.4:  length  of  inter- 
parietal,  5.3;  length  of  palatine  foramen,  20.4;  of  upper  tooth  row, 
crowns,  14 ;  length  of  lower  jaw  to  tips  of  incisors,  68. 

431.  russatus  (Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1904,  p.  31. 
RUSSET  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Pasa  Nueva,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.     Pelage  coarse,  harsh.     Audital  bullae  very  large. 

Color.  Top  of  head  and  upper  parts  of  body  and  tail  pale  brownish 
russet,  varied  with  dark  brown;  sides  and  hips  varied  creamy  white; 
nape,  anterior  surface  of  fore  legs,  and  outer  side  of  hind  legs  ferru- 
gineous;  cheeks  and  sides  of  neck  like  back,  lined  with  black;  pectoral 


LEPUS.  421 

band  clay  color ;  ventral  surface  yellowish  white ;  upper  surface  of  hind 
feet  creamy  white;  ears  externally  grayish  brown  tinged  with  pale 
russet,  blackish  on  apical  third. 

'  Measurements.  Total  length,  450;  tail  vertebra?,  42 ;  hind  foot,  80; 
ear  from  crown  (dry  skin),  62.  Skull:  occipital-nasal  length,  78.5; 
basal  length,  63;  zygomatic  width,  53.2;  interorbital  constriction,  17; 
mastoid  breadth,  28;  width  of  braincase,  25;  length  of  nasals,  36; 
palatal  bridge,  7.5  ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  6.5 ;  length  of  lower  jaw, 
55;  height  of  condyle,  35. 

432.  parvulus  (Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1904,  p.  34. 
LITTLE  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Apam,  southern  part  of  State  of  Hidalgo,  Mexico. 

Color.  Above  pale  buff  varied  with  black,  slightly  grayish  on 
rump;  chin,  throat,  and  central  ventral  surface  yellowish  white;  pec- 
toral band  broad,  pale  rusty  brown;  nape  pale  f errugineous ;  sides  of 
head  buff y  brown ;  upper  surface  of  the  feet  pale  rusty ;  hind  feet  deep 
buff;  ears  externally  buffy  grayish  brown,  internally  pale  yellowish 
brown  with  a  deep  buff  edge;  tail  above  blackish,  tips  of  hairs  buffy 
gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  390;  hind  foot,  75;  ear  65.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  65;  basal  length,  54.5;  zygomatic  width,  33; 
interorbital  constriction,  18.4;  mastoid  breadth,  27;  width  of  brain- 
case,  25;  length  of  nasals,  25;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  13.5;  palatal 
bridge,  5.2 ;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  10;  length  of  palatal  foramina, 
14.5 ;  length  of  mandible,  43 ;  height  at  angle,  25.5. 

433  insolitus   (Lepus),    Allen,    Bull.   Amer.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,    1890, 

p.  189. 
PLAINS  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Plains  of  Colima,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  ftoridanus,  but  larger  and  paler. 
Malar  with  a  deep  groove  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  anterior  half; 
postorbital  processes  not  fused  with  the  braincase,  merely  touching  it. 

Color.  Upper  parts  sandy  buff  and  black;  sides  grayish;  nape 
and  fore  legs  externally  rufous;  breast  yellowish  brown;  rest  of  under 
parts  white;  hind  leg  externally  yellowish  brown;  fore  feet  brownish 
yellow;  hind  feet  white,  as  is  also  the  anterior  edge  of  leg;  orbital 
ring  buffy  gray;  tail  and  rump  pale  rusty  brown  and  black;  ears 
brownish  gray,  edge  and  tip  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  440;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  40;  hind 
foot,  92;  ear  from  crown,  78.  Skull:  total  length,  83;  basilar  length, 
66;  greatest  width,  39;  interorbital  constriction,  21;  length  of  nasals, 


4-2-2  LEPUS. 

34;  of  palatine  foramen,  21;  of  upper  molar  series  at  crown,  22.5; 
length  of  lower  jaw,  58;  height  at  condyle,  40. 

434.  auduboni    (Lepus),   Baird,   N.  Am.   Mamm.,    1857,  p.  608,  pis. 

xin,  XLVIII,  fig.  2.  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  283. 
AUDUBON'S  HARE. 

Type  locality.     San  Francisco,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  to 
vicinity  of  San  Francisco,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  smaller  than  that  of  L.  /.  mallurus;  ears  longer 
than  head;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  sides 
paler,  with  little  or  no  black ;  nape  pale  rufous ;  fore  feet  above  pale 
yellowish  and  rusty;  hind  feet  whitish,  sides  rusty;  pectoral  band 
pale  yellowish  brown;  under  parts  white;  ears  dark  brown,  the  hairs 
with  pale  yellowish  tips,  so  that  this  hue  predominates,  grading  into 
black  or  brownish  black  at  tips;  tail  above  like  back,  beneath  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  457;  tail  vertebrae,  38;  hind  foot, 
89;  ear  from  notch,  70.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  69;  Hensel,  53; 
zygomatic  width,  32;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  30;  median  length  of 
nasals,  23;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  17;  anterior  width  of  nasals,  8; 
length  of  lower  jaw  to  end  of  incisors,  35 ;  height  at  condyle,  31. 

435.  sanctidiegi   (Lepus},  Miller,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1899, 

p.  389.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  283. 
SAN  DIEGO  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Mexican  boundary  line,  monument  No.  258,  shore 
of  Pacific  Ocean,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern  Mexico  to  southwestern  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  auduboni,  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  grizzle  of  black  and  light  cream  buff;  sides  paler; 
rump  whitish  gray;  nape  ochraceous  buff;  tail  dark  brown  above, 
white  beneath;  ears  gray,  lower  half  paler  than  crown  of  head,  which 
is  like  the  back;  orbital  ring  whitish;  chin  and  throat  white,  tinged 
with  plumbeous;  lower  part  of  throat  and  chest  cream  buff;  legs 
ochraceous  buff;  fore  feet  cream  buff;  hind  feet  white;  white  of  belly 
reaching  to  wrists  and  back  of  hind  feet. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  385;  tail  vertebra?,  63;  hind  foot, 
85;  ear  from  crown,  78.  Skull:  greatest  length,  69;  basal  length,  56; 
posterior  margin  of  palate  to  tip  of  hamular  process,  16.4;  zygomatic 
breadth,  33;  interorbital  constriction,  19;  length  of  nasals,  29;  great- 
est width  of  nasals,  13.6;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  12.8;  length 
of  incisive  foramina,  6;  length  of  mandible,  50;  of  lower  molar 
series,  13.6. 


LEPUS.  4-_M 

436.  arizonae    (Lcpns),    Allen,    Mon.    N.   Am.  Rod.,   1877,    p.    332. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  285. 
ARIZONA  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Beale's  Springs,  fifty  miles  west  of  Fort  Whipple, 
Yavapai  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California  and  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico, 
north  to  Deserts  of  Arizona,  and  the  Chiricahua  and  Huachuca 
Mountains,  (but  not  to  the  White  Mountains,)  up  to  8,500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  L.  niittalli,  but  similar;  ears  much 
longer  and  broader. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray,  mixed  sparingly  with  black; 
nape  yellowish  fulvous;  sides  pale  gray,  mixed  sometimes  with  pale 
brown;  chin  white;  pectoral  band  yellowish;  rest  of  under  parts 
white;  feet  pale  yellowish  brown;  tail  above  darker  than  back,  yellow 
brown,  beneath  white;  ears  pale  grayish  brown,  outer  edge  whitish. 
Winter  specimens  are  heavily  lined  with  black  above  and  on  sides. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  340-383;  tail  vertebrae,  35-54; 
hind  foot,  76-94;  ear,  69-78.  Skull:  total  length,  65;  greatest  width, 
35;  interorbital  constriction,  17;  length  of  nasals,  28;  upper  molar 
series,  12;  length  of  lower  jaw,  46. 

a. — major  (Lcpus),  Mearns,   Proc.   U.  S.  Nat.   Mus.,   1896,  p.  557. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  286. 
GREATER  DESERT  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Calabasas,  Pima  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Poso  de  Luis,  State  of  Sonora,  to  the  basin  of  the 
Mimbres,  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  and  northward  to  Colorado 
Plateau  of  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  L.  arizona,  but  larger,  more  reddish  and 
darker." 

Color.  Above  grayish  drab,  tinged  with  cinnamon,  lined  with 
black;  sides  paler;  rump  iron  gray;  nape  and  outer  surface  of  limbs 
dull  cinnamon;  ears  pale  grayish  on  inner  side,  drab  mixed  with  gray 
and  black  on  outer  side,  tips  black;  pectoral  band  clay  color;  rest  of 
under  parts  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length  to  end  of  hairs  of  tail,  430;  tail  ver- 
tebrae, 42;  hind  foot,  92;  ear  from  notch,  69  (skin.) 

b. — minor  (Lepus),    Mearns,   Proc.   U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1896,    p.  557. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  286. 
LESSER  DESERT  HARE. 

Type  locality.     El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico.  "Plains  of  Colorado, 
southward  to  the  Rio  Grande,  and  westward  to  the  elevated  central 


424  LEPUS. 

tract,  where  it  intergrades  with  L.  a.  major  in  the  pass  between  the 
southern  end  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  northern  extremity  of  the 
Sierra  Madre." 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  L.  arizona;  ears  short,  colors  pale. 
Rostrum  more  elongate;  mandible  stouter  and  higher,  and  audital 
bullae  larger. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black;  rump  grayish 
white,  lined  with  black;  sides  yellowish  gjay,  with  a  buff  lateral  line; 
head  gray,  tinged  with  yellowish  brown  on  cheeks  and  crown;  nape 
light  cinnamon;  fore  legs  wood  brown;  hind  feet  above  white;  pec- 
toral band  yellowish  gray,  rest  of  under  parts  white;  tail  above  dusky, 
hairs  tipped  with  yellowish  brown  and  gray,  beneath  white;  ears 
grayish  white  on  dorsal  surface  behind,  and  gray  mixed  with  yel- 
lowish brown  and  black  in  front,  basal  two-thirds  of  front  edge 
white,  tips  black. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  345;  tail  vertebrae,  50.2; 
hind  foot,  83.4;  ear  from  notch,  65.8.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length, 
29;  Hensel,  46;  zygomatic  width,  32;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  34; 
medium  length  of  nasals,  18;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  n;  anterior 
width  of  nasals,  7 ;  length  of  lower  jaw  to  end  of  incisors,  46.5 ;  height 
of  condyle,  27. 

c. — confinis    (Lepus),    Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1898, 

p.   146. 
ALLIED  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Playa  Maria,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  arizona,  but  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  grayish  brown,  mixed  with  black  and 
pale  brown ;  side  pale  grayish  brown ;  top  of  nose  and  head  to  occiput 
like  back;  nape  pale  fulvous;  side  of  head  and  nose  mixed  light  gray 
and  brown;  pectoral  band  yellowish  brown  on  sides,  yellowish  white 
in  center;  chin,  upper  part  of  throat,  and  rest  of  under  parts  white, 
the  plumbeous  base  of  the  hairs  showing;  fore  legs  dark  buff;  hind 
legs  gray;  under  sides  of  feet  reddish  brown;  tail  almost  invisible, 
like  back;  ears  on  outside  brownish  black,  reddish  towards  anterior 
edges,  black  inside. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  310;  hind  foot,  61;  ear  from 
notch,  65.  (ex  Type.)  Skull:  total  length,  60.5;  basal  length,  53; 
zygomatic  breadth,  29;  interorbital  constriction,  9.5;  length  of 
nasals,  24.5;  breadth  of  nasals  posteriorly,  10.5. 

437.    durangas    (Lepus),   Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1903, 
p.  609. 


LEPUS.  425 

DURANGO  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Rancho  Bailon,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 7,800  feet. 

Gcnl.  Char.  "Size  of  Lcfns  insolitiis,  but  much  less  varied  with 
black,  and  the  general  coloration  much  paler,  except  the  nape  patch, 
the  legs,  and  feet,  which  are  of  the  same  deep  rufous  as  in  L.  inso- 
litns.  In  other  respects  the  coloration  is  not  distinctly  different 
from  that  of  L.  a.  major,  collected  at  the  same  locality.  From  the 
latter  it  differs  in  being  twice  as  large  (in  general  bulk),  and  from 
both  L.  insolitus  and  L.  a.  major  in  important  cranial  characters. 
Skull  similar  in  general  contour  to  that  of  L.  a.  major,  but  very 
much  larger,  with  actually  smaller  audital  bullae." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  457;  head  and  body,  406;  tail  ver- 
tebrae, 51;  hind  foot  without  claws,  95;  ear  from  notch,  76.  Skull: 
total  length,  79;  basilar  length,  60;  zygomatic  breadth,  36.3;  length 
of  nasals,  35;  width  of  nasals,  posteriorly,  16;  anteriorly,  9;  alveolar 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  13.3;  length  of  lower  jaw,  55;  height  of 
condyle,  30;  alveolar  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  13.6."  (Allen,  1.  c.) 

438.  orizabae  (Lcpus),  Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    vm,    1893, 

P-  143- 
ORIZABA  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Mt.  Orizaba,  State  of  Puebla,  Mexico.  Altitude 
about  9,500  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  arizonce,  but  darker;  audital  bullae 
smaller. 

Color.  Upper  parts  except  rump  deep  clay  color  and  black; 
rump  and  flanks  mixed  gray  and  black ;  nape  patch  and  feet  fulvous ; 
breast  drab  mixed  with  buffy;  rest  of  under  parts  white;  tail  above 
grizzled  drab  gray,  and  buff,  beneath  white;  ears  grayish  brown, 
edge  near  tip  brown. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  395 ;  tail  vertebrae,  51 ;  hind  foot,  90. 

439.  nuttalli   (Lepus),  Bachm.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837, 

p.  345,  pi.  22.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  284. 

artemisia.     Bachm.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1839,  p.  94. 
NUTTALL'S  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Plains  of  the  Columbia  near  Walla  Walla. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to  49th  parallel. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small ;  colors  pale;  ear  short. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  gray  mixed  with  black  and  brown;  rump 
light  gray  and  sides  of  body  whitish  yellow;  nape  pale  cinnamon; 
pectoral  band  light  buff,  rest  of  under  parts  white;  fore  legs  buffy 


426  LEPUS. 

white  above;  hind  legs  white;  tail  above  like  rump,  beneath,  white; 
ears  pale  yellowish  brown  and  black,  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  420;  hind  foot,  50;  ear,  50.  Skull: 
total  length,  70;  greatest  width,  35;  interorbital  constriction,  18; 
length  of  nasals,  31 ;  width  of  nasals  posteriorly,  14;  length  of  upper 
molar  series,  1 2 ;  length  of  lower  jaw,  47. 

440.  graysoni  (Lepus},  Allen,  Mon.  $.  Am.  Rodent.,  1877,  p.  347. 
GRAYSON'S  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Maria  Madre  Island,  Tres  Marias  Islands,  State  of 
Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Tres  Marias  Islands,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Ear  very  short ;  colors  pale. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  cinnamon  brown  mixed  with  blackish 
brown;  sides  and  rump  paler;  throat  brown,  rest  of  under  parts  white; 
outer  surface  of  legs  reddish  brown,  inner  surface  whitish;  ears  yellow- 
ish brown  mixed  with  black  at  base,  blackish  brown  toward  tip;  tail 
above  blackish  brown,  beneath  white ;  orbital  ring  pale  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  388-433;  tail  vertebrae,  19-25;  hind 
foot,  88;  ear,  57.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  75;  Hensel,  60;  zygo- 
matic  width,  37  ;  interorbital  width,  18;  median  length  of  nasals,  24.5  ; 
lateral  length  of  nasals,  30;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  14.5;  anterior 
width  of  nasals,  9;  palatal  length,  30;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  13; 
length  of  mandible,  angle  to  tip  of  incisors,  60;  length  of  lower  tooth 
row,  14. 

0.  Tapeti. 

"Skull  like  that  of  Lepus,  but  the  hinder  supraorbital  notch  narrow, 
lobes  short  with  a  sharp  inner  edge ;  the  front  of  the  lower  edge  of  the 
zygoma  dilated,  sharp-edged,  porous  above,  hinder  nasal  opening 
rather  narrow.  Tail  none.  Ears  short."  (Gray,  I.e.) 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

A.  Ears  very  short ;  tail  practically  none.  PAGE 

a.  Upper  parts  cinnamon  brown  and  black L.  gabbi     426 

b.  Upper  parts  tawny  ferrugineous  and  black L.  incilatus     428 

441.  gabbi  (Lepus},  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodent.,  1877,  p.  349. 
GABB'S  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Talamanca,  Costa  Rica. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Costa  Rica. 

Genl.  Char.     Ears  very  short ;  tail  practically  none. 
Color.     Above  cinnamon  brown  and  black;  top  of  head  yellow, 
ferrugineous,  and  black;  sides  of  head  yellowish  brown  varied  with 


LEPUS.  427 

black;  nape  pale  rufous;  white  spot  bordered  with  brown  behind 
nostril;  breast  yellowish  brown;  chin,  throat,  and  rest  of  under  parts 
white;  outer  side  of  legs  rufous,  inner  whitish;  tail  above  cinnamon 
brown  and  black,  beneath  yellowish  brown;  ears  pale  rufous  and  black, 
bordered  narrowly  with  white. 


FIG.  81.    LEPUS  I.TAPETI.I  GABBI. 
Type  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Measurements.  Total  length  about  300;  ear,  66;  hind  foot,  75. 
Skull:  total  length,  70;  Hensel,  55;  zygomatic  width,  33;  interorbital 
width,  15;  median  length  of  nasals,  20;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  28; 
palatal  length,  27;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  13;  length  of  mandible, 
5  7 ;  length  of  lower  tooth  row,  1 5 . 


428  LEPUS. 

442.  incitatus   (Lepus),  Bangs,  Am.  Nat.  xxxv.,  1901,  p.  633. 
FLEET  HARE. 

Type  locality.     San  Miguel  Island,  Bay  of  Panama. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  gabbi,  but  with  a  larger  and  heavier 
skull;  rostrum  wider  and  heavier,  more  rounded  and  arched;  bony 
palate  wider  and  longer ;  molar  and  incisor  teeth  heavier. 

Color.  Upper  parts  tawny  ferrugineous ;  sides  dull  ochraceous ;  top 
of  head  and  middle  of  back  mixed  with  black;  nuchal  patch,  arms,  and 
outer  side  of  legs  bright  tawny  ferrugineous;  superciliary  stripe  buffy 
white;  outer  side  of  ear  like  back,  tip  dusky,  outer  border  yellowish 
white;  under  parts  soiled  white;  sides  of  neck  tawny  ferrugineous; 
under  side  isabella. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  420;  tail  vertebra?,  20;  hind  foot,  80; 
ear  from  notch,  45.  Skull:  basal  length,  57;  occipito-nasal  length, 
74.6;  zygomatic  width,  35.4;  mastoid  width,  23.8;  interorbital  con- 
striction, 16.2;  length  of  nasals,  30.4;  width  of  nasals,  13;  length  of 
palatal  bridge,  (incisive  foramina  to  palatal  notch),  9;  length  of 
incisive  foramina,  17  ;  width  of  incisive  foramina,  6.4;  upper  tooth  row, 
alveolar  border,  14.6;  length  of  single  half  mandible,  56;  lower  tooth 
row,  alveolar  border,  15.4. 

D.  Microlagus. 

"Ears  longer  than  hind  foot;  tail  short;  skull  narrow,  low,  and 
lightly  ossified  with  postorbital  process  usually  free,  scarcely  touching 
cranium  behind."  (Mearns.) 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

PAG  E 

A.  Above  light  fulvous  brown  and  black L.  cerrosensis     428 

B.  Above  yellowish,  dark  brown  and  black L.  bachmani     429 

C.  Above  grayish  brown  and  black. 

a.  Small L.  cinerascens     429 

b.  Large L.  peninsularis     430 

443.  cerrosensis   (Lepus},  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 

P-  i45- 
CERROS  ISLAND  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Cerros  or  Cedros  Island,  off  west  coast  of  Lower 
California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Type  locality  only. 

Color.  Upper  parts  light  fulvous  brown,  mixed  with  black;  pec- 
toral band  pale  yellowish  brown;  rest  of  under  parts  white;  fore  feet 
fawn;  hind  feet  yellowish  white;  tail  dark  gray  above,  white  beneath; 
ears  grayish  brown. 


LEPUS.  429 

Measurements.  Total  length,  310;  tail  vertebrae,  25;  hind  foot, 
54;  ear  from  notch,  46.  Skull:  total  length,  58;  basal  length,  49; 
greatest  zygomatic  breadth,  28.5;  postorbital  constriction,  10;  length 
of  nasals,  12;  width  posteriorly,  9. 

444.  bachmani   (Lcpits),    Waterh.,    Proc.    Zool.    Soc.,    1838,    p.    103. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  281. 

trowbridgii,  Baird.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855,  p.  333. 
BACHMAN'S  WOOD  HARE.     Concjo  in  Mexico. 

Type  locality.  Southwest  coast  of  North  America,  probably 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Cape  St.  Lucas,  Lower  California,  Mexico,  to  Fort 
Crook,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  auduboni,  but  smaller;  ears  equal 
to  head  in  length;  hind  feet  short;  tail  almost  rudimentary;  ears 
uniformly  gray. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  dark  brown;  throat, 
chest,  and  sides  paler;  beneath  dusky  gray,  sometimes  whitish;  nape 
light  rufous;  legs  and  hind  feet  whitish,  tinged  with  rufous;  ears  gray, 
at  extreme  base  rusty,  no  black  edging  at  tip;  fur  everywhere  lead- 
color  at  base. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  380;  tail  vertebras,  30;  hind  foot, 
75;  ear,  61.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  72.5;  Hensel,  54;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  17;  median  length  of  nasals,  21;  lateral  length 
of  nasals,  29;  width  of  nasals  posteriorly,  16.5;  anterior  width  of 
nasals,  9;  length  of  upper  tooth  row  at  alveolus,  19;  length  of  lower 
jaw  to  tip  of  incisors,  55;  height  at  condyle,  32. 

445.  cinerascens   (Lcpus),  Allen,   Bull.  Am.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,  1890, 

p.  159.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  287. 
ASH-COLORED  HARE. 

Type  locality.     San  Fernando,  Los  Angeles  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  and  deserts  of  southern 
California. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  bachmani,  but  smaller  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  gray  and  blackish  brown  mixed;  nape  pale  rusty; 
dorsal  region  pale  buffy  gray;  sides  pure  gray;  under  parts  white; 
pectoral  band  brownish  gray;  fore  legs  yellowish  brown;  hind  feet 
grayish  brown ;  tail  above  dark  gray,  beneath  white ;  ears  brownish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  294;  tail,  24;  hind  foot,  63;  ear 
from  notch,  58.  Skull:  total  length,  62;  basilar  length,  48;  width  at 
postorbital  constriction,  10;  length  of  nasals,  25;  posterior  width  of 
nasals,  12;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  at  alveolar  border,  6, 
length  of  lower  jaw,  42;  height  at  condyle,  27. 


430 


LEPUS. 


FIG.  82.    LEPUS  (MicROiAous)  CINERASCENS. 
No.  60886  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.    Nat  size. 

446.  peninsularis  (Lepus},  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 

p.  144. 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  HARE. 

Type  locality.     Santa  Anita,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  Region  of  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  cincrascens,  but  paler. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  grayish  brown  and  black,  darkest  on 
dorsal  region ;  sides  grayer  and  paler ;  under  parts  and  hind  feet  white ; 
fore  feet  brownish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  324;  tail  vertebrae,  20;  hind  foot, 
73;  ear,  61.  Skull:  total  length,  61.5;  basal  length,  52;  greatest 
zygomatic  breadth,  30;  width  of  postorbital  constriction,  9.5;  length 
of  nasals,  26;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  n;  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  11.5;  length  of  lower  jaw,  43;  height  at  condyle,  25. 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM. 


PLATE  XLI,  ZOOLOGY. 


LEPUS  T.  EREMICUS. 
No.  1031  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


LEPUS.  431 

E.    Macrotolagus. 

Interparietal  obliterated  in  adults;  skull  twice  as  long  as  wide; 
postorbital  processes  large,  arching,  and  united  to  cranium  by  a 
suture,  and  inclosing  a  wide  and  long  foramen;  nasals  lengthened; 
upper  front  incisors  without  distinct  lateral  groove;  ear  longer  than 
hind  foot. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES. 
A.  Ears  very  large,  longer  than  hind  foot. 

a.  Ears  black  at  base. 

a.'  Nape  of  neck  black.  PAGE 

a/'  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black L.  callotis  43 1 

b."  Above  grayish  fawn  and  black L.  merriami  432 

b.'  Nape  ochraceous  buff L.  gaillardi  433 

c.'   Nape  paler  buff L.  g.  batlyi  433 

d.'  Nape  fulvous L.  alleni  433 

e/   Nape  plumbeous  L.  a.  palitans  434 

b.  Ears  without   black   at   base,   fringed  with 
white  or  yellowish  white. 

a.'  Ears  broccoli  brown;  nape  grizzled  black 

and  white L.  asellus     435 

b/  Ears  grizzled  black  and  brown;  nape  pale 

yellowish  brown L.  t.  eremicus     435 

c.'  Ears  brownish  gray;  nape  grayish  white. 

a."  Hind  foot,  1 18  mm L.  t.  griseus     436 

b."  Hind  foot,  114  mm L.  t.  micropus     436 

d/  Ears    pale    drab;    nape    pale    yellowish 

brown L.  t.  deserticola     437 

e/  Ears  dark  brown;  nape  smoky  gray;  size 

large;  hind  foot,  161  mm L.  calif  ornicus     437 

f.'    Paler  and  smaller;  hind  foot,  120  mm L.  c.  xanti     438 

g/  Ears  gray. 

a."  Upper  parts  black;  beneath  pale  vina- 

ceous  cinnamon L.  insularis     438 

b."  Upper  parts  steel  gray  and  black;  be- 
neath whitish,  washed  with  salmon. .  .  .L.  martirensis     439 

447.  callotis  (Lepus),  Wagl.,  Nat.  Syst.  Amph.,  1830,  p.  23.     Elliot, 
Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  288. 

nigricaudatus ,  Bennett,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1833,  p.  41. 

mexicanus  (Licht.)  Richards  6th  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1837,  p.  150. 

flavigularis,  Wagl.  Suppl.  Schreib.  Saugeth.  iv,  1844,  p.  107. 
BEAUTIFUL-EARED  JACK  RABBIT.     Liebre  in  Mexico. 

Type  locality.     "Mexico." 


432  LEPUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Through  Mexico  to  Tehuantepec. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  similar  to  L.  texensis  Waterh.,  but  the 
black  on  tips  of  ears  almost  obsolete,  quite  so  in  some  specimens, 
the  tips  being  pale  yellowish  or  white. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  black;  sides  paler; 
rump  and  thighs  whitish  ash,  lined  with  black,  and  a  black  line  in 
center  of  rump;  nape  black  in  summer;  pectoral  collar  and  throat 
pale  brownish  yellow;  rest  of  under  parts  and  hind  feet  white;  outer 
surface  of  fore  legs  ashy  gray,  lined  faintly  with  black;  whitish  spot 
on  head;  ears  brownish  yellow  with  yellowish  white  edging,  usually 
white  at  tips ;  tail  above  black,  beneath  brownish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  560;  tail  vertebrae,  57;  hind  foot, 
142;  ear,  height  posteriorly,  137.  Skull:  total  length,  47.5;  greatest 
width,  44.5;  interorbital  constriction,  23;  length  of  nasals,  45;  pos- 
terior width  of  nasals,  46;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  14;  length  of 
lower  jaw,  67;  height  of  lower  jaw,  33. 

448.    merriami     (Lepus),   Mearns,    Proc.    U.    S.     Nat.    Mus.,    1896, 

p.  444.  Elliot  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  289. 
texensis,  Aud.  &  Bachm.,  N.  Am.  Quad.,  in,   1853,  p.   156,  pi. 

CXXXIII. 

MERRIAM'S  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Clark,  Kinney  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Mexico  near  boundary  line  and  "Lower 
Gulf  Coast  to  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  up  that  stream  to  mouth 
of  the  Devil's  River." 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  callotis ;  ears  shorter  and  tipped  with  black. 

Color.  Above  grayish  fawn  mixed  with  black;  nape  black;  sides 
of  rump,  thighs,  and  legs  grayish  white,  lined  with  black;  a  black 
line  on  middle  of  rump;  gular  area  clay  color;  rest  of  under  parts 
white  except  a  cream  buff  patch  on  sides  of  abdomen,  such  as  are 
usually  seen  before  the  thighs;  tail  above  black,  beneath  white;  ears 
on  anterior  surface  yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  black,  the  border 
buff,  succeeded  by  a  narrow  black  line;  inner  surface  with  base  and 
tip  black,  intermediate  space  grayish  white;  inside  ears  buff  with  an 
elongated  black  patch  near  outer  edge;  the  border  is  white  at  base, 
then  buff,  and  black  at  tip. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  570;  tail  vertebrae,  75;  hind  foot, 
123;  ear  from  crown,  142.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  90;  Hensel, 
72;  zygomatic  width,  41;  interorbital  constriction,  26;  median  length 
of  nasals,  31;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  20.5;  length  of  frontals,  37; 
of  parietals,  18;  palatal  length,  9.5;  length  of  lower  jaw  from  tips  of 
incisors,  71 ;  height  at  condyle,  37. 


LEPUS.  433 

449.  gaillardi  (Lepus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1896,  p.  560. 

Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  289. 
GAILLARD'S  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.  Plagas  Valley,  near  its  west  fork,  near  Monument 
No.  63,  Mexican  boundary  line,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  into  plain  east  of  the  San 
Luis  Mountains,  at  the  head  of  the  Rio  Yaqui,  and  east  of  that  river's 
watershed.  Extent  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  callotis,  but  more  yellowish;  ears 
smaller;  no  black  patch  on  nape.  Skull:  nasals  long  and  very  wide; 
supraorbital  processes  elevated,  massive. 

Color.  Head  cream  buff  and  black;  whitish  area  about  eye; 
nape  ochraceous  buff;  back  pale  ochraceous  cinnamon,  mixed  with 
black ;  rump  and  thighs  white  with  a  few  black  hairs ;  sides  and  under 
parts  white;  limbs  white,  washed  with  buff  on  outer  side;  gular  patch 
buff;  sides  of  neck  and  front  of  shoulders  ochraceous;  ears  yellowish 
brown,  mixed  with  black  anteriorly,  white  posteriorly,  tips  white, 
fringe  on  anterior  edge  ochraceous  buff,  of  tips  and  posterior  edge 
white;  tail  above  black  with  many  white-tipped  hairs,  beneath  white. 
But  little  difference  between  summer  and  winter  pelages. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  530;  tail  vertebrae,  77;  ear  from 
crown,  146;  hind  foot,  131. 

a. — battyi  (Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1903,  p.  607. 
BATTY'S  JACKASS  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.     Rancho  Santuario,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  L.  galliardi,  but  much  smaller,  the  gen- 
eral coloration  yellower  and  less  rufescent,  especially  the  under  fur; 
prepectoral  collar  much  paler,  nearly  white,  or  pale  brownish  white 
instead  of  buff;  front  of  fore  feet  grayish  white  instead  of  buffy  white, 
and  upper  surface  of  hind  feet  clearer  or  purer  white;  extreme  ter- 
minal portion  (about  25  mm.)  of  anterior  border  of  ear  blackish  in 
both  forms." 

Measurements.  "Type,  total  length,  511;  head  and  body,  451; 
tail  vertebrae,  60;  hind  foot  without  claws,  122;  ear  from  notch,  127; 
from  crown,  140.  Skull:  total  length,  92;  basal  length,  82;  zygo- 
matic  breadth,  41 ;  greatest  breadth  across  supraorbital  processes,  31 ; 
postorbital  constriction,  n;  length  of  nasals,  40;  anterior  width  of 
nasals,  n;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  20;  palatal  length,  9;  length  of 
premolar-molar  series  (alveolar  border),  17."  (Allen,  1.  c.) 

450.  alleni  (Lepits),   Mearns,   Bull.  Am.   Mus.   Nat.    Hist.,   1890,  p. 

294.     Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  288. 


434 


LEPUS. 


FIG.  LVIII.    LEPUS  ALLENI.    ALLEN'S  JACK  RABBIT. 


ALLEN'S  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.  Rillito  Station,  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  Pima 
County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Desert  region  between  Phcenix  and  Benson, 
Arizona.  Mexico? 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  ears  large;  fulvous  gular  patch. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  black;  nape  fulvous; 
sides,  hips,  rump,  and  outer  side  of  legs  white,  mixed  with  black,  giving 
a  gray  effect;  pectoral  band  fulvous,  rest  of  under  parts  white;  head 
pale  yellowish  gray;  feet  white  above;  tail  above  gray,  with  a  line  of 
plumbeous  black  extending  onto  the  rump,  beneath  white;  ears 
whitish,  with  fringe  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  643 ;  tail  vertebrae,  69 ;  hind  foot, 
138;  ear  from  notch,  156.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  108;  Hensel, 
86;  zygomatic  width,  48;  median  nasal  length,  34;  lateral  length  of 
nasals,  45;  posterior  width  of  nasals,  36;  anterior  width  of  nasals, 
16;  palatal  length  to  tip  of  azygos  termination,  n;  length  of  upper 
tooth  row,  19;  length  of  frontals,  47;  of  parietals,  16;  length  of  lower 
jaw  from  tips  of  incisors  to  angle,  84;  height  at  condyle,  43. 

a. — palitans  (Lepus),  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  i,  1900,  p.  85. 
WANDERING  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.  Agua  Caliente,  forty  miles  southeast  of  Mazatlan, 
State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  alleni,  but  smaller  and  darker;  ear 
shorter;  rostrum  broader  and  shorter. 


LEPUS.  435 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown;  sides  gray;  flanks  and  rump 
white;  chin,  throat,  and  under  parts,  except  neck,  and  inner  side  of 
legs  white;  under  side  of  neck  cinnamon;  nape  plumbeous;  head 
grizzled  gray;  orbital  ring  whitish;  tail  above  blackish,  beneath  white; 
ears  naked  except  white  fringe  on  edges. 

Measurements.  Ear  from  notch,  126;  from  crown,  150;  hind  foot, 
129.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  95.4;  zygomatic  width,  46.2;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  22;  length  of  nasals,  42.2;  greatest  width  of 
nasals,  23.6;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  16.4. 

451.  asellus  (Lepus),   Miller,   Proc.  Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil.,    1899, 

p.  380. 
DONKEY  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.  City  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico;  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  merriami,  with  longer  ears  and  shorter 
tail. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  black  and  white;  dorsal  line  darkest; 
rump  and  sides  paler;  under  parts  white,  tinged  with  bluish  gray; 
collar  buff;  limbs  smoky  gray,  tinged  with  broccoli  brown  on  fore 
legs  and  feet;  hind  feet  white;  a  white  line  on  fore  legs  to  wrist,  and 
one  on  hind  legs  to  feet;  orbital  ring  whitish;  nape  grizzled  like  back; 
ears  broccoli  brown,  edges  buff,  tip  black;  tail  above  black,  below 
grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  558;  tail  vertebrae,  62;  hind  foot, 
120;  ear  from  crown,  175.  Skull:  greatest  length,  zoo;  basal  length, 
84;  zygomatic  width,  44;  interorbital  constriction,  30;  lateral  length 
of  palate,  7 ;  posterior  margin  of  palate  to  tip  of  hamular  process,  21 ; 
length  of  nasals,  43;  greatest  width  of  nasals,  22;  upper  molar  series, 
1 6. 8;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  10.4;  length  of  mandible,  74;  length 
of  lower  molar  series,  17. 

texensis  eremicus,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  291. 

texianus   (sic)   eremicus    (Lepus),   Allen,    Bull.   Amer.   Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  1894,  p.  347. 
DESERT  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.     Fairbank,  Cochise  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to  the  White  Moun- 
tain region,  southeastern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  texensis,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  and  black,  darker  on  head 
and  tinged  with  rufous;  nape  pale  yellowish  brown;  flanks  yellowish 
white,  grading  into  the  pure  white  of  under  parts;  spot  on  rump 


436  LEPUS. 

black;  broad  fulvous  band  on  lower  part  of  throat  and  breast;  rest 
of  under  parts  and  inside  of  legs  white;  outer  side  of  legs  pale  yel- 
lowish brown;  tail  above  black,  beneath  whitish;  ears  outside  yel- 
lowish brown,  finely  grizzled  with  black  and  fringed  with  white  on 
edges;  inside  grayish,  grizzled  brown  inside  the  white  edge. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  565;  tail  vertebrae,  74;  hind  foot, 
123;  ear  from  crown,  128.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  94;  Hensel, 
76;  zygomatic  width,  42;  lateral  nasal  length,  37;  median  nasal 
length,  29;  posterior  nasal  width,  20;  anterior  nasal  width,  14;  length 
of  lower  jaw  to  end  of  incisors,  72;  height  at  condyle,  40. 

texensis  griseus,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  291. 

texianus    (sic)   griseus    (Lepus),   Mearns,  Proc.   U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 

1896,  p.  562. 
GRAY  DESERT  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Hancock,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  States  of  Coahuila  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north 
to  upper  Rio  Grande  from  Maverick  and  Kinney  Counties,  Texas,  to 
Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.    Size  about  equal  to  that  of  L.  calif ornicus ;  ear  larger. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  brownish  gray,  lined  with  black; 
rump  and  thighs  gray;  sides  gray,  lined  sparsely  with  black  and 
tinged  with  yellowish  brown ;  nape  grayish  white ;  top  of  head  brownish 
gray  mixed  with  black;  sides  of  head  and  neck  tinged  with  yellowish 
brown;  gular  patch  grayish  clay  color;  rest  of  under  parts  white; 
legs  gray,  tinged  with  clay  color;  tail  above  black,  this  color  extending 
over  and  dividing  the  gray  on  the  rump,  beneath  brownish;  ears 
brownish  gray  on  outside  anteriorly,  with  brownish  white  fringes, 
posteriorly  white,  tipped  with  black  and  fringed  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  559.2;  tail  vertebras,  91.5;  hind 
foot,  127;  ear  from  crown,  152.8. 

texensis  micropus. 

t    ianus  (sic)  micropus  (Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1903,  p.  605. 
SMALL-FOOTED  HARE. 

Type  locality.  Rio  del  Bocas,  State  of  Durango,  Mexico.  Alti- 
tude, 6,800  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  L.  t.  eremicus  and  L.  t.  griseus,  but  more 
brownish  gray  than  the  latter,  and  large-bodied,  with  shorter  tail, 
smaller  hind  feet,  and  larger  ears  than  either,  and  with  less  fulvous 
along  the  sides  of  the  body;  prepectoral  area  paler  and  more  grayish." 

Measurements.  "Type,  total  length,  535;  head  and  body,  450; 
tail  vertebrae,  76;  hind  foot,  114;  ear  from  notch,  133;  from  crown, 


LEPUS.  437 

175.  Eight  males.  Total  length,  564  (535-587);  head  and  body, 
493  (459-514);  tail  vertebrae,  71  (64-83);  hind  foot,  116  (108-127); 
ear  from  notch,  136.4  (133-146).  Eleven  females.  Total  length, 
599  (559-626);  head  and  body,  524  (483-546);  tail  vertebras,  73.7 
(64-89);  hind  foot,  without  claws,  118  (108-124);  ear  from  notch,  137 
(130-145)."  (Allen,  1.  c.) 

texensis  deserticola,  Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  291. 

texianus  (sic)  deserticola   (Lepus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 

18,  1896,  p.  564. 
WESTERN  DESERT  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.  Western  edge  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  at  base  of 
Coast  Range  Mountains,  in  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  and  the  desert  region 
between  the  Sonoyta  Valley  of  Arizona  and  Sonora,  and  the  Coast 
Range  Mountains  of  California;  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  of  L.  calif  ornicus ,  with  larger  ears;  colors  pale. 

Color.  Above  clay  color,  mixed  with  gray  and  black;  sides  and 
gular  patch  ochraceous;  beneath  tinged  with  ochraceous  buff;  ear 
pale  drab  and  white,  as  usually  seen,  tipped  with  black  on  under  side. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  560;  tail  vertebras,  no;  hind  foot, 
125;  ear  from  crown,  158.  Skull:  total  length,  92.5;  occipito-nasal 
length,  90;  Hensel,  72;  zygomatic  width,  42;  width  between  orbits, 
26;  median  nasal  length,  29;  lateral  nasal  length,  38;  width  of  palatal 
bridge  at  tip  of  azygos,  8;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  22;  posterior 
width  of  incisive  foramina,  10;  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  alveolar 
border,  16;  mandibular  length,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  63;  height 
at  coronoid  process,  37. 

452.  californicus  (Lepus),  Gray,  Charlesw.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1837, 
p.  586.  Bachm.,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1839,  p.  86. 
Elliot,  Syn.  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1901,  p.  291. 

bennetti,  Gray  Zool.  Sulphur,  1844,  P-  36,  pi.  14. 

richardsoni,  Bachm.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1839,  p.  88. 
CALIFORNIA  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.  "St.  Antoine,"  Santa  Barbara  County?,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  to 
northern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  and  hind  feet  longer  than  the  head; 
hind  feet  shorter  than  the  ears. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  black;  sides,  rump, 
and  thighs  tinged  with  cinnamon;  head  like  back,  darkest  on  the 
crown;  nape  smoky  gray;  beneath  white  in  center  of  belly  and  chin; 


438  LEPUS. 

chest  and  fore  legs  pale  yellowish  brown ;  hind  feet  whitish ;  tail  above 
black,  this  color  extending  on  the  rump  and  dividing  the  gray  sides; 
beneath  pale  buff;  ears  dark  brown,  fringed  anteriorly  with  white, 
and  with  a  fulvous  white  border  posteriorly,  tips  brownish  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  545;  tail  vertebrae,  107;  hind  foot, 
161;  ear  from  notch,  125;  from  crown,  155.  Skull:  occipito-nasal 
length,  80;  Hensel,  54;  zygomatic  breadth,  41;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 17;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  32;  median  length  of  nasals,  26; 
posterior  width  of  nasals,  18;  anterior  width  of  nasals,  n;  length  of 
upper  tooth  row,  13 ;  length  of  lower  jaw  to  end  of  incisors,  61 ;  height 
at  coronoid  process,  36. 

a. — xanti  (Lepus),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  Ser.,  i,  1898, 

P-  45- 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.     Santa  Anita,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cape  Region  of  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  californicus,  but  smaller  and  grayer. 

Color.  General  color  like  pale  L.  californicus,  with  belly  tinged 
with  darkish  buff;  ears  gray  outside,  white  inside;  anterior  fringe 
white  with  black  hairs  intermixed ;  nape  smoky  gray  or  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  540;  tail,  63;  hind  foot,  120;  ear 
from  notch,  125.  Skull:  "greatest  length,  88;  basilar  length,  69; 
greatest  breadth,  41;  diagonal  length  of  nasals,  38;  greatest  breadth 
of  nasals,  17.6;  intertemporal  breadth  with  ledges,  22.6;  without 
ledges,  16.7;  breadth  of  palatal  bridge,  6;  length  of  molar  series, 
alveolar  border,  14.7." 

453.  insularis  (Lepus),  Bryant,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  2d  Ser.,  in, 
1891,  p.  92. 

edwardsi,  St.  Loup,  Bull.  Mus.  Paris,  1895,  p.  5. 
ESPERITO  SANTO  ISLAND  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.  Esperito  Santo  Island,  coast  of  Lower  California, 
Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  equal  to  that  of  L.  californicus. 

Color.  Above  black;  under  parts  pale  vinaceous  cinnamon, 
darker  on  sides;  cheeks  gray;  chin  and  orbital  region  grayish  white; 
throat  cinnamon  rufous;  limbs  and  fore  feet  cinnamon  rufous;  hind 
feet  grayish  white;  toes  brownish;  tail  black  above,  beneath  cin- 
namon rufous;  ears  blackish  gray,  tips  black,  inferior  margin  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length  about  450;  tail,  100;  hind  foot, 
no  (dried  skin). 


LEPUS.  439 

454.  martirensis  (Lepus),  Stowell,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  2d  Ser., 

v,  1895,  p.  51. 
SAN  PEDRO  MARTIR  JACK  RABBIT. 

Type  locality.  La  Grulla,  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower 
California,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     San  Pedro  Martir  Range,  Lower  California,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  of  L.  calif ornicus;  ears  larger;  color  darker. 

Color.  Above  mixed  steel  gray  and  black;  sides  lighter  tinged 
with  rufous;  chin  and  throat  yellowish  white;  neck  beneath  gray; 
breast  and  inner  side  of  legs  salmon;  belly  whitish,  washed  with 
salmon;  ears  gray,  apical  half  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  603;  tail  vertebrae,  95;  hind  foot, 
126;  ear  from  crown,  184.  Skull:  total  length,  96;  occipito-nasal 
length,  91;  Hensel,  75;  zygomatic  width,  41;  breadth  between  orbits, 
24.5;  median  length  of  nasals,  30;  lateral  length  of  nasals,  34.5; 
posterior  width  of  nasals,  17;  width  of  palatal  bridge  to  point  of 
azygos,  10;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  24;  posterior  width  of  incisive 
foramina,  9;  alveolar  length  of  upper  tooth  row,  10;  mandibular 
length,  angle  to  alveolus  of  incisor,  61 ;  height  at  coronoid  process,  36. 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


VOL.  IV,  PART  I. 


PAGE. 

aberti.      (Sciurus) 112 

Abromys 352 

Abrothrix 272 

acapulcensis.      (Cervus)    74 

Acodon 272 

Acodon  boliviensis 272 

Acodon  irazu 273,  274 

Acodon  teguina   273,  274,  275 

Acodon  t.  apricus 273,  274 

Acodon  xerampelinus 273,  275 

Adenonotus 62 

adocetus.      (Citellus) 141,  152 

adolphei.      (Sciurus)    ..98,114,126,127 

adspersus.      (Heteromys) 369,  373 

aedium.      (Plagiodontia)   395,  396 

aestuans.      (Sciurus) 104 

affinis.      (Hesperomys)   180 

affinis.      (Peromyscus) .  .  .  .172,  180,  181 

affinis.      (Sciurus) 124 

Agaphelus  glaucus 40 

agilis.      (Dipodomys) 349,  351 

agilis.      (Perodipus) 349,  351 

Agouti 403,  408 

Agouti  paca 408 

Agouti  p.  virgata 408,  409 

Agouti  taczanowski 403,  408 

Agoutidae 403 

Agricola 299 

albigula.      (Neotoma  i.)    ..278,285,286 
albilabris.      (Rhithrodontomys  m.) 

258,  269 

albinasus.      (Pappogcomys)  .  .  .320,  321 

albipes.      (Sciurus) 117 

albirostris.      (Sus)    66 

albirostris.      (Tagassu) 66 

albiventer.      (Oryzomys)    234,236 

albolimbatus.      (Heteromys)   ..374.375 

albolimbatus.      (Sciurus  d.) 133 

albrinanus.      (Delphinus) 55 

alexandrinus.      (Mus)    162,  164 

alfari.      (Oryzomys) 234,  242 

alfari.      (Sciurus) 94.  99 

alfari.      (Sigmodontomys) 254,  255 


PAGE. 

algeriensis.      (Delphinus)    55 

Aliama 47 

alleni.      (Heteromys) 370,  374,  376 

alleni.      (Hodomys) 296,  297 

alleni.      (Lepus)  .  ..431,433,434 

alleni.      (Neotoma)    296,  297 

alleni.      (Sciurus) 95,  106,  108 

alleni.      (Sigmodon) 222,  224 

allex.      (Peromyscus) 172,  175 

allophilus.      (Peromyscus)    ....  172,  208 

alope.      (Prodelphinus) 58 

alstoni.      (Caluromys) 9 

alstoni.      (Neotomodon)  ..292,293,294 

alstoni.      (Sciurus) 108 

alticola.      (Rhithrodontomys  s.)   .  . 

257, 263 

alticola.      (Sigmondon) 224,  231 

alticola.      (Thomomys  f.) 333,  335 

altilaneus.  (Peromyscus)  ....  175,  210 
ambiguus.  (Dipodomys  m.) .  .  343,  346 

amcricana.      (Antilocapra) 82,  83 

americana.      (Antilope) 81,  82 

americanus.      (Cervus)    68 

americanus.      (Odontocoelus)  .69,  70,  75 

americanus.      (Trichechus) 37 

Amisonyx 153 

Ammomys 299 

Ammospermophilus 139,  140,  141 

amoles.      (Sigmodon  a.)    224,  231 

amplus.      (Peromyscus)    174,  205 

angelensis.      (Peromyscus  b.) .  .173,  190 

angulatum.      (Dicotyles) 63 

angulatum.  (Tagassu) .  .  .62,  63,  64,  65 
angusticeps.  (Neotoma  i.)  ...278,285 
angusticcps.  (Oryzomys)  ....235,245 
angustirostris.  (Perognathus  p.)  . 

357.358 

angustirostris.      (Platygeomys  t.)  . 

318- 3'9 

anitae.      (Thomomys  f.) 333,  335 

annectens.      (Heteromys) 369,  371 

annulatus.  (Citellus)  .  .  .  .141,  151,  152 
annulatus.  (Spermopilus) 151 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 
anomalus.      (Mus)  ..............    368 

anthonyi.      (Hespcromys)  ........    185 

anthonyi.      (Neotoma)   .......  278,  283 

anthonyi.      (Perognathus)    .  .  .  .358,  366 

anthonyi.      (Peromyscus)..i72,  185,  186 
anthonyi.      (Sciurus)  ............    130 

antillarum.      (Oryzomys)   .....  235,  247 

antillensis.      (Dasyprocta)   .......    407 

Antilocapra  ....................      81 

Antilocapra  americana  .........  82,  83 

Antilocapra  a.  mexicana    .......  81,82 

Antilocapridas  ..................      81 

Antilope  americana  ............  81,  82 

apache  (Perognathus)  ...........    356 

apache.      (Sciurus)  ........  95,  107,  no 

apatelius.      (Oryzomys  j.)  .....  235,  246 

aphrastus.      (Thomomys)  .....  334,  336 

apricus.      (Acodon  t.)   ........  273,  274 

aquaticus.      (Lepus)    ............   414 

aquaticus.    (Oryzomys)  ..........    241 

Araeosciurus  ...............  91,  94,  106 

arboreus.      (Peromyscus)   ........    170 

arcticus.      (Orcinus)  .............      51 

Arctomys  ludovicianus  ..........    153 

Arctopithecus  ..................      21 

Arctopithecus  castaneiceps  .......      22 

arenacea.      (Neotoma)  ........  277,  283 

arenarius.      (Geomys)  ........  310,  311 

arenarius.      (Perognathus  p.)  ...... 


arenarius.      (Peromyscus  e.)*  .  .173,  191 
arenicola.      (Onychomys  t.)  ...165,168 
arenivagus.      (Dipodomys  m.)  .343,  347 
aries.      (Ovis)  ..................      83 

arizonae.      (Lepus)  ...417,423,424,425 
arizonae.      (Peromyscus  a.)  .......    186 

arizonae.  (Peromyscus  t.)  ....... 

.................  173,  186,  187,  188 

arizonae.      (Sigmodon  h.)    .....  224,228 

arizonae.      (Sitomys  a.)  ..........    186 

arizonensis.      (Cynomys)  ......  153,  154 

arizonensis.  (Sciurus)  .......... 

..............  95,  102,  107,  108,  109 

Arizostus  ......................      31 

artemesia.      (Lepus)    ............    425 

artus.      (Perognathus  g.)    .....  357,  365 

arvalis.      (Mus)  .................    298 

Arvicola  .......................    298 

Arvicola  m.  phaeus  ..............    302 

Arvicola  quasiater  ..............    303 

Asagis  .........................  5 


PAGE. 

Ascomys   310 

asellus.      (Lepus) 431,  435 

atricapillus.      (Citellus  v.) 141,  150 

atricapillus.  (Spermophilus  v.)  .  .  150 
atronasus.  (Dipodomys  m.)  ..343,348 
atrovarius.  (Thomomys)  333,  334,  338 

attwateri.      (Lepus  a.) 414 

attwateri.      (Peromyscus) 192 

auduboni.      (Lepus) 41?.  422>  429 

Aulacomys 299 

aureigaster.      (Sciurus) 

. . .95,98, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124 
aureogaster.  (Sciurus)  ..115,116,  124 
aureus.  (Rhithrodontomys  t.)  258,  269 

aurita.      (Didelphys) 17 

auritus.      (Odontocoelus) 76 

auritus.      (Peromyscus)  .  .  .  174,  206,  209 

aurogaster.      (Sciurus) 115 

austerulus.      (Sigmodon) 224,  231 

australis.      (Halicore)    36 

australis.      (Rhithrodontomys)  257,  259 

australis.      (Trichechus)   37 

aztecus.      (Hesperomys) 184 

aztecus.      (Lepus  f.) 4J7>  4r&,  419 

aztecus       (Oryzomys  c.) 234,  245 

aztecus.      (Peromyscus)    172,  184 

aztecus.      (Rhithrodontomys)   ....    259 

bachmani.      (Lepus)    428.  429 

badius.      (Peromyscus  y.) 173,  194 

baileyi.      (Perognathus)    ..357,361,362 

baileyi.      (Sigmodon) 226 

baileyi.      (Sigmodon  h.)    223,  226 

Baiomys 170 

Baiosciurus 91,  94,  100 

bairdi.      (Delphinus) 55 

bairdi.      (Elasmognathus) 87,  88 

bairdi.      (Tapirella) 87,  88 

Balaena  boops 40 

Balaana  glacialis 39 

Balaena  mysticetus 39 

Balasnidae 38,  39 

Balaenoptera 42 

Balaenoptera  davidsoni 42 

Balaenoptera  gibbar 42 

Balaenoptera  sulfurea 38,  42,  43 

Balaenoptera  velifera 42,  43 

Balaenopterinae 42 

baliolus.      (Sciurus  y.) 96,  114,  126 

banderanus.      (Peromyscus) 

173- l89» I9° 


INDEX   OF   LATIN    NAMES. 


in 


PAGE. 

batteatus.  (Delphinus) 55 

battyi.  (Didclphys  m.) 14,  17 

battyi.  (Lepus  g.)  431,  433 

battyi.  (Odontocoelus)  69,  71 

beatae.  (Peromyscus) 172,  184 

beecheyi.  (Citellus  v.) 150 

bellicosa.  (Megaptera  n.) 41 

bclti.  (Sciurus  b.)  98,  114,  128 

Benedenia 42 

bennetti.  (Lepus) 437 

berlandieri.  (Sigmodon) 227 

berlandieri.  (Sigmodon  h.) 

224, 225,  227 

bimaculatus.  (Perognathus) 356 

bivittata.  (Tamandua) 27 

blandus.  (Peromyscus  1.)  ....  172,  182 

blandus.  (Peromyscus  s.) 182 

boliviensis.  (Acodon)  272 

boops.  (Balaena) 40 

boothiae.  (Sciurus) 

97, 114, 126, 127, 128 

boquetensis.  (Sciurus) 94,  99,  100 

borucae.  (Sigmodon)  224 

borucae.  (Sigmodon  h.) 

222, 223, 224, 225, 232 

Bovidae 83 

boy  Hi.  (Hesperomys)  195 

boylii.  (Peromyscus) 173,  1 95 

brachycium.  (Phocaena) 48 

brachypterus.  (Globicephalus) .  .  . 

52.53,54 

brachyurus.     (Capromys) 393 

Bradypodidae   19 

Bradypus 21 

Bradypus  castaneiceps 22,  23 

Bradypus  didactylus 19 

Bradypus  griseus 23,  24 

Bradypus  infuscatus 22,  23 

Bradypus  tridactylus 21 

brevicauda.      (Zygodontomys) ....    254 

breviceps.      (Cogia) 46 

breviceps.      (Physeter)   46 

brevinasus.  (Perognathus  p.)  .353,  355 
brochus.  (Synthetosciurus)  .  .  .  .91,  92 
browni.  (Capromys)  .  .  .  .390,  393,  394 

browni.      (Sciurus) 94,  99,  100 

brunneus.      (Peromyscus  m.).  .172,176 

bryanti.      (Neotoma) 277,  280 

bryanti.      (Perognathus  s.) .  .  .  .357,  364 

buccatus.      (Citellus) 149 

bulbivorus.      (Thomomys) 332 


PAGE. 

bullaris.      (Tylomys) 217,  219 

bullatus.      (Peromyscus) 173,  193 

bulleri.      (Geomys) 320 

bulleri.      (Heteromys) 369,  370 

bulleri.      (Oryzomys) 234,  239 

bulleri.      (Pappogeomys)    .320,321,322 

bulleri.      (Tamias) 135,  136,  137 

burrus.      (Proechinomys) 385,  388 

Cabassous 31 

Cabassous  centralis 3 1 ,  32 

Cabassous  c.  hispidus   32 

Cabassous  novemcinctus 34 

cacabatus.      (Peromyscus)   ....  175,  211 

Cachicamus 32 

californica.      (Didelphys)   15 

californica.      (Neotoma) 284 

californicus.      (Cariacus) 77 

californicus.      (Lepus) 

•  •  43 !.  436- 437,  438.439 

californicus.  (Microtus) 302 

californicus.  (Mus) 203 

californicus.  (Odontocoelus  h.) .  .  . 

• 69,  76,77,78 

californicus.  (Peromyscus) 

174, 201,  203 

caliginosus.  (Hesperomys) 253 

callida.  (Dasyprocta)  405,  406 

Callospermophilus 139,  140,  147 

Callospermophilus  madrensis 147 

callotis.  (Lepus) 431,  432,  433 

Calomys 170 

Caluromys 9 

Caluromys  alstoni 9 

Caluromys  cinerea 9 

Caluromys  derbianus 9,  i  o 

Caluromys  lanigcr  pallidus 9,  10 

Campicola 299 

canescens.  (Marmosa) 5,  6,  8 

canescens.  (Micoureus) 6 

canescens.  (Neotoma) 281 

canescens.  (Perognathus  n.)  .357,365 

caniceps.  (Sciurus) 93 

canus.  (Heteromys) 374,  375 

canus.  (Liomys) 375 

canus.  (Odontocoelus  h.)  69,  78 

capistratus.  (Sciurus) 107 

Capromyinae 382,  388 

Capromys 382,  388,  389,  393 

Capromys  brachyurus 393 

Capromys  browni 390,  393,  394 


IV 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Capromys  elegans 390,  392 

Capromys  fournieri 389,  390 

Capromys  ingrahami 390,  394 

Capromys  melanurus 390,  391 

Capromys  pilorides 389,  390 

Capromys  prehcnsilis 390,  391,  392 

Capromys  p.  gundlachi 390,  392 

Capromys  quemi 390 

Capromys  thoracatus 390,  394 

Cariacus 68 

Cariacus  h.  californicus 77 

carolinensis.      (Sciurus) 

107, 1 08, 1 09, no, 125 

castaneiceps.      (Arctopithecus)  ...      22 

castaneiceps.      (Bradypus) 22,  23 

castaneus.      (Peromyscus  t.)  .  .172,177 

castanops.      (Cratogeomys)    

.  .312,313,315,316 

castanops.      (Pseudostoma) 315 

Castor 159 

Castor  c.  frondator 159,  160,  161 

Castor  fiber 159 

Castor  zibethicus 307 

Castoridae 159 

caucae.      (Didelphys  c.) 18 

caucae.      (Didelphys  m.) 14,  1 8 

caudatus.      (Oryzomys  c.)    ....234,238 

cavator.      (Macrogeomys) 328,  329 

Cavia  cristata 407 

cavirostris.      (Ziphius) 47 

cecilii.      (Peromyscus) 172,  178 

cedrosensis.      (Peromyscus)   ...173,185 

centralis.      (Cabassous) 31,32 

centralis.      (Echinomys) 386 

centralis.      (Proechinomys) 

..385,386,387 

centralis.      (Tatua)    32 

Cercolabes 400 

Cercolabes  pallidum 401 

cerrosensis.      (Lepus) 428 

cerrosensis.      (Odontoccelus)    .  .  .  .69,  76 
cervicalis.      (Sciurus  p.)   .  .  .96,  114,  119 

cervicalis.      (Sciurus  w.) 119 

Cervidae 68 

cervina.      (Ovis) 86 

Cervinae 68 

cervinus.      (Thomomys)  -.334,339.340 

Cervus  acapulcensis 74 

Cervus  americanus 68 

Cervus  a.  couesi 70 

Cervus  hemionus 76 


PAGE. 

Cervus  lichtensteini 72 

Cervus  mexicanus   72 

Cervus  nemoralis * 74 

Cervus  rufinus 79 

Cervus  sartori 80 

Cervus  toltecus 74 

Cetacea   38 

Cetoptera 42 

Chaetodipus 352,  356,  368 

chapmani.      (Dipodomys) 350 

chapmani.      (Lepus  f.)    417 

chapmani.      (Marmosa) 4 

chapmani.      (Oryzomys) 

234,  237,  238,239 

chapmani.      (Perodipus) 349.  350 

cherrii.      (Geomys) 330 

cherrii.      (Hesperomys) 183 

cherrii .      (Macrogeomys)  ...327,328,330 

cherrii.      (Oryzomys) 252,  253 

cherrii.      (Peromyscus)  .  .  .172,  183,  267 

cherrii.      (Zygodontomys) 252,  253 

chiapensis.      (Sciurus  g.)  .  .  .98,  114,  125 

childi.      (Oryzomys) 244 

Chilotus 299 

chiriquensis.      (Sciurus  ae.)  .94,  103,  104 

chiriquensis.      (Sigmodon  b.) 225 

chiriquensis.  (Sigmodon  h.)  ..222,225 
chiriquinus.  (Proechinomys  c.)  .. 

385-387 

Chironectes 2 

Chironectes  guianensis 3 

Chironectes  memina 3 

Chironectes  minimus 1,2,  3 

Chironectes  palmata 3 

Chironectes  paraguensis 3 

Chironectes  sarcovienna 3 

Chironectes  variegatus  3 

Chironectes  yapock 3 

Cholcepus 19 

Choloepus  hoffmanni 20,  2 1 

chrysomelas.  (Oryzomys) 253 

chrysomelas.  (Zygodontomys) .  .  .  253 
chrysopsis.  (Rhithrodontomys) .  . 

258, 265, 266 

chrysurus.  (Myoxus) 383 

cinerascens.  (Lepus)  .  .  .  .428.  429,  430 

cinerea.  (Caluromys) 9 

cinerea.  (Didelphys) 7 

cinerea.  (Marmosa) 5,7 

cinereus.  (Rhithrodontomys  s.)  .  . 

257. 262 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

cincritius.      (Peromyscus) 173,  195 

Citellus 138,  139 

Citellus  adocctus   141 ,  152 

Citellus  annulatus   141,  151,  152 

Citellus  a.  goldmani 141, 151 

Citellus  buccatus 149 

Citellus  couchi   149 

Citellus  cryptospilotus 144 

Citellus  elegans 145 

Citellus  harrisi   140,  141,  142,  143 

Citellus  h.  saxicola 139,  140,  142 

Citellus  interpres 140,  143 

Citellus  lateralis 147 

Citellus  leucurus 140,  142,  143 

Citellus  1.  peninsulas 140,  141,  143 

Citellus  macrourus 149 

Citellus  madrensis 140,  147 

Citellus  mexicanus 140,  145,  146 

Citellus  m.  parvidens 140,  146 

Citellus  perotensis 140,  145 

Citellus  spilosoma 140,  145 

Citellus  s.  microspilotus   .  .  140,  144,  145 

Citellus  tereticaudus 140,  144 

Citellus  t.  sonoriensis 140,  144 

Citellus  variegatus 141,  148,  149 

Citellus  v.  atricapillus 141,  150 

Citellus  v.  beecheyi 150 

Citellus  v.  fisheri   141 ,  1 50 

Citellus  v.  grammurus  ....  141,  149,  150 

Citellus  v.  rupestris 141,  150 

citcllus.      (Mus)    139 

Citillus 139 

Citillus  mexicanus 146 

clarkii.      (Cratogeomys)    315 

clavatus.      (Odontocoelus)    73 

dementis.      (Peromyscus  t.) 

173. 183, 187 

clusius.      (Thomomys) 340 

Clymene 57 

Clymenia 57 

cnecus.      (Perognathus)    357,362 

cocos.      (Sciurus  s.)  ...  .95,96,  114,  124 

Coelogenus 408 

Coendu 399 

Coendu  laenatum 400,  402 

Coendu  mexicanum 400,  401,  402 

Coendu  m.  yucataniae 400,  402 

Coendu  novae-hispar.iae 402 

Coendu  pallidum 400,  401 

Coendu  prehensilis 402 

Coendu  rothschildi 400,  401 


PAGE. 

Cogia 46 

Cogia  breviceps 46 

coibae.      (Daysprocta) 405,  407 

colimas.      (Rhithrodontomys) 

258,  266,  267 

colimcnsis.      (Sciurus  a.) 120 

colimensis.      (Sciurus  p.) .  .  .95,  114,  119 

colimensis.      (Sciurus  w.)   120 

collaei.      (Sciurus) 

97, 109, 114, 121, 122,  123,  129 

Colobotis 139 

communis.      (Phocaena)    48 

communis.      (Tursiops) 56 

compressicauda.      (Tursiops) 56 

comptus.      (Peromyscus) 174,  206 

confmis.      (Lepus  a.) 417,  424 

consobrinus.  (Peromyscus  m.)i74,  202 
coolidgii.  (Peromyscus  t.)  ...173,187 
costaricensis.  (Macrogcomys)  328, 330 
costaricensis.  (Odontocrelus)  ...69,73 

costaricensis.      (Oryzomys)    

•  -233.  235.249,250 
costaricensis.      (Rhithrodontomys) 

258,  267,268 

couchi.      (Citellus) 149 

couesi.      (Cervus  a.) 70 

couesi.      (Hesperomys) 236 

couesi.  (Odontocoelus  a.)  .  .  .69,  70,  71 
couesi.  (Oryzomys)  .234,236,239,247 

coypu.      (Myocaster) 382 

cozumelae.      (Didelphys  y.) 14,  15 

cozumelae.      (Oryzomys) 234,  241 

coznmelae.      (Peromyscus)    ....  172,  181 

crassidens.      (Phocaena) 51 

crassidens.      (Pseudorca)    51 

crassum.      (Tagassu  a.) 62,  64 

crassum.      (Tayassu  a.) 64 

Cratogeomys 309,  311,  320 

Cratogeomys  castanops 

3'2,  3'3.  315,  3'6 

Cratogeomys  c.  goldmani 313,  316 

Cratogeomys  clarkii 315 

Cratogeomys  estor 312,  314 

Cratogeomys  fulvescens   312,  316 

Cratogeomys  merriami 312,313 

Cratogeomys  oreocetes 313.314 

Cratogeomys  peregrinus 313,  314 

Cratogeomys  perotensis.  .  .312,  31 3,  314 

cremnobates.      (Ovis  c.) 84,  85 

creper.  (Rhithrodontomys)  ..258,272 
Cricetodipus 352 


vi 


INDEX   OF   LATIN    NAMES. 


PAGE. 

crinitus.      (Oryzomys) 235,  245 

crispus.      (Hcteromys)    375,  380 

crispus.      (Liomys) 380 

crispus.      (Tamandua) 27 

cristata.      (Cavia) 407 

cristata.      (Dasyprocta)    405,  407 

cristatus.      (Echinomys) 383 

cristobalensis.      (Peromyscus  z.)  .  . 

i75. 2°9 

crusnigrum.      (Tagassu)   62,  65 

crusnigrum.      (Tayassu) 65 

cryptospilotus.      (Citellus) 144 

Cuica 5 

cumulator.      (Neotoma) 277,  280 

curvirostris.      (Delphinus)    55 

Cutia   403 

Cuvierius 42 

Cyclopes 24 

Cyclopes  dorsalis 25,  26 

Cyclothurus 25 

Cyclothurus  dorsalis   25 

cymodice.      (Tursiops)    56 

Cynomys 153 

Cynomys  arizonensis 153,  154 

Cynomys  griseus 155 

Cynomys  gunnisoni 153,  156 

Cynomys  latrans   155 

Cynomys  ludovicianus 

153.  I54,  155.  IS6 

Cynomys  mexicanus 153,  156 

Cynomys  missouriensis 155 

Cynomys  socialis 155 

Dama 68 

Dama  rothschildi 72 

Dasynotus 368 

Dasypodidae   31 

Dasypodinae   31 

Dasyprocta 403 

Dasyprocta  antillensis '.    407 

Dasyprocta  callida 405,  406 

Dasyprocta  coibae 405,  407 

Dasyprocta  cristata 405,  407 

Dasyprocta  isthmica 405,  406,  407 

Dasyprocta  mexicana 404,  405 

Dasyprocta  punctata 405 

Dasyprocta  ruatanica 405 

Dasypus  novemcinctum 33 

Dasypus  novemcinctus 32 

Dasypus  unicinctus 31 

davidsoni.      (Balaenoptera) 42 


PAGE. 

decolorus.      (Nyctomys) 215, 216 

decolorus.      (Sitomys) 216 

decumanus.      (Mus) 164 

deductor.      (Delphinus) 52 

deductor.      (Globicephalus) 52 

Delphinapterinae 48 

Delphinidag 47,  48 

Delphinus 54 

Delphinus  albrinanus 55 

Delphinus  algeriensis 55 

Delphinus  bairdi 55 

Delphinus  batteatus    55 

Delphinus  curvirostris 55 

Delphinus  deductor 52 

Delphinus  delphis 54 

Delphinus  forsteri   55 

Delphinus  fulvo-fasciatus 54 

Delphinus  fuscus 55 

Delphinus  gladiator 51 

Delphinus  janira 55 

Delphinus  longirostris 58 

Delphinus  major 55 

Delphinus  marginatus 55 

Delphinus  melas 52 

Delphinus  microps 55 

Delphinus  moorii 55 

Delphinus  moschatus 55 

Delphinus  novae-zelandia? 55 

Delphinus  orca 50,  51 

Delphinus  phocaena 48 

Delphinus  plagiodon 58 

Delphinus  pomeegra 55 

Delphinus  sowerbianus 55 

Delphinus  tursio 55,  56 

Delphinus  variegatus 55 

Delphinus  walkeri 55 

delphis.      (Delphinus) 54 

deppii.      (Sciurus)    94,  101,  102 

derbianus.      (Caluromys)    9,  10 

derbianus.      (Didelphys) 9 

deserti.      (Dipodomys)  .  .-343.345.347 

deserti.      (Rhithrodontomys) 259 

deserticola.      (Hesperomys  1.)    ....    188 

deserticola.      (Lepus  t.) 431,  437 

deserticola.  (Peromyscus  a.)  ....  188 
deserticola.  (Peromyscus  t.)  .173,188 
desmaresti.  (Moschophoromys)  .  . 

250,251 

desmaresti.     (Mus) 250 

desmarestianus.  (Heteromys)  369,  372 
destructor.  (Pseudorca) 51 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


vii 


PAGE. 

devius.      (Oryzomys) 235,  244 

diazi.      (Lepus) 412 

diazi.      (Romerolagus) 412 

Dicotyles 62,  65 

Dicotyles  angulatum 63 

Dicotyles  a.  sonoriense 64 

Dicotyles  tajacu 63 

Dicranocerus 81 

Didactyla 25 

didactyla.      (Myrmecophaga) 24 

Didactyles 25 

didactylus.      (Bradypus) 19 

Didelphyidae X 

Didelphys 2,  13,  14 

Didelphys  aurita 17 

Didelphys  californica 15 

Didelphys  carcinophaga  caucae  ...      18 

Didelphys  cinerea 7 

Didelphys  derbianus 9 

Didelphys  marsupialis 14 

Didelphys  m.  battyi   14,  17 

Didelphys  m.  caucae 14,  18 

Didelphys  m.  etensis 14,  1 8 

Didelphys  m.  insularis 14,  17 

Didelphys  mesamericana   .  14,  15,  16,  17 

Didelphys  m.  tabascensis 14,  16 

Didelphys  m.  texensis 14,  1 6 

Didelphys  murina   4,5 

Didelphys  nudicaudata 1 1 ,  12 

Didelphys  philander 9 

Didelphys  richmondi 14,  16 

Didelphys  yucatanensis 14,  1 5 

Didelphys  y.  cozumelae 14,15 

difficilis.      (Peromyscus) 

173. I93.I94,  205 

difficilis.      (Rhithrodontomys)  .257,  263 

difficilis.      (Vesperimus)   193 

dilutior.      (Oryzomys  c.) 234,  238 

Dionyx 25 

Diplostoma 332 

Dipodomus 349 

Dipodomyinae 341,  352 

Dipodomys 341,  348 

Dipodomys  agilis 349,  35 1 

Dipodomys  chapmani 350 

Dipodomys  deserti 343,  345,  347 

Dipodomys  hermanni 351 

Dipodomys  merriami 

•  -343.343,346,347,348 

Dipodomys  m.  ambiguus 343,  346 

Dipodomys  m.  arenivagus  .  .  .  .343,  347 


PACJE. 

Dipodomys  m.  atronasus 343,  348 

Dipodomys  m.  melanurus 343,  348 

Dipodomys  m.  parvus 343,  346 

Dipodomys  m.  simiolus  ..  .343,  344,  347 

Dipodomys  mitchelli 343,  344 

Dipodomys  ordi 350 

Dipodomys  ornatus 343,  344 

Dipodomys  perotensis 343,  344 

Dipodomys  phillipsi  ..341,  342,  343,  344 

Dipodomys  similis 347 

Dipodomys  spectabilis 343,  345 

Dipodomys  wagneri 351 

Dipodops 349 

Dipodops  o.  palmeri   350 

distincta.      (Neotoma) 277,  278 

dolichocephalus.      (Macrogeomys) . 

328,329 

Dorcelaphus 68 

Dorcelaphus  a.  texensis 70 

Dorcelaphus  h.  eremicus 77 

doreides.      (Prodelphinus)    58 

dorsalis.      (Cyclopes) 25,  26 

dorsalis.      (Cyclothurus) 25 

dorsalis.      (Rhithrodontomys)  .258,272 

dorsalis.      (Sciurus  a.) 

96, 97, 98, 114,  127 

dorsalis.      (Tamias) 135 

dorsatum.      (Erithizon) 398 

dorsatus.      (Hystrix) 397 

douglasi.      (Lcpus) 415 

dowi.      (Elasmognathus) 88 

dowi.      (Tapirella) 87,  88 

dubius.      (Peromyscus) 172,181 

dugong.      (Halicore)   36 

durangas.      (Eutamias)   137 

durangse.      (Lcpus)    417,  424 

durangae.      (Neotoma  i.) 278,  285 

durangae.      (Tamias)   135,  137 

durangi.      (Sciurus) 97,  112 

Echimys  (sic) 385 

Echimys !  trinitatis 385 

Echinomys  ccntralis   386 

Echinomys  cristatus 383 

Echinomys  semispinosus 386 

Echinoprocta   397 

Echinosciurus 91,  94,  T13 

Echinothrix 397 

Edentata 19 

edwardsi.     (Lepus) 438 

effugius.     (Sciurus  a.) 120 


viii 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

effugius.      (Sciurus  p.) 96,  114,  120 

effugius.      (Sciurus  w.)    120 

Elasmognathus 87 

Elasmognathus  bairdi 87 

Elasmognathus  dowi 88 

elegans.      (Capromys) 390,  392 

elegans.      (Citellus)    145 

epixanthurn.  (Erethizon)  397,  398,  399 
eremicoides.  (Peromyscus  a.)  173,  192 

eremicus.      (Dorcelaphus  h.)    75 

eremicus.      (Hesperornys) 191 

eremicus.  (Lepus  t.)  ...  .431,  435,  436 
eremicus.  (Odontoccelus  h.)  ..  .  .69,  77 
eremicus.  (Perognathus  p.)  .  .  357,  35 9 
eremicus.  (Peromyscus) 

•  •I73.  I9i»  !92.  !93,  I99 

eremicus.      (Sigmodon  h.) 224,  227 

Eremiomys 299 

Erethizon 396,  397 

Erethizon  dorsatum 398 

Erethizon  epixanthum   .  .  .397,  398,  399 

Erethizon  pilosus 397 

Erethizontidas 397 

Erethizontinae 397 

estor.      (Cratogeomys) 312, 314 

etensis.      (Didelphys  m.) 14,  18 

Eucervus 68 

Eucritus    397 

Eudelphinus 54 

euphrosinoides.      (Prodelphinus)  .  .      59 

euphrosyne.      (Prodelphinus) 58 

europasus.      (Orcinus)   51 

eurynome.      (Tursiops) 56 

Eurypterna 25 

Eutamias 134 

Eutamias  durangae 137 

eva.      (Peromyscus) 174,  198 

evides.      (Peromyscus  s.)    172,  179 

exiguus.      (Heteromys) 374,  377 

exiguus.      (Peromyscus) 172,  183 

Falcifer 29 

fallax.     (Perognathus)  ...  .357,  366,  367 

fasciattis.     (Perognathus) 352 

felipensis.     (Neotoma  b.) 278,  286 

felipensis.      (Peromyscus) 174,  205 

femoralis.      (Perognathus)   .  .  .  .358,  367 

fenestratum.      (Tatu  m.) 33 

ferruginea.      (Neotoma)    277.  280 

ferrugineiventris.      (Sciurus)   115 

Fiber 306,  307 


PAGE. 

Fiber  z.  pallidus 307,  308 

fiber.      (Castor) 159 

fisheri.      (Citellus  v.) 141,  150 

fisheri.      (Spermophilus  v.) 150 

flaccidus.      (Peromyscus  t.)   ...173,187 
flavidus.      (Megadontomys)  ...212,214 

flavigularis.      (Lepus)   431 

flavus.      (Perognathus)  .  .  .353,  354,  355 

floridana.      (Neotoma)    276 

floridanus.      (Lepus)   418,  420,  421 

floridanus.      (Peromyscus) 179 

floweri.      (Physeter) •.  .  .  .      46 

fluviatilis.      (Trichechus)    37 

forsteri.      (Delphinus) 55 

fossor.      (Sciurus) 130 

fournieri.      (Capromys) 389,  390 

fraterculus.      (Peromyscus)    

. .172, 184, 185 

fraterculus.      (Vesperimus) 184 

frondator.      (Castor  c.)  ...  159,  160,  161 
frumentor.      (Sciurus  a.)  ..  .95,  114,  117 

fulgens.      (Oryzomys) 234.  240 

fulvescens.      (Cratogeomys)  ..  .312,  316 

fulvescens.      (Hesperomys) 248 

fulvescens.      (Oryzomys)    235,  248 

fulvescens.      (Rhithrodontomys  m.) 

257, 264, 265 

fulviventer.      (Marmosa) 5.8 

fulviventer.      (Microtus) 301 

fulviventer.      (Neotoma) .  .278,  286.  288 

fulviventer.      (Sigmodon) 224,232 

fulvo-fasciatus.      (Delphinus) 54 

fulvus.      (Geomys) 334 

fulvus.      (Peromyscus  1.) 172,  183 

fulvus.      (Peromyscus  s.)    183 

fulvus.      (Thomomys) 

•  -333.  334,  335-  33*5,  337.  338 

fumosus.      (Platygeomys)    318 

fumosus.      (Geomys) 318 

furvus.      (Peromyscus)   ...171,174,208 

furvus.      (Sigmodon  h.) 223,  225 

fuscipes.      (Neotoma)  .  .  .  .277,  278,  279 
fuscogriseus.      (Metachirus)  ..11,12,13 

fuscovariegatus.      (Sciurus)   128 

fuscus.      (Delphinus) 55 

gabbi.      (Lepus) 426,  427.  428 

gadovi.      (Peromyscus  1.) 174. 201 

gaillardi.      (Lepus) 431,  433 

gambeli.      (Peromyscus) 187 

gaumeri.      (Heteromys)    ..368,369.371 


INDEX   OF   LATIN    NAMES. 


PAGE. 

gaums.      (Peromyscus)  ...  174,  199,  200 
gentilis.      (Peromyscus  g.)   ....  174,  197 

Genyscaelus 408 

Geocapromys   389,  393 

Geomyidae 309,  312,  341 

Geomys 309,  310,320,  331 

Geomys  arenarius 310,  311 

Geomys  bulleri 320 

Geomys  cherrii 330 

Geomys  fulvus 334 

Geomys  fumosus   318 

Geomys  grandis  .  .  . 322 

Geomys  gymnurus 316,318 

Geomys  heterodus 326,  328 

Geomys  hispidus   325 

Geomys  merriami 311,313 

Geomys  pinetis 310 

Geomys  scalops   322,  324 

gerominensis.      (Peromyscus) .  .172,  181 

gibbar.      (Balaenoptera)    42 

gigas.      (Hydrodamalis) 35 

gilberti.      (Peromyscus)    195 

gilberti.      (Sitomys) 195 

gilli.      (Tursiops)    56 

glacialis.      (Balaena) 39 

gladiator.      (Delphinus)    51 

gladiator.      (Orcinus) 51 

glaucus.      (Agaphelus) 40 

glaucus.      (Rhachianectes) 40 

Globicephala 52 

Globicephalus 52 

Globicephalus  brachypterus  . .  52,  53,  54 

Globicephalus  deductor 52 

Globicephalus  globiceps 52 

Globicephalus  incrassatus 53 

Globicephalus  intermedius 52 

Globicephalus  macrorhynchus  ....      53 

Globicephalus  melas   47,  52,  53 

Globicephalus  scammoni 5  2 ,  54 

globiceps.      (Globicephalus) 52 

goldmani.      (Citellus  a.)    141,  151 

goldmani.      (Cratogeomys  c.)  ..313,316 

goldmani.      (Heteromys)    369,  373 

goldmani.      (Nelsonia) 290 

goldmani.      (Neotoma) 278,  288 

goldmani.      (Oryzomys) 235,  246 

goldmani.      (Perognathus)  357,365,366 

goldmani.      (Peromyscus) 172,  186 

goldmani.      (Rhithrodontomys) .  .  . 

258, 268 

goldmani.      (Sciurus) 97,  115,  130 


PAGE. 

goldmani.      (Spermophilus)   151 

goldmani.      (Thomomys)   334.339 

gracilis.      (Rhithrodontomys  m.) .  . 

258, 265 

grammurus.      (Citellus  v.)   141,149,150 

grammurus.      (Sciurus) 149 

grammurus.      (Spermophilus)    ....    149 

grandis.      (Geomys) 322 

grandis.      (Orthogeomys) 322 

gratus.      (Peromyscus)   

i74, i95. !96,  197 

grayi.      (Pseudorca) 51 

graysoni.      (Lepus)    417,  426 

griseiflavus.      (Macroxus) 124 

griseiflavus.      (Rhithrodontomys) . 

-  .258,270 
griseiflavus.      (Sciurus) 

98,  108,  no,  114,  124,  125 

griseigena.      (Sciurus)   101,  104 

griseus.      (Bradypus) 23,  24 

griseus.      (Cynomys) 155 

griseus.      (Heteromys) 369,  373 

griseus.      (Lepus  t.) 431,  436 

griseus.      (Sciurus) 97,  130,  131 

griseigenys.       (Sciurus) 104 

Grymaeomys 5 

guatemalensis.      (Micro tus)   .  .  .305.  306 
guatemalensis.      (Peromyscus)  .175,  211 

Guerlinguetus 91,  93,  103 

guianensis.      (Chironectes) 3 

gundlachi.      (Capromys  p.) ...  .390,  392 

gunnisoni.      (Cynomys) 153,  156 

Gymnotis 68 

gymnotis.      (Peromyscus) 173,  188 

gymnurus.      (Geomys)    316,  318 

gymnurus.     (Platygeomys) 

317-318,319 

Halicore  australis 36 

Halicore  dugong 36 

Halicore  tabernaculi 36 

Haplomylomys .170 

harrisi.      (Citellus)  .  .  .140.  141,  *42.  *43 

harrisi.      (Spermophilus) 141 

helleri.      (Perognathus) 357,  360 

helvolus.      (Rhithrodontomys  g.)  . 

258, 270 

hemionotis.      (Peromyscus)   ..  .174,  199 

hemionus.      (Cervus) 76 

hemionus.      (Odontoccelus)    

69,76,77,78 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Hemiotomys 299 

Hemiotomys  mexicanus 301 

hermanni.      (Perodipus) 351 

hermanni.      (Sciurus)    130 

hernandezi.      (Sciurus  p.) 

95, 96, 114, 118 

hernandezi.      (Sciurus  a.) 118 

Herpetomys   299,  300,  306 

Hesperomys  affinis 1 80 

Hesperomys  anthonyi .185 

Hesperomys  aztecus   184 

Hesperomys  boylii 195 

Hesperomys  caliginosus   253 

Hesperomys  cherrii 183 

Hesperomys  couesi 236 

Hesperomys  eremicus 191 

Hesperomys  fulvescens 248 

Hesperomys  1.  sonoriensis 181 

Hesperomys  melanophrys 201 

Hesperomys  mexicanus 207 

Hesperomys  nudicaudus 217 

Hesperomys  nudipes 198 

Hesperomys  sumichrasti 214,  216 

Hesperomys  teguina 273 

Hesperomys  texensis 186 

Hesperomys  t.  deserticola 188 

Hesperomys  toltecus 226 

Hesperosciurus 91,  94,  130 

heterodus.      (Geomys) 326,  328 

heterodus.      (Macrogeomys) 328 

Heterogeomys 310,  325 

Heterogeomys  hispidus 326 

Heterogeomys  torridus. .  .  .325,  326,  372 

Heteromyidas 341 

Heteromyinae 352 

Heteromys 368,  369 

Heteromys  adspersus 369,  373 

Heteromys  albolimbatus 374,  375 

Heteromys  alleni 370,  374,  376 

Heteromys  annectens 369,  371 

Heteromys  bulleri 369,  370 

Heteromys  canus 374.  375 

Heteromys  crispus 375,  380 

Heteromys  c.  setosus 375,  380 

Heteromys  desmarestianus  ....  369,  372 

Heteromys  exiguus 374,  377 

Heteromys  gaumeri 368,  369,  371 

Heteromys  goldmani 369,  373 

Heteromys  g.  lepturus 369,  373 

Heteromys  griseus 369,  373 

Heteromys  heterothrix 375,  380 


PAGE. 

Heteromys  hispidus 369,  371 

Heteromys  irroratus 369,  370 

Heteromys  longicaudatus  .369,  370,  372 

Heteromys  nelsoni 381 

Heteromys  obscurus 375,  379 

Heteromys  orbitalis 375,  380 

Heteromys  paralius 375,  381 

Heteromys  parviceps 375,  378 

Heteromys  phjeura   375,  379 

Heteromys  pictus 375,  377,  378 

Heteromys  p.  isthmius 375,  378 

Heteromys  p.  rostratus 375. 3?8 

Heteromys  plantinarensis 374,  377 

Heteromys  repens 369,  372 

Heteromys  salvini 369,  370 

Heteromys  s.  nigrescens 369,  370 

Heteromys  sonorana 375,  379 

Heteromys  texensis 381 

Heteromys  torridus 374,  376,  377 

Heteromys  t.  minor 374,  377 

Heteromys  veraecrucis 375,  379 

heterothrix.      (Heteromys)  ..  .  .375,  380 
hirsutus.      (Rhithrodontomys) .... 

258, 269,  270 

hirtus.      (Sciurus  n.)  ...96,98,114,121 

hispidus.      (Cabassous  c.) 32 

hispidus.      (Geomys) 325 

hispidus.      (Heterogeomys)    326 

hispidus.      (Heteromys)   369,  371 

hispidus.      (Perognathus)  .357,360,361 
hispidus.      (Sigmodon)    ...222,228,232 

Hodomys 296 

Hodomys  alleni 296,  297 

Hodomys  vetulus 295,  297 

hoffmanni.      (Choleopus)    20,21 

hoffmanni.      (Sciurus  ae.)    

94, i°3, I04,  i°5 

Holochilus 221 

Holochilus  pilorides 222 

holzneri.      (Lepus  f.) 417,  4I9 

homochroia.      (Peromyscus) .  .  .174,  200 
huahucha.      (Sciurus  a.)  .  .  .95,  107,  109 

humerale.      (Tagassu  a.) 62,  63 

humerale.      (Tayassu  a.) 63 

hybrida.      (Tatu) 33 

Hydrodamalis  gigas 35 

Hydrolagus 413 

hylocetes.      (Oryzomys) 234,  237 

hylocetes.      (Peromyscus) 174,  204 

hyperythrus.      (Microtus  c.) 

300,301,  302 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


XI 


PAGE. 
hypopyrrhus.  (Sciurus) 

107, 115, 121, 126,  127,  128,  129 

hypopyrrhus.  (Sciurus  a.)  

96,  98, 1 14, 1 1 6 

hypoxanthus.  (Sciurus)  115 

Hypudaeus 165 

Hypudaeus  leucogaster 165 

Hystrix  dorsatus 397 

Hystrix  mexicanus 402 

Hystrix  prehcnsilis 399 

Ictidomys 139 

Ignavus 21 

incitatus.      (Lepus)   426,  428 

incrassatus.  (Globicephalus)  ....  53 
inexoratus.  (Sigmodon  h.)  .  .  .224,  229 
inexpectatus.  (Rhithrodontomys) 

258,  271 

infuscatus.      (Bradypus) 22,  23 

ingrahami.      (Capromys) 390,  394 

insignis.      (Peromyscus) 174,  203 

insolitus.      (Lepus) 417,  421,  425 

insularis.      (Didelphys  m.) 14,  17 

insularis.      (Lepus) 431,  438 

insularis.     (Marmosa) 5,7 

intermedia.      (Neotoma) 

278, 280, 284, 285 

intermedius.  (Globicephalus)  ....  52 
intermedius.  (Perognathus) 

357.364,365 

intermedius.      (Rhithrodontomys  m.) 

257, 264 

intermedius.      (Sciurus)    127 

intermedius.      (Thomomys  f .)  .333,336 

interpres.      (Citellus) 140,  143 

interpres.      (Spermophilus) 143 

interpres.      (Tamias) 143 

inunguis.      (Trichcchus)   35 

irazu.      (Acodon) 273,  274 

irroratus.     (Heteromys) 369,  370 

Isodon  piloridcs 389,  390 

isthmica.     (Dasyprocta)  . .  405,  406,  407 

isthmica.      (Neotoma) 278,  287 

isthmius.      (Heteromys  p.)  ...  .375,  378 

jalapae.      (Mus  m.) 162,  163 

jalapae.      (Oryzomys) 235,  246,  247 

jalapae.  (Rhithrodontomys  c.)  258,  267 

janira.      (Delphinus) 55 

jubata.      (Myrmecophaga) 29 


PAGH. 

Kogia 46 

Kyphobalaena 40 

labecula.      (Peromyscus) 172,  178 

labiatus.      (Tagassu) 66 

labilis.      (Loncheres) 383,  384 

Laboura 400 

laenatum.      (Coendu)    400,  402 

Lagomorpha 411 

Lagomyidae 411 

Lagurus 299 

lateralis.      (Citellus) 147 

latifrons.      (Neotoma) 277,  282 

latifrons.      (Orthogeomys)   .  .  .  .322,  324 

latirostris.      (Manatus)   37 

latirostris.      (Orcinus) 51 

Latra !  minima 2,3 

latrans.      (Cynomys) 155 

lecontii.      (Mus) 256 

Leoporidae 410,411 

leporinus.      (Sciurus) 130 

leptorhynchum.     (Tatu) 34 

lepturus.      (Heteromys  g.) 369,  373 

lepturus.      (Peromyscus) 174,  204 

Lepus 413,  426 

Lepus  alleni .  .  .  .  43 1 ,  433,  434 

Lepus  a.  palitans 431,  434 

Lepus  aquaticus 414 

Lepus  a.  attwateri 414 

Lepus  arizonae 417,  423,  424,  425 

Lepus  a.  confinis   417,  424 

Lepus  a.  major 417,  423,  424,  425 

Lepus  a.  minor 417,423 

Lepus  artemesia 425 

Lepus  asellus 431,  435 

Lepus  auduboni 417,422,429 

Lepus  bachmani 428,  429 

Lepus  bennetti 437 

Lepus  californicus 

• • •  43 J. 436, 437.  438- 439 

Lepus  c.  xanti 431,  438 

Lepus  callotis. ...  ..431,432,433 

Lepus  cerrosensis 428 

Lepus  cinerascens 428,  429,  430 

Lepus  diazi 412 

Lepus  douglasi 415 

*Lepus  durangae 417,  424 

Lepus  edwardsi 438 

*Lepvs  duranga  proves  to  be  the  same  as  L. 
holzntri,  and  therefore  becomes  a  synonym  of  that 
species.  See  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1904,  p.  2IO. 


xii 


INDEX   OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Lepus  flavigularis 431 

Lepus  floridanus 418,  420,  421 

Lepus  f.  aztecus 41?.  4X8,  419 

Lepus  f.  chapmani 417 

Lepus  f.  holzneri   417,  419 

Lepus  f.  mallurus 422 

Lepus  f.  persultator 417,  418 

Lepus  f.  subcinctus 416,  417,  418 

Lepus  f.  yucatanicus 41?.  4*9 

Lepus  gabbi   426,  427,  428 

Lepus  gaillardi 431 ,  433 

Lepus  g.  battyi 43 1 ,  433 

Lepus  graysoni 417.  426 

Lepus  incitatus 426.  428 

Lepus  insolitus 41?-  421»  425 

Lepus  insularis 431,  438 

Lepus  martirensis 431 ,  439 

Lepus  merriami 43 1,  432,  435 

Lepus  mexicanus 431 

Lepus  nigricaudatus    431 

Lepus  nuttalli 417,  423,  425 

Lepus  orizabae 4X7-  425 

Lepus  palustris 414.  415 

Lepus  parvulus 417,421 

Lepus  peninsularis 428,  430 

Lepus  richardsoni 437 

Lepus  rigidus 419 

Lepus  russatus 4J7>  42° 

Lepus  sanctidiegi 4X7-  422 

Lepus  sylvaticus 415 

Lepus  texensis 432,  435 

Lepus  t.  deserticola 431,  437 

Lepus  t.  eremicus 43 1,  435,  436 

Lepus  t.  griseus 43 1,  436 

Lepus  t.  micropus 431,  436 

Lepus  timidus 413 

Lepus  trowbridgii 429 

Lepus  truii   414,  415 

Lepus  veraecrucis 4J7,  42o 

Lepus  Washington! 410 

leucodon.      (Neotoma)    .  .  .277,  281,  282 

leucogaster.      (Hypudasus) 165 

leucogaster.      (Onychomys) . .  .  .  166,  168 

leucogaster.      (Sciurus) 115 

leucops.      (Sciurus)    ..115,117,119,123 

leucops.      (Sciurus  a.) 119 

leucotis.      (Sigmodon)  ...  .224,  230,  231 

leucurus.      (Citellus)    140,  142,  143 

leucurus.      (Peromyscus)  .  .174,  200,  201 

leucurus.      (Spermophilus) 142 

leucurus.      (Tamias)    142 


PAGE. 

levipes.      (Peromyscus) 173,  195 

levipes.      (Rhithrodontomys) 

258, 270, 271 

lichtensteini.      (Cervus) 72 

lichtensteini.      (Odontocoelus) . .  .  .69,  72 

limitis.      (Sciurus  1.)    no 

Limnolagus 413,414 

lineata.      (Phocaena)    48 

Liomys 368,  369,  374 

Liornys  canus 375 

Liomys  crispus 380 

Liomys  c.  setosus 380 

Liomys  heterothrix 380 

Liomys  obscurus   379 

Liomys  orbitalis 380 

Liomys  parviceps 378 

Liomys  phasura 379 

Liomys  plantinarensis 377 

Liomys  p.  isthmius 378 

Liomys  p.  rostratus 378 

Liomys  sonorana 379 

Liomys  torridus 376 

Liomys  t.  minor 377 

Liomys  veraecrucis 379 

Lipura .  .  .    153 

Loncheres 383 

Loncheres  labilis 383.  384 

Loncherinas ' 382 

Lonchetes 383 

longicaudatus.      (Heteromys)    .... 

369-37°.  372 

longicaudum.      (Tatu) 33 

longicaudus.      (Onychomys) 167 

longicaudus.      (Rheithrodon!)  ....    261 
longicaudus.      (Rhithrodontomys) 

.257, 259. 261, 262,  263 

longimana.      (Megaptera) 41 

longipes.      (Onychomys) 167 

longirostris.      (Delphinus) 58 

longirostris.      (Prodelphinus) 58 

lophurus.      (Peromyscus) . .  174.  204,  205 
luciae.      (Moschophoromys)  .  .  .  .250.  251 

luciae.      (Oryzomys) 251 

ludovicianus.      (Arctomys) 153 

ludovicianus.      (Cynomys) 

•  -!53-  X54. 155, i56 

ludovicianus.      (Sciurus) 124 

ludovicianus.      (Sciurus  n.)    1 10 

macrocephalus.      (Physeter) 44,  45 

Macrocolus   341 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


Xlll 


PAGE. 

Macrogeomys 310,  326 

Macrogeomys  cavator 328,  329 

Macrogeomys  cherrii 327,  328,  330 

Macrogeomys  costaricensis  . .  .  .328,  330 
Macrogeomys  dolichocephalus  .328,  329 

Macrogeomys  heterodus 328 

Macrogeomys  pansa 328,  329 

macrorhynchus.      (Globicephalus) .      53 

Macrotis 68 

macrotis.      (Ncotoma  f.)  .  .277,  279,  283 

macrotis.      (Odontoccelus)   76 

macrotis.      (Onychomys)    165,  169 

Macrotolagus 413,  414,  431 

macrourus.      (Citellus)    149 

macrourus.      (Spermophilus) 149 

Macroxus 93 

Macroxus  griseiflavus   124 

madrensis.      (Callospermophilus) .  .    147 

madrensis.      (Citellus) 140,  147 

madrensis.      (Peromyscus)  ....  174.  197 

major.      (Delphinus) 55 

major.      (Lepus  a.)    ..417,423,424,425 
major.      (Sigmodon  h.)  .  .  .224,  226,  228 

mallurus.      (Lepus  f.)    422 

managuensis.      (Sciurus)  ..  .97,  114,  129 

managuensis.      (Sciurus  b.)    129 

Manatus 36 

Manatus  latirostris 37 

Manatus  manatus 37 

manatus.      (Manatus) 37 

manatus.      (Trichechus) 35,  36,  37 

margaritJE.      (Perognathus) .  . .  .357.  363 

marginatus.      (Delphinus)    55 

marginatus.      (Prodclphinus) 58 

Marmosa 4 

Marmosa  canescens 5 ,  6,  8 

Marmosa  chapmani 4 

Marmosa  cinerca   5,7 

Marmosa  fulvi venter 5,8 

Marmosa  insularis 5,7 

Marmosa  mexicana 5,6 

Marmosa  mitis 8 

Marmosa  murina 5,6 

Marmosa  oaxacae 5.8 

Marmosa  sinaloa? 5,6 

Marsupialia Z 

marsupialis.      (Didelphys)    14 

martirensis.      (Lepus) 431 ,  439 

martirensis.      (Peromyscus)  .  .  .173.  189 

martirensis.      (Sitomys)    189 

martirensis'.      (Thomomys)  ..  .  .333.  336 


PAGE. 

mascotensis.      (Sigmodon)   227 

mascotensis.      (Sigmodon  h.) 

223, 227, 229 

maurus.      (Sciurus)   1 16 

Mazama 68,  79 

Mazama  h.  peninsulae 78 

Mazama  pandora 80 

Mazama  sartori 79,  80 

Mazama  tema 80 

mearnsi.      (Perognathus)    353,  354 

mearnsi.      (Sciurus) 132 

mearnsi.      (Sciurus  d.) 94,  133 

mecisturus.      (Peromyscus)   ...175,212 

medius.      (Peromyscus  t.) 177 

megadon.      (Oryzomys  r.)    ...  .235,  243 

Megadontomys 212 

Megadontomys  flavidus 212,  214 

Megadontomys  nelsoni 212,  214 

Megadontomys  thomasi   .  .212,  213,  214 

Megalomys   250 

megalops.      (Peromyscus) 175,  210 

megalotis.      (Peromyscus)    193 

mcgalotis.      (Reithrodon !)   259 

megalotis.      (Rhithrodontomys)    .  . 

256, 257, 259, 260,  261,  262 

Megaptera 40 

Megaptera  longimana : .  .  .      41 

Megaptera  n .  bellicosa 41 

Megaptera  versabilis 41 

Megapteron 40 

Mcgapteropsis 41 

melania.      (Sciurus) 97,  114,  128 

melanocarpus.      (Peromyscus)  .... 

. .175, 210, 211 

mclanonotus.      (Sciurus  n.)    107 

mclanophrys.      (Hesperomys)   ....    201 
melanophrys.      (Onychomys) 

165, 166,  167 

melanophrys.      (Peromyscus) 

174, 180, 201, 202, 203 

melanotis.      (Oryzomys) 

• -235-  236- 243,  244 

melanotis.      (Perognathus  a.) .  .353,  356 
melanotis.      (Peromyscus)   172,178,  170 

melanotis.      (Sigmodon) 224.  232 

mclanura.      (Neotoma  i.) 278,  284 

melanurus.      (Capromys) 390.  391 

mclanurus.      (Dipodomys  m.)   .343,348 

melas.      (Delphinus)    52 

mclas.      (Globicephalus) 47,  52,  53 

mclas.     (Globioccphalus !)    53 


xiv 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

memina.  (Chironectes) 3 

meridionalis.  (Pseudorca) 51 

merriami.  (Cratogcomys)  ....312,313 
merriami.  (Dipodomys) 

343. 345,  346,  347.  34§ 

merriami.  (Geomys) 311, 313 

merriami.  (Lepus) 431,  432,  435 

merriami.  (Perognathus)  ...-353,354 

merriami  .  (Peromyscus) 174,  198 

merriami.  (Tamias) 135,  136,  137 

merriami.  (Tamias  a.) 137 

mesamericana.  (Didelphys) 

14,  15,  16,  17 

mesomelas.  (Peromyscus  t.)  .172,177 
mesopolius.  (Perognathus  f .)  .... 

356,358,367 

Metachirus 1 1 

Metachirus  fuscogriseus 11,12,  13 

Metachirus  f .  pallidus 11,13 

Metachirus  nudicaudatus 11,12 

Metachirus  opossum   12 

Metachirus  quica 12 

metallicola.      (Peromyscus)  ...173,192 

metis.      (Tursiops) 56 

mexicana.      (Antilocarpa  a.)    ...  .81,  82 

mexicana.      (Dasyprocta) 404,405 

mexicana.      (Marmosa) 5,6 

mexicana.      (Neotoma) 

277, 282,  283,  285,  288 

mexicanum.      (Coendu).  ..400,401,402 

mexicanus.      (Cervus) 72 

mexicanus.      (Citellus)    .  .  .140,  145,  146 

mexicanus.      (Cynomys) 153,  156 

mexicanus.      (Hemiotomys) 301 

mexicanus.      (Hesperomys)   207 

mexicanus.      (Hystrix) 402 

mexicanus.      (Lepus) 431 

mexicanus.      (Microtus)    301 

mexicanus.      (Odontocoelus) 70,  72 

mexicanus.      (Oryzomys) 

. .234, 235, 242,243,  246 

mexicanus.      (Ovis  c.) 84,  86 

mexicanus.  (Perognathus  f .) . .  353,  355 
mexicanus.  (Peromyscus) 

172, 206,  207, 208 

mexicanus.      (Rhithrodontomys)    . 

257, 264, 265, 268 

mexicanus.      (Sciurus) 146 

Micoureus 5 

Micoureus  canescens 6 

microdon.    (Rhithrodontomys)  258,  269 


PAGE. 
microdon.      (Sigmodon  h.)  ...  .223,  226 

Microlagus 413,  414,  428 

microps.      (Delphinus)    55 

microps.      (Prodelphinus) 58 

micropus.      (Lepus  t.) 431,  436 

micropus.      (Neotoma)   

276,  277, 281,  282 

Microsciurus .91,  94,  98 

microspilotus.      (Citellus  s.) 

140, 144,  145 

microspilotus.      (Spermophilus  s.)..   145 

Microtinae   250,  298 

Microtus 298,  300 

Microtus  calif ornicus 302 

Microtus  c.  hyperythrus. .  .300,  301,  302 

Microtus  fulvi venter 301 

Microtus  guatemalensis 305,  306 

Microtus  mexicanus 301 

Microtus  m.  phaeus 301,  302 

Microtus  mogollonensis 302 

Microtus  pinetorum 303 

Microtus  quasiater 303 

Microtus  umbrosus 304,  303 

Micrurus   299 

minima.      (Latra!) 2,  3 

minimus.      (Chironectes) 1,2,3 

minimus.      (Sigmodon) 224,  230 

minor.      (Heteromys  t.)    374,  377 

minor.      (Lepus  a.)    417,  423 

minor.      (Liomys  t.)    377 

missouriensis.      (Cynomys) 155 

mitchelli.      (Dipodomys) 343,  344 

mitis.     (Marmosa) 8 

mogollonensis.      (Microtus)    302 

molestus.      (Oryzomys) 234,  240 

Monax 153 

monochrura.      (Neotoma) 278 

moorii.      (Delphinus) 55 

mono.      (Sciurus) 116 

morulus.      (Sciurus  v.)    .  .  .  .96,  104,  105 

moschatus.      (Delphinus) 55 

Moschomys, 250,  308 

Moschophoromys 250 

Moschophoromys  desmaresti  .  .250,  251 

Moschophoromys  luciae 250,  251 

Muridae 161,  162,  255,  275,  306 

murina.      (Didelphys) 4,  5 

murina.      (Marmosa) 5,  6 

Murinae 161,  162 

Mus 162,  306 

Mus  alexandrinus 162,  164 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Mus  anomalus 368 

Mus  arvalis 298 

Mus  californicus 203 

Mus  citellus 139 

Mus  decumanus 164 

Mus  desmaresti 250 

Mus  lecontii 256 

Mus  musculus 162,  181 

Mus  m.  jalapae 162,  163 

Mus  norvegicus 162,  164,  165,  250 

Mus  paca 408 

Mus  palustris   233 

Mus  pilorides 250 

Mus  rattus 162,  163,  164 

Mus  s.  noveboracensis 170 

Mus  tectorum 164 

Mus  tuza 310 

Mus  volans 158 

musculoidcs.      (Peromyscus  a.).  172,  180 

musculus.      (Mus)    162,  181 

musculus.      (Peromyscus)  .171,  175,  176 

musculus.      (Sitomys) 175 

mustelinus.      (Sciurus)    115 

Mynomes 298 

Myocaster  coypu 382 

Myoprocta 403 

myosura.      (Tamandua)   27 

Myoxomys 214 

Myoxus  chrysurus 383 

Myrmecolichnus 25 

Myrmecophaga 29 

Myrmecophaga  didactyla 24 

Myrmecophaga  jubata 29 

Myrmecophaga  sellata 28 

Myrmecophaga  tetradactyla  ....  26,  27 
Myrmecophaga  tridactyla  ....  24,  29,  30 

Myrmecophagidae 24 

Myrmydon 25 

mysticetus.      (Balaena) 39 

nanus.      (Tagassu) 62 

nanus.      (Tayassu) 62 

navus.      (Neotoma) 277,  282 

nayaritensis.      (Sciurus) 

95, 106, 107, 108 

nebrascensis.      (Peromyscus  1.)  ...    188 
neglectus.     (Platygeomys)  .  ..  .318,319 

negligens.     (Sciurus) 94,  101,  xoa 

nelsoni.      (Heteromys)    381 

nelsoni.      (Megadontomys)  ....212,214 
nelsoni.      (Odontoccelus) 69,  75 


PACK. 

nelsoni.     (Orthogeomys)    322,  324 

nelsoni.      (Oryzomys)   234,  235 

nelsoni.      (Ovis  c.) 84,  85 

nelsoni.      (Pappogeomys) 320 

nelsoni.      (Pcrognathus) . .  .  357,  364,  365 

nelsoni.      (Peromyscus) 214 

nelsoni.      (Romerolagus) 41 1 ,  412 

nelsoni.      (Sciurus)  .96,98,  114,  120,  121 

nelsoni.      (Thomomys)    334,  339 

nelsoni.      (Xenomys) 291,  292 

nelsoni.      (Xylomys) 381 

Nelsonia 289 

Nelsonia  goldmani 290 

Nelsonia  neotomodon 289.  290 

nemoralis.      (Cervus) 74 

nemoralis.      (Odontocoelus)    ..69,73,74 

nemoralis.      (Sciurus  a.) 118 

nemoralis.      (Sciurus  p.)  .  .  .96,  114,  118 

nemoralis.      (Sciurus  w.) 118 

Neodon   299 

Neofiber 299 

Neomys  panamensis   219 

Neosciurus 93 

Neotoma 275,  276,  277,  292 

Neotoma  alleni 296,  297 

Neotoma  anthonyi 278,  283 

Neotoma  arenacea 277,  283 

Neotoma  bella  felipensis 278,  286 

Neotoma  bryanti 277,  280 

Neotoma  californica 284 

Neotoma  canescens 281 

Neotoma  cumulator 277,  280 

Neotoma  distincta 277,  278 

Neotoma  ferruginea 277.  280 

Neotoma  floridana 276 

Neotoma  fulviventer 278,  286,  288 

Neotoma  fuscipes 277,  278,  279 

Neotoma  f.  macrotis 277,  279,  283 

Neotoma  goldmani 278,  288 

Neotoma  intermedia  .278,  280,  284,  285 

Neotoma  i.  albigula 278,  285,  286 

Neotoma  i.  angusticeps 278,  285 

Neotoma  i.  durangae 278,  285 

Neotoma  i.  melanura 278,  284 

Neotoma  isthmica 278,  287 

Neotoma  latifrons 277,  282 

Neotoma  leucodon 277,  281,  282 

Neotoma  mexicana 

277, 282, 283,  285,  288 

Neotoma  micropus  . .  .276,  277,  281,  282 
Neotoma  monochrura 278 


xvi 


INDEX    OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


PA..E. 

Neotoma  navus 277.  282 

Neotoma  orizabae 278.  286 

Neotoma  parvidens 278  288 

Neotoma  picta 278  287 

Neotoma  simplex 279 

Neotoma  sinaloae 277,  283 

Neotoma  splendens .    278 

Neotoma  tenuicauda 278,  286,  289 

Neotoma  torquata 277,  279 

Neotoma  tropicalis 278,  288 

Neotoma  venusta 284 

Neotominae 276 

Neotomodon 292 

Neotomodon  alstoni 292,  293,  254 

Neotomodon  orizabae 293,  294 

Neotomodon  perotensis 293 

neotomodon.      (Nelsonia) 289,  290 

nerterus.  (Rhithrodontomys  c.)258,  267 

nicoyana.      (Sciurus) 127 

niger.      (Sciurus)    115 

nigrescens.      (Heteromys  s.)  . .  .369,  370 
nigrescens.      (Peromyscus  m.)  .172,176 

nigricans.      (Thomomys  f.) 333,  335 

nigricaudatus.     (Lepus) 431 

nitellinus.      (Nyctomys) 215, 216 

norvegicus.      (Mus)   .  .  162,  164,  165,  250 

Notagogus 5 

Notophorus 62 

novae-hispaniae.      (Coendu) 402 

novae-zelandiae.      (Delphinus) 59 

nov33-zelandiae.      (Prodelphinus)  . .      59 

noveboracensis.      (Mus  s.)    170 

novemcinctum.      (Tatu) 33,  34 

novemcinctus.      (Cabassous)    34 

novemcinctus.      (Dasypus) 32,  33 

nuchalis.      (Sciurus  c.)    ....97,114,122 

nudicaudata.      (Didelphys)    11,12 

nudicaudatus.      (Metachirus)  ...  .11,12 

nudicaudus.      (Hesperomys) 217 

nudicaudus.      (Tylomys) .  .217,  218,  219 

nudipes.      (Hesperomys) 198 

nudipes.      (Peromyscus) 174.  198 

nuttalli.      (Lcpus)   417,  423,  425 

nuttalli.      (Peromyscus)   169,  183 

Nyctomys 214 

Nyctomys  decolorus   215,  216 

Nyctomys  nitellinus 215,  216 

Nyctomys  sumichrasti 215.216 

oaxacae.      (Marmosa) 5,8 

oaxacensis.      (Peromyscus) ....  174,  206 


PAGE. 

obscurus.      (Heteromys) 375,  379 

obscurus.      (Liomys) 379 

obscurus.      (Perodipus) 349,  350 

obscurus.      (Perognathus) 358 

obscurus.      (Rhithrodontomys  m.). 

257, 261 

obscurus.      (Tamias) 134,  135,  136 

Ochetodon 256 

Ochetomys    299 

ochrognathus.      (Sigmodon)  .  ..224,  230 

octocinctum.      (Tatu) 33 

Octodontidas 382 

oculatus.      (Sciurus)    ..95,106,107,108 

Odobasnus 36 

Odocoileus ! 68 

Odocoileus!  speleus 68 

Odontobaenus 36 

Odontocoelus 68 

Odontocoelus  americanus   .  .  .  .69,  70,  75 

Odontocoelus  a.  couesi 69,  70,  71 

Odontoccelus  a.  mexicanus 70 

Odontoccelus  a.  texensis 69,  70 

Odontocoelus  auritus 76 

Odontocoelus  battyi 69,  71 

Odontoccelus  cerrosensis 69,  76 

Odontoccelus  clavatus 73 

Odontocoelus  costaricensis 69,  73 

Odontoccelus  hemionus  . .  .69,  76,  77,  78 

Odontocoelus  h.  californicus 

69,  76, 77, 78 

Odontoccelus  h.  canus 69,  78 

Odontoccelus  h.  eremicus 69,  77 

Odontoccelus  h.  peninsula? 70,  7 8 

Odontoccelus  lichtensteini 69,  72 

Odontoccelus  macrotis 76 

Odontoccelus  mexicanus 72 

Odontoccelus  nelsoni 69,  75 

Odontoccelus  nemoralis 69,  73,  74 

Odontoccelus  rothschildi 69,  72 

Odontoccelus  sinaloae 70,  78 

Odontoccelus  thomasi  .  . 69,  75 

Odontoccelus  toltecus 69,  74 

Odontoccelus  truii 69,  73,  74.  75 

Odontoccelus  virginianus   70 

Odontoccelus  yucataner.sis 74 

Olidosus 65 

Oligoryzomys 233,  248 

Ondatra 308 

Onychomys 165 

Onychomys  leucogaster 166,  168 

Onychomys  longicaudus 167 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


xvii 


PAGE. 

Onychomys  longipes 167 

Onychomys  macrotis 165,  169,  1 70 

Onychomys  melanophrys. .  165,  166,  167 

Onychomys  m.  pallescens 165,  166 

Onychomys  ramona 165,  167 

Onychomys  torridus   .165,  166,  167,  168 

Onychomys  t.  arenicola   165,  1 68 

Onychomys  t.  pcrpallidus 165,  1 68 

Oplacerus ! 68 

opossum.      (Metachirus) 12 

orbitalis.      (Heteromys)    375.  380 

orbitalis.      (Liomys)    380 

Orca 50 

orca.      (Delphinus) 50,  51 

orca.     (Orcinus) 50,  51 

Orcinus   50 

Orcinus  arcticus     51 

Orcinus  europaeus 51 

Orcinus  gladiator 51 

Orcinus  latirostris   51 

Orcinus  orca 50,  51 

Orcinus  schlegelii 51 

Orcinus  stenorhyncha 51 

ordi.      (Dipodomys) 350 

ordi.      (Perodipus) 349,  350 

oreocetes.      (Cratogeomys)  ....313,314 

oresterus.      (Peromyscus) 174,  200 

orizaba?.      (Lepus) 417,  425 

orizabae.      (Neotoma)    278.  286 

orizabae.      (Neotomodon)   293,  294 

orizabae.      (Peromyscus  m.)  ....174,  207 
orizabae.      (Rhithrodontomys)  .258.  266 

orizabaj.      (Thomomys) 334,  337 

ornatus.      (Dipodomys) 343.  344 

Orthogeomys 310,  322 

Orthogeomys  grandis 322 

Orthogeomys  latifrons 322,  324 

Orthogeomys  nelsoni 322.  324 

Orthogeomys  seal  ops 322,323,324 

Orthriomys 299,  3°°.  3°4 

Oryctomys 332 

Oryzomys 232,  233,  248,  252 

Oryzomys  albiventer 234,  236 

Oryzomys  alfari 234,  242 

Oryzomys  angusticeps 235,  245 

Oryzomys  antillarum 235,  247 

Oryzomys  aquaticus 241 

Oryzomys  bulleri 234,  239 

Oryzomys  chapmani  .234,  237,  238,  239 

Oryzomys  c.  caudatus 234,  238 

Oryzomys  c.  dilutior 234,  238 


Oryzomys  c.  saturatior 

Oryzomys  cherrii 

Oryzomys  childi 

Oryzomys  chrysomelas 

Oryzomys  costaricer.sis 

233, 235, 

Oryzomys  couesi    .  .  .  .234.  236, 

Oryzomys  cozumelae 

Oryzomys  crinitus 

Oryzomys  c.  aztecus 

Oryzomys  devius 

Oryzomys  fulgens 

Oryzomys  fulvescens 

Oryzomys  goldmani 

Oryzomys  hylocetes 

Oryzomys  jalapae 235, 

Oryzomys  j.  apatelius 

Oryzomys  j.  rufinus 

Oryzomys  lucia? 

Oryzomys  melanotis   .235,236, 

Oryzomys  mexicanus 

•  -234,235,242, 

Oryzomys  m.  peragrus 

Oryzomys  molestus. '. 

Oryzomys  nelsoni 

Oryzomys  palatinus 

Oryzomys  palustris 

Oryzomys  panamensis 

Oryzomys  peninsulas -. 

Oryzomys  rhabdops 234, 

Oryzomys  richmondi 

Oryzomys  rostra tus 235, 

Oryzomys  r.  megadon 

Oryzomys  rufus 

Oryzomys  talamancas 

Oryzomys  teapensis 

Oryzomys  tectus   

Oryzomys  vegetus 

Oryzomys  victus    

Oryzomys  yucatanensis 

Oryzomys  zygomaticus 

Osteopcra   

Otelaphus 

Otocolobus   

Otognosis 

Otosciurus 91 

Otospcrmophilus    139, 

Ototylomys 

Ototylomys  phyllotis 

Ototylomys  p.  pha?us   

otus.      (Rhithrodontomys  1.)   .  . 


PAGE. 
234- 239 
252.253 

.  244 
•  -  -  253 


249,  250 
239. 247 
234-  241 
235, 245 
234. 245 
235. 244 
234- 240 
235- 248 
235- 246 
234- 237 
246,  247 
235- 246 
235- 247 
.  .  .  251 

243, 244 


243, 246 

235- 243 

234. 240 

234, 233 
234, 237 
.  242 
234,  241 
234,  236 
237, 246 

235- 248 
243, 244 

235- 243 
234- 239 

234. 241 
235.247 
235.245 
235-  249 
235-  244 
234. 236 
234. 241 
.  .  .  408 
...   68 
-    139 

•  •  352 

.94,  in 

140, 148 

220 

220.  221 
...  221 
258. 271 


xviii 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Ovis 83 

Ovis  aries 83 

Ovis  cervina 86 

Ovis  c.  cremnobates 84,  85 

Ovis  c.  mexicanus 84,  86 

Ovis  c.  nelsoni 84,  85 

Ovis  stonii 85 

Paca 408 

paca.  (Agouti) 4°8 

paca.  (Mus)  408 

pacificus.  (Perognathus) 353,  355 

Passcopia 41 

palatinus.  (Oryzomys) 234,237 

palitans.  (Lepus  a.) 431,  434 

pallescens.  (Onychomys  m.) .  .165,  166 

pallidum.  (Cercolabes) 401 

pallidutn.  (Coendu) 400,  401 

pallidus.  (Caluromys  1.) 9,  10 

pallidus.  (Fiber  z.) 307,  308 

pallidus.  (Metachirus  f.) 11,13 

pallidus.  (Perognathus  f.)  .  .  .357,  366 

pallidus.  (Philander  1.) 10 

pallidus.  (Rhithrodontomys  1.)  .  . 

257, 262 

pallidus.  (Sigmodon  h.) 228 

pallidus.  (Tamias  q.) 135 

palmata.  (Chironectes) 3 

palmeri.  (Dipodops  o.) 350 

palmeri.  (Perodipus  o.) 349,  350 

Paludicola 299 

palustris.  (Lepus)  414,  415 

palustris.  (Mus) 233 

palustris.  (Oryzomys) 242 

panamensis.  (Neomys) 219 

panamensis.  (Oryzomys)  ....  234,  241 
panamensis.  (Proechinomys  c.) .  . 

385-387,388 

panamensis.  (Tylomys)  217,  219 

panamintimus.  (Perognathus)....  355 

pandora.  (Mazama) 80 

Pappogeomys 310,  320 

Pappogeomys  albinasus  320,  321 

Pappogeomys  bulleri 320,  321,  322 

Pappogeomys  nelsoni  320 

pansa.  (Macrogeomys) 328,  329 

paradoxus.  (Perognathus  h.)  .357,  361 

paraguensis.  (Chironectes) 3 

paralius.  (Heteromys)  375,  381 

Parasciurus 91,  94,  no 

parviceps.  (Heteromys) 375,  378 


PAGE. 

parviceps.  (Liomys) 378 

p  rvidens.  (Citellus  m.) 140,  146 

parvidens.  (Neotoma)  278,  288 

parvidens.  (Spermophilus  m.) .  .  .  146 

parvulus.  (Lepus)  417,  421 

parvus.  (Dipodomys  m.)  .  .  .  .343,  346 

paulus.  (Peromyscus)  172,  176 

pavidus.  (Peromyscus) 174,  197 

peba.  (Tatu) 33 

pecari.  (Tagassu) 65,  66,  67 

pecari.  (Tayassu) 65,  66 

pectoralis.  (Peromyscus  a.)  ..173,192 

Pedomys 299 

penicillatus.  (Perognathus)  -.358,359 
penicillatus.  (Peromyscus  b.) .  173,  196 
peninsulae.  (Citellus  1.)  .  .140,  141,  143 

peninsulas.  (Mazama  h.) 78 

peninsulae.  (Odontoccelus  h.)  ...  70,  78 

peninsulas.  (Oryzomys) 234,  236 

peninsulas.  (Perognathus  s.) 

357-363-364 

peninsulas.  (Rhithrodontomys)  .  . 

257,263 

peninsulas.  (Tamias  1.)  143 

peninsularis.  (Lepus)  428,  430 

peragrus.  (Oryzomys  m.)  ....235,243 
perditus.  (Thomomys)  ..334,338,339 
peregrinus.  (Cratogeomys)  ...313,314 
peregrinus.  (Thomomys)  ....334,337 
pernix.  (Perognathus) . . .357,  359, 360 

Perodipus  348,  349 

Perodipus  agilis 349,  351 

Perodipus  chapmani 349,  350 

Perodipus  obscurus 349,  351 

Perodipus  ordi 349,  350 

Perodipus  palmeri 349,  350 

Perognathus 352,  353,  368 

Perognathus  anthonyi 358,  366 

Perognathus  apache 356 

Perognathus  a.  melanotis 353,  356 

Perognathus  baileyi 357,  361,  362 

Perognathus  b.  rhydinorhis 

357,359-362 

Perognathus  bimaculatus 356 

Perognathus  cnecus 357,  362 

Perognathus  fallax 357,  366,  367 

Perognathus  f.  pallidus 357,  366 

Perognathus  fascia tus 352 

Perognathus  femoralis 358,  367 

Perognathus  f.  mesopolius  356,  358,  367 
Perognathus  flavus 353,  354,  355 


INDEX    OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


xix 


PAGE. 
Perognathus  f  mexicanus  353>  355 

PAGE. 
Peromyscus  bullatus-  173,  193 

Perognathus  goldmani         357  >  3^5>  3^6 

Peromyscus  cacabatus  175,211 

Perognathus  g.  artus  35  7  ,  365 

Peromyscus  calif  ornicus  .  .174,  201  ,  203 

Perognathus  helleri  357>  360 

Peromyscus  cecilii  172,  178 

Perognathus  hispidus           357  3^0,  361 

Peromyscus  cedrosensis  17  3,  185 

Perognathus  h.  paradoxus  .  .  .  -357,  361 

Peromyscus  cherrii  172,  183,  267 

Perognathus  h   zacatecas             357  361 

Peromyscus  cineritius  173>  *95 

Perognathus  intermedius  .357,  364,  365 

Peromyscus  comptus  174.  206 

Perognathus  margaritae  3  5  7  >  3^3 

Peromyscus  cozumelae        .          172   181 

Perognathus  mearnsi  353i  354 

Peromyscus  difficilis   .  173,  IQ3»  194,  205 

Perognathus  merriami  353>  354 

Peromyscus  dubius  172,  181 

Perognathus  nelsoni    .    .  .  .357,  364,  365 

Peromyscus  eremicus                  .... 

Perognathus  n.  canescens  35  7  1  3^5 

.  .17'*.  IQI.  IQ2.  IQl,   IOQ 

Perognathus  obscurus  358 

Peromyscus  e.  arenarius  T73>  I9I 

Perognathus  pacificus  353>  355 

Peromyscus  e.  phaeurus  J73»  I9I 

Perognathus  panamintinus  355 

Peromyscus  e   propinquus     185 

Perognathus  p.  brevinasus  .  .  .  -353,  355 

Peromyscus  eva  1  74,  198 

Perognathus  penicillatus  35$,  359 

Peromyscus  exiguus  172,  183 

Perognathus  p.  angustirostris   .357,  358 

Peromyscus  felipensis  '74*  205 

Perognathus  p.  arenarius  .357,  358,  360 

Peromyscus  floridanus  179 

Perognathus  p.  ercmicus  357>  359 

Peromyscus  fraterculus      -172,  184,  185 

Perognathus  p.  pricii  357  >  35^ 

Peromyscus  furvus  I7I>  J74-  208 

Perognathus  pernix  357  >  359»  360 

Peromyscus  gambeli  187 

Perognathus  p.  rostra  tus             357   359 

Peromyscus  gaurus              .  174   199,  200 

Perognathus  spinatus  357,  362,  363,  364 

Peromyscus  gerominensis  *72>  I^i 

Perognathus  s.  bryanti  357»  364 

Peromyscus  gilberti  195 

Perognathus  s.  peninsula?  .357,  363,  364 

Peromyscus  goldmani  172,  186 

Peromyscus  169,  170,  175 

Peromyscus  gratus  ..  .174,  1951  196,  197 

Peromyscus  affinis  172    180,  181 

Peromyscus  g   gentilis  174.  *97 

Peromyscus  a.  musculoides   .  .  .172,  180 
Peromyscus  allex  172    175 

Peromyscus  guatemalensis  ...  .175,  211 
Peromyscus  gymnotis  '73-  188 

Peromyscus  allophilus        .          172   208 

Peromyscus  hemionotis      .    ...  174,  199 

Peromyscus  altilaneus  .        .  .      175   210 

Peromyscus  homochroia  174.  200 

Peromyscus  americanus  arizonae        186 

Peromyscus  hylocetes  *74.  204 

Peromyscus  a   deserticola                    188 

Peromyscus  insignis                 .  .  .174,  203 

Peromyscus  a.  sonoriensis                    182 

Peromyscus  labecula     J72>  I7® 

Peromyscus  amplus  174  205 

Peromyscus  lepturus  ^74*  204 

Peromyscus  anthonyi  ....  172,  185,  186 
Peromyscus  arboreus  .      .    .                 170 

Peromyscus  leucopus  blandus  .172,  182 
Peromyscus  1.  fulvus       J72>  '83 

Peromyscus  attwateri  192 

Peromyscus  1   nebrascensis  188 

Peromyscus  a.  eremicoides  ....  173,  192 
Peromyscus  a.  pectoralis  J73>  J92 

Peromyscus  1.  sonoriensis  .172,  181,  183 
Peromyscus  leucurus  174.  200,  201 

Peromyscus  auritus  174*  206  209 

Peromyscus  1.  gadovi  174,  2°i 

Peromyscus  aztecus  .                    1721  84 

Peromyscus  levipes  1  73,  195 

Peromyscus  banderanus     -173   189,  190 

Peromyscus  lophurus  174.  204,  205 

Peromyscus  b.  angelensis             173   190 

Pcromyscus  madrensis   1  74,  197 

Peromyscus  b.  vicinior                 173   190 

Peromyscus  martirensis   !73-  I&9 

Peromyscus  beatae                         172    1  84 

Peromyscus  mecisturus  175.  212 

Peromyscus  boy  Hi                          173   195 

Peromyscus  megalops  175,  210 

Peromyscus  b   penicillatus           i?3    196 

Pcromyscus  megalotis  193 

Peromvscus  b.  rowlevi  .                   .106 

Peromvscus  melanocarpus  1  7  c,  210,  2  1  1 

INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


PAGE 
Peromyscus  melanophrys 

174, 180, 201,  202,  203 

Peromyscus  m.  consobrinus  .  .  .  174,  202 

Peromyscus  m.  zamorae 174,  202 

Peromyscus  melanotis  ....  172,  178,  179 

Peromyscus  m.  zamelas   172,179 

Peromyscus  merriami 174,  198 

Peromyscus  metallicola 1 73.  192 

Peromyscus  mexicanus 

172, 206, 207, 208 

Peromyscus  m.  orizabae 1 74,  207 

Peromyscus  m.  saxatilis 174,  207 

Peromyscus  m.  teapensis 172,  207 

Peromyscus  m.  totontepecus 

174, 207, 208 

Peromyscus  musculus  ....  171,  175,  176 

Peromyscus  m.  brunneus 172,  176 

Peromyscus  m.  nigrescens    .  .  .  .172,  176 

Peromyscus  nelsoni 214 

Peromyscus  nudipes   174,  198 

Peromyscus  nuttalli 169,  183 

Peromyscus  oaxacensis 174,  206 

Peromyscus  oresterus 174,  200 

Peromyscus  paulus   1 7  2 ,  1 76 

Peromyscus  pavidus 174,  197 

Peromyscus  polius 174,  196 

Peromyscus  propinquus 172,  185 

Peromyscus  rowleyi 189 

Peromyscus  r.  pinalis   173,  189 

Peromyscus  rufinus 179 

Peromyscus  sagax 173,  194 

Peromyscus  simulatus 174,  205 

Peromyscus  sonoriensis  blandus  .  .    182 

Peromyscus  s.  fulvus 183 

Peromyscus  spicilegus 

172, 179, 180,  198 

Peromyscus  s.  evides 172,  179 

Peromyscus  s.  simulus 172,  1 80 

Peromyscus  stephensi  ....  173,  190,  199 

Peromyscus  taylori 175 

Peromyscus  tehuantepecus  . .  .  .174,  206 

Peromyscus  texensis 173,181,186 

Peromyscus  t.  arizonae   

173, 186, 187,  188 

Peromyscus  t.  dementis  .  .173,  183,  187 

Peromyscus  t.  coolidgii 173,  187 

Peromyscus  t.  deserticola 173,  188 

Peromyscus  t.  flaccidus 173,  187 

Peromyscus  t.  medius 177 

Peromyscus  thurberi 

I?2- !76» 177-  '78.  i87 


PAGE. 

Peromyscus  t.  castaneus  ......  172,  177 

Peromyscus  t.  mesomelas  .....  172,  177 

Peromyscus  tiburonensis  ......  171  ,  175 

Peromyscus  tornillo  ..........  173,  1  88 

Peromyscus  truii  ........  189,  193,  197 

Peromyscus  xenurus  .........  174,  202 

Peromyscus  yucatanicus  ......  173,  194 

Peromyscus  y.  badius  ........  173,  194 

Peromyscus  zarhynchus  ......  174.  209 

Peromyscus  z.  cristobalensis   .  .  175,  209 
Peromyscus  zelotes   ..........  174,  203 

perotensis.      (Citellus)  ........  140,  145 

perotensis.     (Cratogeomys)  ...... 


perotensis.      (Dipodomys)    .  .  .  .343,  344 

perotensis.      (Neotomodon)   .......  293 

perotensis.  (Rhithrodontomys)  .  . 

.........................  258,  266 

perotensis.     (Spermophilus)  ......    145 

perpallidus.      (Onychomys  t.)   .165,168 
perpallidus.      (Thomomys)  .  .  .  .334,  340 

persultator.      (Lepus  f.)  ......  417,  418 

Petrorhynchus   .................      47 

phaeura.      (Heteromys)  .......  375,  379 

phaeura.      (Liomys)   .............    379 

phseurus.      (Peromyscus  e.)   ...  173,  191 
phaeus.      (Arvicola  m.)    ..........    302 

phaeus.      (Microtus  m.)  .......  301,  302 

phaeus.      (Ototylomys  p.)  ........    221 

phenax.      (Teanopus)    ........  294,  295 

philander.      (Didelphys)  .........        9 

Philander  1.  pallidus    ............      10 

phillipsi.  (Dipodomys)  ......... 

.................  341,342,343-344 

Phocaena  .....................  38,  48 

Phocaena  brachycium   ...........      48 

Phocaena  communis  .............      48 

Phocaena  crassidens  .............      51 

Phocaena  lineata  ................      48 

Phocaena  phocaena  .............  48,  40 

Phocaena  vomerina  ..............      48 

phocaena.      (Delphinus)  ..........      48 

phocaena.      (Phocaena)  ..........  48,  49 

phyllotis.      (Ototylomys)  .....  220,  221 

Physalus  ......................      42 

Physeter   ......................      45 

Physeter  breviceps  ..............      46 

Physeter  floweri  ................      46 

Physeter  macrocephalus  ........  44-45 

Physeteridae   ...................      44 

picta.  (Neotoma)  ...........  278.  287 


INDEX    OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


xxi 


PAGE. 
pictus.      (Heteromys)   .  .  .  .375,  377,  378 

pilorides.      (Capromys) 389,  390 

pilorides.      (Holochilus)    222 

pilorides.      (Isodon) 389,  390 

pilorides.      (Mus) 250 

pilosus.      (Eruthizon)    397 

pinalis.      (Peromyscus  r.) 173,  189 

pinalis.      (Sitomys  r.)    189 

Pinemys 299 

pim-tis.      (Gcomys)    310 

pinetorum.      (Microtus) 303 

Pitymys 299,  300,  303 

plagiodon.      (Delphinus) 58 

plagiodon.      (Prodelphinus) 57,  58 

Plagiodontia 382,  395 

Plagiodontia  aedium 395,  396 

planiceps.      (Platygeomys) 

•  -318,319,320 
plantinarensis.      (Heteromys)    .374,377 

plantinarensis.      (Liomys)    377 

Platygeomys 309,  316,  320 

Platygeomys  fumosus 318 

Platygeomys  gymnurus.  .  .317,  318,  319 

Platygeomys  neglectus 318,  319 

Platygeomys  planiceps  ...318, 31 9,  320 

Platygeomys  tylorhinus 318,  319 

Platygeomys  t.  angustirostris   .318,  319 
poliopus.      (Sciurus)    ..96,114,117,120 

polius.      (Peromyscus) 174,  196 

pomeegra.      (Delphinus) 55 

Praticola 299 

prehensilis.      (Capromys)   .390,391,392 

prehensilis.      (Coendu)   402 

prehensilis.      (Hystrix) 399 

pricii.      (Perognathus  p.)    357.358 

Procapromys 389 

Prodelphinus 57 

Prodelphinus  alope   58 

Prodelphinus  doreides 58 

Prodelphinus  euphrosinoides 59 

Prodelphinus  euphrosyne 58 

Prodelphinus  longirostris 58 

Prodelphinus  marginatus 58 

Prodelphinus  microps 58 

Prodelphinus  novae-zelandise 59 

Prodelphinus  plagiodon 5  7 ,  58 

Prodelphinus  stenorhynchus   58 

Prodelphinus  styx 58 

Prodelphinus  tethyos 58 

Proechinomys 385 

Proechinomys  burrus 385,  388 


PAGE. 

Proechinomys  centralis.  .  .385,  386,  387 
Proechinomys  c.  chiriquinus 

385.386,387 

Proechinomys  c.  panamansis 

....385,387,388 

Proechinomys  semispinosus 

385,386,387 

propinquus.  (Peromyscus)  ...172,185 
propinquus.  (Peromyscus  e.)  ....  185 

Psammomys 298 

Pseudorca 51 

Pseudorca  crassidcns 51 

Pseudorca  destructor 51 

Pseudorca  grayi 51 

Pseudorca  meridionalis 51 

Pseudostoma 310 

Pseudostoma  castanops 315 

Pteromyinae 157 

punctata.  (Dasyprocta)  405 

pyladei.  (Sciurus)  129 

quadrivittatus.      (Sciurus) 138 

quadrivittatus.      (Tamias)  ....135,138 

quasiater.      (Arvicola) 303 

quasiater.      (Microtus)    303 

quemi.      (Capromys) 390 

quercinus.      (Sciurus  w.) 118 

quercinus.      (Sciurus  a.) 1 1 8 

quica.      (Metachirus) 12 

ramona.      (Onychomys) 165,  167 

rattus.      (Mus)   162,  163,  164 

Ratufa 93 

Reduncina 68 

Reithrodon 256 

repens.      (Heteromys) 369,  372 

rhabdops.      (Oryzomys)   .  .234,  237,  246 

Rhachianectes 40 

Rhachinectes  glaucus   40 

Reithrodon!  longicaudus 261 

Reithrodon  !  megalotis 259 

Reithrodon !  mcxicanus 264 

Rheithrosciurus ! 93 

Rhinodelphis 54 

Rhinosciurus 93 

Rhithrodontomys 161 ,  255,  256 

Rhithrodontomys  australis  . .  .  .257,  259 
Rhithrodontomys  a.  vulcanius  .257,  259 

Rhithrodontomys  aztecus 259 

Rhithrodontomys  chrysopsis 

258, 265, 266 


xxii 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Rhithrodontomys  c.  tolucae  .  .  .258,  266 
Rhithrodontomys  colimae  .  258,  266,  267 
Rhithrodontomys  c.  nerterus  ..258,  267 
Rhithrodontomys  costaricensis  .  .  . 

258,  267,268 

Rhithrodontomys  c.  jalapae  .  .  .258,  267 

Rhithrodontomys  creper 258,  272 

Rhithrodontomys  deserti 259 

Rhithrodontomys  difficilis  ....257,  263 
Rhithrodontomys  dorsalis  .  .  .  .258,  272 
Rhithrodontomys  goldmani  .  .  .258,  268 
Rhithrodontomys  griseiflavus  .258,270 
Rhithrodontomys  g.  helvolus  ..258,  270 
Rhithrodontomys  hirsutus  258,  269,  270 
Rhithrodontomys  inexpectatus  258,  271 
Rhithrodontomys  levipes  .258,  270,  271 

Rhithrodontomys  1.  otus 258,  271 

Rhithrodontomys  1.  toltecus  .  .258,  271 
Rhithrodontomys  longicaudus  .... 

257, 259, 261, 262,  263 

Rhithrodontomys  1.  pallidus  .  .257,  262 
Rhithrodontomys  megalotis 

256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262 

Rhithrodontomys  m.  obscurus .  2 5 7 ,  261 
Rhithrodontomys  m.  sestinensis  .  . 

257, 260 

Rhithrodontomys  m.  zacatecae  257,  260 
Rhithrodontomys  mexicanus 

257,  264,265,  268 

Rhithrodontomys  m.  fulvescens  .  . 

257, 264, 265 

Rhithrodontomys  m.  gracilis  .  .258,  265 
Rhithrodontomys  m.  intermedius  . 

257, 264 

Rhithrodontomys  microdon  . .  .258,  269 
Rhithrodontomys  m.  albilabris  258,  269 
Rhithrodontomys  orizabae  .  .  .  .258,  266 
Rhithrodontomys  peninsulas  .  .257,  263 
Rhithrodontomys  perotensis  .  .258,  266 
Rhithrodontomys  rufescens  .  .  .258,  268 
Rhithrodontomys  saturatus 

257, 262,  263,  264 

Rhithrodontomys  s.  alticola  ..  .257,  263 
Rhithrodontomys  s.  cinereus  .  .257,  262 
Rhithrodontomys  tenuirostris 

258, 268,  269 

Rhithrodontomys  t.  aureus  .  .  .258,  269 

Rhithrodontomys  tenuis 258,  265 

rhydinorhis.     (Perognathus  b.)  ... 

3S7.362 

richardsoni.     (Lepus) 437 


PAGE. 

richardsoni.      (Sciurus) 128 

richmondi.      (Didelphys)    14,  16 

richmondi.      (Oryzomys)    235,248 

richmondi.      (Sciurus) 94,  103,  105 

rigidus.      (Lepus) 419 

rigidus.      (Sciurus) 127 

ringens.      (Tagassu  p.)    66 

ringens.     (Tayassu  p.)   66 

Rodentia 89 

Romerolagus 411 

Romerlagus  diazi 412 

Romerolagus  nelsoni 411,412 

Rosmarus   36 

rostratus.      (Heteromys  p.)  .  -.375,378 

rostratus.     (Liomys  p.)    378 

rostratus.  (Oryzomys)  ..235,243,244 
rostratus.  (Perognathus  p.)  .  .357,  359 

rothschildi.      (Coendu) 400,  401 

rothschildi.     (Dama) 72 

rothschildi.      (Odontocoelus)    .  .  .  .69,  72 

rowleyi.      (Peromyscus)    189 

rowleyi.      (Peromyscus  b.) 196 

ruatanica.     (Dasyprocta) 405 

rufescens.      (Rhithrodontomys)  . .  . 

258,  268 

rufescens.      (Thomomys)    332 

rufinus.     (Cervus) 79 

rufinus.      (Oryzomys  j.)    235,  247 

rufinus.      (Peromyscus) 179 

rufipes.      (Sciurus) 117 

rufiventer.      (Sciurus) 115 

rufoniger.      (Sciurus) 104 

rufus.      (Oryzomys) 234,  239 

rupestris.      (Citellus  v.) 141,  150 

russatus.      (Lepus) 4J7>  42° 

Saccomys 368 

Saccophorus 310 

sagax.      (Peromyscus) 173,  194 

salvini.     (Heteromys) 369,  370 

sanctidiegi.      (Lepus) 417,  422 

sarco  vienna.      (Chironectes) 3 

sartori.      (Cervus)    80 

sartori.      (Mazama) 79.  80 

saturation  (Oryzomys  c.) .  .  .  .  234,  239 
saturatus.  (Rhithrodontomys) .  .  . 

257, 262,  263,  264 

saturatus.  (Sigmodon  h.)  .  .  .  .222,  225 
saxatilis.  (Peromyscus  m.) .  .  .  174,  207 
saxicola.  (Citellus  h.)  ...139,140,142 
saxicola.  (Spermophilus  h.) 142 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


xxiii 


PAGE. 

scalops.  (Geomys) 322,  324 

scalops.  (Orthogeomys)  .322,323,324 
scammoni.  (Globicephalus)  ....  52,  54 

schlegelii.  (Orcinus) 51 

Sciuridae 90,  91,  93 

Sciurinae 90,  92 

Sciuropterus 157 

Sciuropterus  volans 157,158 

Sciuropterus  volucella 158 

Sciurus 90,  92,  93,  94 

Sciurus  aberti 112 

Sciurus  adolphei 98,  114,  126,  127 

Sciurus  a.  dorsalis  .  .96,  97,  98,  114,  127 

Sciurus  aestuans 104 

Sciurus  ae.  chiriquensis  .  .  .  .94,  103,  104 
Sciurus  ae.  hoffmanni.  .94,  103,  104,  105 

Sciurus  affinis 124 

Sciurus  albipes 117 

Sciurus  a.  colimensis 120 

Sciurus  a.  effugius 120 

Sciurus  a.  hernandezi  118 

Sciurus  a.  nemoralis 118 

Sciurus  a.  quercinus 118 

Sciurus  alfari 94,  99 

Sciurus  alleni  95,  106,  108 

Sciurus  alstoni 108 

Sciurus  anthonyi 130 

Sciurus  apache 95,  107,  no 

Sciurus  arizonensis 

95, 102, 107,  108,  109 

Sciurus  a.  huachuca 95,  107,  109 

Sciurus  aureigaster 

. . .95,  98,  113,  114, 115, 116, 123, 124 

Sciurus  a.  frumentor 95,  114,  117 

Sciunis  a.  hypopyrrhus  96,  98,  114,  116 

Sciurus  aureigaster 115,  116,  124 

Sciurus  a.  leucops 119 

Sciurus  aurogaster !  115 

Sciurus  boothiae  .  .97,  114,  126,  127,  128 

Sciurus  b.  belti 98,  114,  128 

Sciurus  b.  managuensis 129 

Sciurus  boquetensis 94,  99,  100 

Sciurus  browni 94,  99,  100 

Sciurus  caniceps 93 

Sciurus  capistratus 107 

Sciurus  carolinensis 

107,  108,  109,  no,  125 

Sciurus  c.  yucatanensis 125 

Sciurus  collasi 

97,  109,  114, 121, 122, 123, 129 

Sciurus  c.  nuchalis 97,  114,  122 


PACIK. 

Sciurus  deppii 94,  101,  102 

Sciurus  d.  vivax 94,  101,  102 

Sciunis  douglasi  albolimbatus  ....  133 

Sciurus  d.  mearnsi 94,  132,  133 

Sciurus  durangi  97,  112 

Sciurus  ferrugineiventris 115 

Sciurus  fossor 130 

Sciurus  fuscovariegatus 128 

Sciurus  goldmani 97,  115,  130 

Sciurus  griseiflavus 

98,  108,  no,  114,  124, 125 

Sciurus  g.  chiapensis 98,  114,  125 

Sciurus  griseigena 101,  104 

Sciurus  griseigenys 104 

Sciurus  griseus 97,  130,  131 

Sciurus  hermanni 130 

Sciurus  hypopyrrhus 

107, 115, 121, 126,  127,  128,  129 

Sciurus  hypoxanthus 115 

Sciurus  intermedius 127 

Sciurus  leporinus 130 

Sciurus  leucogaster 115 

Sciurus  leucops 115,117,  119,  123 

Sciurus  ludovicianus 124 

Sciurus  1.  limitis no 

Sciurus  managuensis 97, 114, 129 

Sciurus  maurus 1 1 6 

Sciurus  mearnsi 132 

Sciurus  melania 97,  114,  128 

Sciurus  mexicanus 146 

Sciurus  rnorio 1 1 6 

Sciurus  mustelinus 115 

Sciurus  nayaritensis  ..  .95,  106,  107,  108 

Sciurus  negligens 94,  101,  102 

Sciurus  nelsoni  .  .  .  .96,  98,  114,  120,  1 21 

Sciurus  n.  hirtus 96,  98,  114,  121 

Sciurus  nicoyana 127 

Sciurus  niger 115 

Sciurus  n.  ludovicianus 1 10 

Sciurus  n.  melanonotus 107 

Sciurus  oculatus 95,  106,  107,  108 

Sciurus  o.  tolucae 95,  106,  107 

Sciurus  poliopus  ..96,  114,  117,  1 18,  120 

Sciurus  p.  cervicalis 96,  114,  119 

Sciunis  p.  colimensis 95,  114,  119 

Sciunis  p.  effugius 96,  114,  120 

Sciunis  p.  hernandezi  .  .95,  96,  114,  118 

Sciurus  p.  nemoralis  96,  114,  118 

Sciurus  pyladci 129 

Sciurus  quadrivittatus 138 

Sciurus  richardsoni 128 


xxiv 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Sciurus  richmondi 94,  103,  105 

Sciurus  rigidus 127 

Sciurus  rufipes 117 

Sciurus  rufiventer 115 

Sciurus  r.  texcnsis 95,  no,  in 

Sciurus  rufoniger 104 

Sciurus  sinaloensis 97,  114,  122 

Sciurus  socialis 95,  96,  114,  123 

Sciurus  s.  cocos 95,  96,  114,  124 

Sciurus  soricinus 93 

Sciurus  striatus 134 

Sciurus  tasniurus 101 

Sciurus  tephrogaster 101 

Sciurus  thomasi 98,  114,  126 

Sciurus  truii 97,  114,  123 

Sciurus  variabilis 105 

Sciurus  v.  morulus 96,  104,  105 

Sciurus  variegatoides 97,  114,  129 

Sciurus  variegatus 

115, 116, 117, 119,  123,  148 

Sciurus  v.  grammurus 149 

Sciurus  varius 117 

Sciurus  volans 157 

Sciurus  wagneri 117 

Sciurus  w.  cervicalis   119 

Sciurus  w.  colimensis 120 

Sciurus  w.  effugius 120 

Sciurus  w.  nemoralis 118 

Sciurus  w.  quercinus 118 

Sciurus  xanthotus 104 

Sciurus  yucatanensis 

.96, 97, 114, 125, 126 

Sciurus  y.  baliolus 96,  114,  126 

sellata.      (Myrmecophaga) 28 

sellata.      (Tamandua) 26,  28 

semispinosus.      (Echinomys) 386 

semispinosus.      (Proechinomys) .  .  . 

385,386,387 

senegalensis.      (Trichechus) 35 

Senetheres 399 

seorsus.      (Zygodontomys)  .  .  .  .253,  254 
sestinensis.      (Rhithrodontomys  m.) 

-  •  -257, 260 

setosus.      (Heteromys  c.) 375,  380 

setosus.      (Liomys)    380 

Sibbaldius 42 

Sibbaldius  sulfureus 42,  43 

Sibbaldus 42 

Sigmodon 222,  234,  255 

Sigmodon  allcni 222,  224 

Sigmodon  alticola 224,  231 


PACK. 

Sigmodon  a.  amoles 224,  231 

Sigmodon  austerulus 224,  231 

Sigmodon  baileyi 226 

Sigmodon  berlandieri 227 

Sigmodon  borucas 224 

Sigmodon  b.  chiriquensis 225 

Sigmodon  fulviventer 224,  232 

Sigmodon  hispidus 222,  228,  232 

Sigmodon  h.  arizonae 224,  228 

Sigmodon  h.  baileyi 223,  226 

Sigmodon  h.  berlandieri  .  .224,  225,  227 

Sigmodon  h.  borucae 

222, 223, 224, 225, 232 

Sigmodon  h.  chiriquensis 222,  225 

Sigmodon  h.  eremicus 224,  227 

Sigmodon  h.  furvus 223,  225 

Sigmodon  h.  inexoratus 224,  229 

Sigmodon  h.  major 224,  226,  228 

Sigmodon  h.  mascotensis   .223,  227,  229 

Sigmodon  h.  microdon   223,  226 

Sigmodon  h.  pallidus 228 

Sigmodon  h.  saturatus   222,  225 

Sigmodon  h.  texensis  .    228 

Sigmodon  h.  toltecus 223,  226 

Sigmodon  h.  tonalensis 224,  229 

Sigmodon  leucotis 224,  230,  231 

Sigmodon  mascotensis 227 

Sigmodon  melanotis 224,  232 

Sigmodon  minimus   224,  230 

Sigmodon  ochrognathus 224,  230 

Sigmodontomys 254 

Sigmodontomys  alfari 254,  255 

Silvilagus 413,  414,  416 

similis.      (Dipodomys)  . .  .  ., 347 

simiolus.      (Dipodomys  m.)   

343- 344,347 

simplex.      (Neotoma) 279 

simulatus.      (Peromyscus)    ....  174.  205 
simulus.      (Peromyscus  s.)  ....172,180 

sinaloae.      (Marmosa) 5,6 

sinaloas.      (Neotoma) 277,  283 

sinaloae.      (Odontocoelus)   70,  78 

sinaloas.      (Thomomys) 334,  339 

sinaloensis.      (Sciurus) 97,  114,  122 

Sirenia 35 

Sitomys  a.  arizonae 186 

Sitomys  a.  thurberi 176 

Sitomys  decolorus 216 

Sitomys  gilberti 195 

Sitomys  martirensis 189 

Sitomys  musculus   175 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Sitomys  r.  pinalis 189 

socialis.  (Cynomys) 155 

socialis.  (Sciurus) 95,  96,  114,  123 

sonorana.  (Heteromys) 375,  379 

sonorana.  (Liomys) 379 

sonoriense.  (Dicotyles  a.) 64 

sonoriense.  (Tagassu  a.) 62,  64 

sonoriensis.  (Citellus  t.) 140,  144 

sonoricnsis.  (Hesperomys  1.)  ....  181 
sonoriensis.  (Peromyscus  a.)  ....  182 
sonoriensis.  (Peromyscus  1.) 

172, 181, 183 

sonoriensis.  (Spermophilus  t.)  ...  144 

soricinus.  (Sciurus) 93 

sowerbianus.  (Delphinus) 55 

spectabilis.  (Dipodomys)  .  .  .  .343,  345 

speleus.  (Odocoileus !) 68 

Spermatophilus 139 

Spermophilopsis 139 

Spermophilus 139 

Spermophilus  annulatus 151 

Spermophilus  a.  goldmani  150 

Spermophilus  grammurus 1 49 

Spermophilus  harrisi 141 

Spermophilus  h.  saxicola  142 

Spermophilus  interpres 143 

Spermophilus  leucurus 142 

Spermophilus  macrourus  1 49 

Spermophilus  m.  parvidens 146 

Spermophilus  perotcnsis 145 

Spermophilus  spilosoma 145 

Spermophilus  s.  spilosoma 145 

Spermophilus  tereticaudus 144 

Spermophilus  t.  sonoriensis 144 

Spermophilus  v.  atricapillus 150 

Spermophilus  v.  fisheri 150 

spicilegus.  (Peromyscus)  

172, 179, 180,  198 

spilosoma.  (Citellus) 140,  145 

spilosoma.  (Spermophilus) 145 

spinatus.  (Perognathus) 

•  -357.  362,  3<*3»  364 

splendens.      (Neotoma) 278 

stenorhynchus.      (Orcinus) 51 

stenorhynchus.  (Prodelphinus)  .  .  58 
stephensi.  (Peromyscus)  .173,190,199 

stonii.      (Ovis)   85 

striatus.      (Sciurus) 134 

styx.      (Prodelphinus) 58 

subcinctus.  (Lepus  f.)  .  .  .416,  417,  418 
Suidae  . .  61 


PAGE. 
sulfurca.      (Balaenoptera)  .  .  .  .38,  42,  43 

sulfureus.      (Sibbaldius) 42.  43 

sumichrasti.      (Hesperomys)    ..214,216 
sumichrasti.      (Nyctomys)  ....215,216 

sumichrasti.      (Rcithrodon !)    264 

Sus  albirostris 66 

Sus  tajacu 61 

sylvaticus.      (Lepus) 415 

Sylvicola 299 

Synthetosciurus 90,  91 

Synthetosciurus  brochus 91,  92 

tabacensis.      (Didelphys  m.)    ....  14,  16 

tabernaculi.      (Halicore) 36 

taczanowski.      (Agouti)    403,  408 

taeniurus.      (Sciurus) 101 

Tagassu 61 

Tagassu  albirostris 66 

Tagassu  a.  crassum 62,  64 

Tagassu  angulatum 62,  63,  64,  65 

Tagassu  a.  humerale 62,  63 

Tagassu  a.  sonoriense 62,  64 

Tagassu  a.  yucatanense 62,  63 

Tagassu  crusnigrum  ." 62,  65 

Tagassu  labiatus 66 

Tagassu  nanus 62 

Tagassu  pecari 65,  66,  67 

Tagassu  p.  ringens 66 

Tagassuidae 61 

tajacu.      (Dicotyles)    63 

tajacu.      (Sus) 61 

talamancae.      (Oryzomys) 234,  241 

Tamandua 24,  26 

Tamandua  bivittata   27 

Tamandua  crispus .      27 

Tamandua  myosura 27 

Tamandua  scllata 26,  28 

Tamandua  tetradactyla   26,  27,  28 

Tamanduas 26 

Tamias 134 

Tamias  a.  mcrriami 137 

Tamias  bulleri 135,  136,  137 

Tamias  dorsalis    135 

Tamias  durangas 135,  137 

Tamias  interpres   143 

Tamias  leucurus 142 

Tamias  1.  peninsulae 143 

Tamias  merriami 135,  136,  137 

Tamias  obscurus 134,  135.  136 

Tamias  quadrivittatus 135,  138 

Tamias  q.  pallidus 135 


xx  vi 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Tamiasciurus 90,  94,  132 

Tapeti   413,  414,  426 

Tapirella 87 

Tapirella  bairdi 87,  88 

Tapirella  dowi 87,  88 

Tapiridae 87 

Tatu 32 

Tatu  hybrida   32 

Tatu  leptorhynchum 34 

Tatu  longicaudum 33 

Tatu  peba 33 

Tatu  m.  fenestratum 33 

Tatu  novemcinctum   33,  34 

Tatu  octocinctum 33 

Tatoua 31 

Tatoua  centralis 32 

Tatuinae .  .32,  33 

Tatusia 32 

Tayassu 61 

Tayassu  a.  crassum 64 

Tayassu  a.  humerale 63 

Tayassu  a.  yucatanense 63 

Tayassu  crusnigrum 65 

Tayassu  nanus 62 

Tayassu  pecari 66 

Tayassu  p.  ringens 66 

taylori.      (Peromyscus) 175 

Teanopus 294 

Teanopus  phenax 294,  295 

teapensis.      (Oryzomys)    235,247 

teapensis.      (Peromyscus  m.)  ..172,207 

tectorum.      (Mus) 164 

tectus.      (Oryzomys) 235,  245 

teguina       (Acodon) 273,  274,  275 

teguina.      (Hesperomys) 273 

tehuantepecus.      (Peromyscus)  174,206 

tema.     (Mazama)    80 

tenuicauda.  (Neotoma)  .  .278,  286,  289 
tennis.  (Rhithrodontomys)  ..258,265 
tenuirostris.  (Rhithrodontomys).. 

258, 268,  269 

Tenotis 134 

Teonoma 275,  295 

tephrogaster.     (Sciurus) i  o  i 

tereticaudus.      (Citellus) 140,  144 

tereticaudus.      (Spermophilus) .  .  .  .    144 

Terricola 299 

tethyos.      (Prodelphinus) 58 

tetradactyla.  (Myrmecophaga)  .26,27 
tetradactyla.  (Tamandua)  ..26,27,28 
Tetramerodon 299 


PAGE. 

texensis.      (Didelphis  m.) 14,  1 6 

texensis.      (Dorcelaphus  a.) 70 

texensis.      (Hesperomys)    186 

texensis.      (Heteromys) 381 

texensis.      (Lepus) 432,  435 

texensis.      (Odontoccelus  a.) 69,  70 

texensis.      (Peromyscus) 

173, 181, 185,  186 

texensis.      (Sciurus  r.) 95,  1 10,  1 1 1 

texensis.      (Sigmodon  h.)   228 

thomasi.      (Megadontomys) 

212,  213,  214 

thomasi.      (Odontoccelus) 69,  75 

thomasi.      (Sciurus) 98,  114,  126 

Thomomys   3°9>  310.  332 

Thomomys  aphrastus 334,  336 

Thomomys  atrovarius  ..  .  .333,  334,  338 

Thomomys  bulbivorus 332 

Thomomys  cervinus 334,  339,  340 

Thomomys  clusius 340 

Thomomys  fulvus   

333. 334, 335, 336-  337-  338 

Thomomys  f.  alticola 333,  335 

Thomomys  f.  anitae 333,  335 

Thomomys  f.  nigricans 333,  335 

Thomomys  f.  intermedius  .  .  .  .333,  336 

Thomomys  goldmani 334,  339 

Thomomys  martirensis 333,  336 

Thomomys  nelsoni 334,  339 

Thomomys  orizabae 334,  337 

Thomomys  perditus 334,  338,  339 

Thomomys  peregrinus 334,337 

Thomomys  perpallidus  334,  340 

Thomomys  rufescens 332 

Thomomys  sinaloae  334,  339 

Thomomys  toltecus 334,  338,  339 

Thomomys  umbrinus 334 

thoracatus.  (Capromys) 390,  394 

thurberi.  (Peromyscus) 

172, 176, 177,  178,  187 

thurberi.  (Sitomys  a.) 176 

Thylamys  5 

tiburonensis.  (Peromyscus)  ..171,173 

timidus.  (Lepus)  413 

toltecus.  (Cervus)  74 

toltecus.  (Hesperomys) 226 

toltecus.  (Odontoccelus) 69,  74 

toltecus.  (Rhithrodontomys  1.)  .  . 

258, 271 

toltecus.  (Sigmodon  h.) 223,  226 

toltecus.  (Thomomys)  .  .  .334,  338,  339 


INDEX   OF    LATIN   NAMES. 


xxvii 


PAGE. 
tolucag.      (Rhithrodontomys  c.)  258,  266 

tolucae.      (Sciurus  o.) 95,  106,  107 

tonalensis.      (Sigmodon  h.) .  .  .  .  224,  229 

tornillo.     (Peromyscus)    173,  188 

torquata.      (Neotoma) 277,  279 

torridus.      (Heterogeomys) 

325-326,372 

torridus.      (Heteromys) 

•• 372,374,376,37? 

torridus.      (Liomys) 376 

torridus.      (Onychomys) 

165, 166, 167, 168 

totontepecus.      (Peromyscus  m.) .  . 

174, 207, 208 

Trichechidae 36 

Trichcchus 36 

Trichechus  americanus 37 

Trichechus  australis 37 

Trichechus  flu  via  tills 37 

Trichechus  inunguis 35 

Trichechus  manatus 35,  36,  37 

Trichechus  senegalensis 35 

trichopus.      (Zygogeomys)  330,  331,  332 
tridactyla.      (Myrmecophaga)  24,  29,  30 

tridactylus.      (Bradypus) 21 

trinitatis.      (Echimys!) 385 

Trinodontomys 170 

tropicalis.      (Neotoma) 278,  288 

trowbridgii.      (Lepus) 429 

truii.      (Lepus) 414,  415 

truii.      (Odontocoelus)  . .  .  .69,  73,  74,  75 

truii.      (Peromyscus) 189,  193,  197 

truii.      (Sciurus) 97,  114,  123 

truncatus.      (Tursiops)   56 

tumbalcnsis.      (Tylomys) 217,  218 

Tursio 45 

tursio.      (Delphinus)   55,  56 

Tursiops 55,57 

Tursiops  communis 56 

Tursiops  compressicauda   56 

Tursiops  cymodice 56 

Tursiops  eurynome   56 

Tursiops  gilli    47,  56 

Tursiops  truncatus 56 

Tursiops  tursio 56 

tursio.     (Tursiops) 56 

tuza.      (Mus) 310 

Tylomys 217,  221 

Tylomys  bullaris   217,  219 

Tylomys  nudicaudus 217,  218,  219 

Tylomys  panamensis 217,  219 


PAGE. 

Tylomys  tumbalensis 217,  218 

Tylomys  watsoni 217,  219 

tylorhinus.     (Platygeomys)   ..318,319 

umbrinus.     (Thomomys) 334 

umbrosus.     (Microtus) 304,  305 

Ungulata 60 

unicinctus.      (Dasypus) 31 

Uroleptes 26 

variabilis.  (Sciurus) 105 

variegatoides.  (Sciurus).  ..97,  114,  129 

variegatus.  (Chironectes) 3 

variegatus.  (Citellus) ....  141,  148,  149 

variegatus.  (Delphinus)  55 

variegatus.  (Sciurus) 

115, 116, 117, 119, 123, 148 

varius.  (Sciurus)  117 

vegetus.  (Oryzomys) 235,  249 

velifera.  (Balaenoptera) 42,  43 

venusta.  (Neotoma)  284 

veraecrucis.  (Heteromys)  .  .  .  .375,  379 

veraecrucis.  (Lepus) 417,  420 

veraecrucis.  (Liomys)  379 

versabilis.  (Megaptera) 41 

Vesperimus 170 

Vesperimus  difficilis 193 

Vesperimus  fraterculus 184 

vetulus.  (Hodomys)  295,  297 

vicinior.  (Peromyscus  b.)  ...  .173,  190 

victus.  (Oryzomys) 235,  244 

virgata.  (Agouti  p.) 408,  409 

virginianus.  (Odontocoelus) 70 

vivax.  (Sciurus  d.)  94,  101,  102 

volans.  (Mus) 158 

volans.  (Sciuropterus) 157,  158 

volans.  (Sciurus) 157 

vulcanius.  (Rhithrodontomys  a.). 

257,259 

volucella.  (Sciuropterus)  158 

vomerina.  (Phocaena) 48 

wagneri.      (Pcrodipus) 351 

wagneri.      (Sciurus) 117 

walkeri.      (Delphinus)  .,  55 

Washington!.     (Lepus) 410 

watsoni.     (Tylomys) 217,  219 

xanthotus.      (Sciurus) 104 

xanti.     (Lepus  c.). .  .  .  •  -43^  438 

Xenomys 291,  294 

Xenomys  nelsoni 291,  292 


xxviii 


INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Xenurus 31 

xenurus.      (Peromyscus) 174,  202 

xerampelinus.      (Acodon) 273,  275 

Xerospermophilus 139,  140,  143 

Xylomys 368,  381 

Xylomys  nelsoni 381 

yapock.      (Chironectes) ,  .        3 

yucatanense.      (Tagassu  a.) 62,  63 

yucatanense.      (Tayassu  a.) 63 

yucatanensis.      (Didelphys) 14,  1 5 

yucatanensis.      (Odontocoelus) ....      74 
yucatanensis.      (Oryzomys) . .  .  .234,  236 

yucatanensis.      (Sciurus) 

96,  97, 114, 125, 126 

yucatanensis.      (Sciurus  c.)    ......    125 

yucataniae.      (Coendu  m.) 400,  402 

yucatanicus.      (Lepus  f.) 417,  419 

yucatanicus.      (Peromyscus)    ..173,194 


PAGE. 
zacatecae.      (Rhithrodontomys  m.). 

257, 260 

zacatecas.  (Perognathus  h.)  .  .357,  361 
zamelas.  (Peromyscus  m.)  ...172,  179 
zamora?.  (Peromyscus  m.). .  .  .  174,  202 
zarhynchus.  (Peromyscus)  .  ..174,  209 

zelotes.      (Peromyscus) 174,  203 

zibethicus.      (Castor) 307 

Ziphiorrhynchus 47 

Ziphius 38,  47 

Ziphius  cavirostris 47 

Zygodontomys 252 

Zygodontomys  brevicauda 254 

Zygodontomys  cherrii 252,  253 

Zygodontomys  chrysomelas 253 

Zygodontomys  seorsus    253,  254 

Zygogeomys 310,  330 

Zygogeomys  trichopus.  .  .  .330,  331,  332 
zygomatictis.  (Oryzomys)  .  .  .234,  241 


INDEX  OF  COMMON  NAMES. 


VOL.  IV,  PART  I. 


PAGE. 

Acapulco  Squirrel 124 

Active  Rice  Rat 250 

Active  Wood  Rat 282 

African  Antelope 60 

Agouti 408 

Agouti,  Coiba 407 

Agouti,  Crested 407 

Agouti,  Cunning 406 

Agouti,  Isthmian 407 

Agouti,  Mexican 405 

Agouti,  Ruatan  Island    405 

Agouti,  Spotted 405 

Agoutis 403 

Alfaro's  Pigmy  Squirrel 99 

Alfaro's  Rice  Rat 242,  255 

Alien  Mouse   208 

Allen's  Cotton  Rat 224 

Allen's  Jack  Rabbit 434 

Allen's  Opossum 13 

Allen's  Spiny  Mouse   376 

Allen's  Squirrel 108 

Allen's  Wood  Rat   297 

Allied  Desert  Mouse 185 

Allied  Field  Mouse 1 80 

Allied  Hare 424 

Allied  House  Mouse 1 80 

Allied  Kangaroo  Rat 347 

Allied  Mouse 192 

Allied  Spiny  Rat 371 

Alpine  Cotton  Rat 231 

Alpine  Harvest  Mouse 266 

Alston's  Mouse 273 

Alston's  Opossum 9 

Alston's  Wood  Rat 294 

Ameca  Harvest  Mouse   270 

American  Bison 60,  83 

American  Ground  Squirrels 134 

American  Mammals 255 

American  Porcupines 397 

American  Rodents 133,  158 

American  Squirrels   93 

Amoles  Cotton  Rat 231 

Ancient  Pocket  Gophers 320 


PACK. 

Anteater,  Great   24,  29.  30 

Anteater,  Little  or  Two-toed  ....  25,  26 

Anteater,  Saddle-back 28 

Anteater,  Three-toed 27,  28 

Anteaters 19,  24 

Antelope 60 

Antelope,  African 60 

Antelope,  Dik-Dik 60 

Antelope,  Prong-horn   8r,  82 

Antelopes 83 

Anthony's  Field  Mouse 185 

Anthony's  Pocket  Mouse 366 

Apache  Squirrel 1 10 

Apazote  Mouse 1 94 

Apazote  Rat 221 

Apazote  Squirrel   102 

Aquatic  Rats   89 

Arboreal  Rats 388 

Arctic  Hares 410 

Arctic  Right  Whale 39 

Ardilla 115 

Arizona  Cotton  Rat 228 

Arizona  Field  Mouse 186 

Arizona  Gray  Squirrel  .  . . 109 

Arizona  Hare 423 

Arizona  Prairie-dog 154 

Armadillo,  Miller's 31,  32 

Armadillo  Mule 32 

Armadillo,  Nine-banded 34 

Armadillos 19,  30,  31,  32 

Armado 34 

Armeria  Peccary   63 

Ash-colored  Hare 429 

Ashy  Gray  Field  Mouse 195 

Ashy  Opossum 6 

Attwater's  Swamp  Hare 414 

Audubon's  Hare 4" 

Aztec  Mouse 184 

Aztec  Rice  Rat 245 

Bachman's  Wood  Hare 429 

Bailey's  Cotton  Rat .    226 

Bailey's  Pocket  Mouse   361 


xxix 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Baird's  Pocket  Mouse 354 

Baird's  Tapir 87 

Baleen  Whale 40 

Baleen  Whales 38,  39 

Banded-back  Squirrel 127 

Bandcras  Field  Mouse 190 

Bangs'  Red  Mouse 275 

Batopilas  Pocket  Mouse 365 

Batty 's  Deer 71 

Batty's  Jackass  Rabbit 433 

Batty 's  Opossum 18 

Beautiful-eared  Jack  Rabbit 431 

Beaver 89,  158,  159,  306 

Beaver,  Sonoran 159,  161 

Beavers 159 

Berlandier's  Cotton  Rat 228 

Berendo 82 

Big-eared  Harvest  Mouse 259 

Bison 83 

Bison,  American 60,  83 

Black-backed  Squirrel 107 

Black-browed  Mole  Mouse 166 

Black-browed  Mouse 201 

Black-eared  Cotton  Rat 232 

Black-eared  Field  Mouse 178 

Black-eared  Pocket  Mouse 356 

Black-eared  Rice  Rat 243 

Black-fish   47,  52 

Black-fish,  Scammon's 54 

Black-fish,  Short-finned 53 

Black-footed  Mouse 210 

Black-headed  Spermophile 150 

Blackish  Pocket  Gopher 335 

Black-nosed  Kangaroo  Rat 348 

Black  Rat 164 

Black  Rice  Rat 250 

Black  Spiny  Rat   370 

Black  Squirrel,  Gray's 128 

Black-tailed  Hutia 391 

Black-tailed  Kangaroo  Rat 34 

Black-tailed  Mouse   192 

Black-tailed  Wood  Rat 284 

Bogava  Rice  Rat 245 

Bogava  Spiny  Rat 387 

Boqueron  Cotton  Rat 225 

Boquete  Mouse 214,  274 

Boquete  Peccary 65 

Boquete  Pocket  Gopher 329 

Boquete  Spiny  Rat 372 

Boquete  Vesper  Rat 216 

Borrego  Cimaron 86 


PAGE. 

Boruca  Cotton  Rat 224 

Bottle-nosed  Dolphin 56 

Bottle-nosed  Porpoise 56 

Bowhead 39,  43 

Boyle's  Mouse 195 

Bristled  Pocket  Gopher 324 

Broad-headed  Pocket  Gophers.  ...  316 

Broad-footed  Pocket  Gopher 329 

Broad-nosed  Pocket  Mouse 359 

Broad-nosed  Rice  Rat 243 

Brocket,  Central  America 79,  80 

Brocket,  Sartori's 80 

Brocket,  Tunkas 80 

Brockets 79 

Brown  Mouse,  Jalapa 176 

Brown  Rat 161,165 

Brown's  Squirrel 100 

Brownsville  Harvest  Mouse 264 

Bryant's  Pocket  Mouse 364 

Buff-colored  Pocket  Mouse 362 

Buller's  Pocket  Gopher 320 

Buller's  Rice  Rat 239 

Buller's  Spiny  Rat 370 

Bushy-tailed  Spermophile 149 

Cabra  del  Monte 80 

Cachalot 43,  44,  45 

Cachalot  Whale 45 

Cachalots 46 

Ca'ing  Whale 47 

Calel  Harvest  Mouse 269 

California  Gray  Squirrel 130 

California  Jack  Rabbit 437 

California  Mouse 203 

California  Mule  Deer 77 

Camaleon 22 

Cape  St.  Lucas  Pocket  Mouse  ....  363 

Captious  Harvest  Mouse 263 

Capybara 89 

Caribbanco 66 

Cat 93 

Catemaco  Spiny  Mouse 380 

Cattle 83 

Cecil's  Mouse 178 

Ceiba  Cotton  Rat 225 

Central  American  Brocket 79.  80 

Central  American  Paca 408,  409 

Cerros  Island  Deer 76 

Cerros  Island  Hare 428 

Cerros  Island  Mouse 185 

Cerros  Island  Wood  Rat 280 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


xxxi 


PAGE. 

Cervine  Pocket  Gopher 340 

Cetacean 50 

Cetaceans 35,  38,  48 

Cetacea,  Toothed 43 

Chapman's  Kangaroo  Rat 350 

Chapman's  Rice  Rat 238 

Cheating  Wood  Rat 295 

Cherrie's  Costa  Rican  Mouse 183 

Cherrie's  Pocket  Gopher 330 

Cherrie's  Rice  Rat 253 

Chestnut-faced  Pocket  Gopher.  ...   315 

Chestnut-headed  Sloth 22 

Chiapas  Squirrel 125 

Chichen  Itza  Harvest  Mouse 265 

Chichen  Itza  Rice  Rat 236 

Chickarees 132 

Chief  Hares 411 

Chihuahua  Mule  Deer 78 

Chilpancingo  Mouse 206 

Chipmunk 89 

Chipmunk,  Colorado 138 

Chipmunk,  Durango 137 

Chipmunk,  Gila 135 

Chipmunk,  Lower  California 136 

Chipmunk,  Merriam's 137 

Chipmunk,  Mexican 136 

Chipmunks 90,  133,  134,  408 

Chiriqui  Harvest  Mouse 259 

Chiriqui  Pigmy  Squirrel 100 

Chiriqui  Porcupine 402 

Chiriqui  Squirrel 104 

Chubby  Mouse 205 

Cinereous  Harvest  Mouse 262 

Coban  Spiny  Rat 372 

Cofre  de  Perote  Harvest  Mouse  . .  .    266 

Coiba  Agouti 407 

Colima  City  Mouse 175 

Colima  Harvest  Mouse 267 

Colima  Mountain  Squirrel 119 

Colima  Squirrel 120 

Collared  Wood  Rat 279 

Collector  Wood  Rat 280 

Collie's  Squirrel 121 

Colorado  Chipmunk 138 

Common  Dolphin 55 

Common  Killer  Whale 51 

Common  Porpoise 49 

Common  Squirrel  (of  Europe)  ....    132 

Conejo   415,  429 

Coolidge's  Field  Mouse 187 

Cope's  Whale 43 


HACK. 

Costa  Rica  Deer 74 

Costa  Rica  Harvest  Mouse 267 

Cotton  Rat,  Allen's 224 

Cotton  Rat,  Alpine 231 

Cotton  Rat,  Amoles 231 

Cotton  Rat,  Arizona 228 

Cotton  Rat,  Bailey's 226 

Cotton  Rat,  Berlandier's 228 

Cotton  Rat,  Black-cared 232 

Cotton  Rat,  Boqueron 225 

Cotton  Rat,  Boruca 224 

Cotton  Rat,  Ceiba .  .  225 

Cotton  Rat,  Fulvous-bellied 232 

Cotton  Rat,  Large 228 

Cotton  Rat,  Least 230 

Cotton  Rat,  Mascota 227 

Cotton  Rat,  Ochraceous-faced  ....  230 

Cotton  Rat,  Ocotlan   229 

Cotton  Rat,  Small-toothed 226 

Cotton-Rat,  Teapa 225 

Cotton  Rat,  Toltec 226 

Cotton  Rat,  Tonala 229 

Cotton  Rat,  Volcan  de  Chiriqui  ...  231 

Cotton  Rat,  Western  Desert 227 

Cotton  Rat,  White-eared 230 

Cotton  Rats   89,  222 

Cotusa   405 

Coues'  Deer 70,  7 1 

Coues'  Meadow  Vole 303 

Coues'  Rice  Rat 236 

Cow-fish 47,  56 

Coypu 382 

Cozumel  Island  Rice  Rat 241 

Crested  Agouti 407 

Crested-tailed  Mouse 304 

Cunning  Agouti 406 

Curly  Spiny  Mouse 380 

Dark  Meadow  Vole 302 

Dark-tailed  Spiny  Mouse 379 

Davidson's  Whale 42 

Deceitful  Rice  Rat 246 

Deer 60,  68,  79 

Deer,  Batty 's 71 

Deer,  California  Mule 77 

Deer,  Cerros  Island 76 

Deer,  Chihuahua  Mule 78 

Deer,  Costa  Rica 74 

Deer,  Coues' 70,  7  r 

Deer,  Desert  Mule 77 

Deer,  Hamilton  Smith's 74 


xxxii 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Deer,  Lower  California 78 

Deer,  Mexican 72 

Deer,  Mule :  .  .  .  76 

Deer,  Musk 67 

Deer,  Nelson's 75 

Deer,  Rothschild's 72 

Deer,  Sinaloa  White-tailed 78 

Deer,  Texan 70 

Deer,  Thomas' 74 

Deer,  True's 73 

Deer,  White-tailed 68 

Deer,  Yucatan 74 

Deer  Mice 170 

Deer  Mouse 169 

Deer  Mouse,  La  Salada 190 

Deer  Mouse,  White-spot 178 

Deppe's  Squirrel 101 

Desert  Hare,  Greater 423 

Desert  Hare,  Lesser 423 

Desert  Jack  Rabbit 435 

Desert  Jack  Rabbit,  Gray 436 

Desert  Kangaroo  Rat 345 

Desert  Mouse 191 

Desert  Mouse,  Allied 185 

Desert  Mouse,  Sonoyta 198 

Desert  Mule  Deer 77 

Desert  Rabbit,  Western 437 

Desert  Rat,  San  Felipe 286 

Desert  White-footed  Mouse 188 

Digger  Pocket  Gopher 324 

Dik-Dik  Antelope 60 

Dik-Diks 79 

Distinct  Pocket  Gophers 325 

Dolphin,  Bottle-nosed 56 

Dolphin,  Common 55 

Dolphin,  Gill's 56 

Dolphin,  Gray's 59 

Dolphin,  Long-nosed 58 

Dolphin,  Sharp-toothed 57.  58 

Dolphins.         ..43,47,48,52,54,55,57 

Donkey  Jack  Rabbit 435 

Doubtful  Kangaroo  Rat 346 

Dow's  Tapir 88 

Drab  Gray  Mole  Mouse 168 

Dryad  Mouse 204 

Dugong 35,36 

Durango  Chipmunk 137 

Durango  Hare 425 

Durango  Squirrel 112 

Durango  Wood  Rat 285 

Dusky-footed  Wood  Rat 279 


PAGE. 

Dusky  Harvest  Mouse 261,  272 

Dusky  Kangaroo  Rat 351 

Dusky  Sloth 24 

Dusky  Spiny  Mouse 379 

Dwarf  Mouse 175 

Dwarf  Peccary 62 

Earl  of  Derby's  Opossum 9 

Eastern  Desert  Pocket  Mouse  ....  359 

Edentates 19 

Elephant 60 

El  General  Rice  Rat 249 

Encubierto 34 

Energetic  Mouse 203 

Escondido  River  Rice  Rat 248 

Escondido  River  Squirrel 128 

Espirito  Santo  Island  Jack  Rabbit.  438 

Eten  Opossum 18 

Eve's  Mouse 198 

Faded  Vesper  Rat 210 

Feeble  Mouse 186 

Field  Mice 89,  1 70 

Field  Mouse,  Allied 180 

Field  Mouse,  Anthony's 185 

Field  Mouse,  Arizona 186 

Field  Mouse,  Ashy  Gray 195 

Field  Mouse,  Banderas 190 

Field  Mouse,  Black-eared 178 

Field  Mouse,  Coolidge's 187 

Field  Mouse,  Jalapa 208 

Field  Mouse,  La  Carpintera 198 

Field  Mouse,  La  Palma 194 

Field  Mouse,  Large-eared 210 

Field  Mouse,  Mount  Zempoaltepec.  204 

Field  Mouse,  Nelson's 214 

Field  Mouse,  Oaxaca 206 

Field  Mouse,  Orizaba 207 

Field  Mouse,  Ozolotepec 210 

Field  Mouse,  San  Cristobal 209 

Field  Mouse,  San  Felipe 205 

Field  Mouse,  San  Geronimo  Island.  181 

Field  Mouse,  Shy 197 

Field  Mouse,  Sonora  White-footed.  182 

Field  Mouse,  Stephens' 191 

Field  Mouse,  Tehuantepec 206 

Field  Mouse,  Texan 186 

Field  Mouse,  Thomas'  Guerrero  ...  213 

Field  Mouse,  Thurber's 177 

Field  Mouse,  Tlalpam 196 

Field  Mouse,  Totontepec 208 


INDEX   OF   COMMON    NAMES. 


xxxiii 


PAGE. 

Fighting  Whale   41 

Finback  Whales 42 

Finbacks 42 

Fire-bellied  Squirrel 116 

Fisher's  Spermophile 150 

Five-toed  Kangaroo  Rats 349 

Flat-headed  Pocket  Gopher 319 

Fleet  Hare 428 

Fluffy  Mouse 196 

Flying  Squirrel 158 

Flying  Squirrels 89,  157 

Foreign  Mouse 197 

Four-toed  Kangaroo  Rats   341 

Fox  Squirrel,  Texas no 

Franklin  Mountains  Mouse 196 

Frisky  Mouse 199 

Fulvous-bellied  Cotton  Rat 232 

Fulvous-bellied  Meadow  Vole   ....  301 

Fulvous-bellied  Opossum 8 

Fulvous-bellied  Wood  Rat 289 

Fulvous  Mouse 183 

Fulvous  Pocket  Gopher 316 

Fulvous  Rice  Rat 247,  248 

Fur  Seals 50 

Gabb's  Hare 426 

Gadow's  Mouse 201 

Gaillard's  Jack  Rabbit 433 

Goto  de  Spinas 402 

Gaumer's  Spiny  Rat 371 

Gentle  Mouse 182 

Giant  Kangaroo i 

Giant  Pocket  Gopher 322 

Gila  Chipmunk 135 

Gill's  Dolphin 56 

Giraffe 60 

Gliding  Spiny  Rat 384 

Gnawers 89 

Goats 60 

Golden-bellied  Squirrel 115 

Golden  Mouse 169 

Goldman's  Harvest  Mouse 268 

Goldman's  Mouse 186 

Goldman's  Pocket  Gopher  ...  .316,  339 

Goldman's  Pocket  Mouse 365 

Goldman's  Rat 288 

Goldman's  Rice  Rat   246 

Goldman's  Spermophile   151 

Goldman's  Spiny  Rat 373 

Goldman's  Squirrel 130 

Gopher,  Blackish  Pocket 335 


PACK. 

Gopher,  Boquete  Pocket ,   329 

Gopher,  Bristled  Pocket 324 

Gopher,  Broad-footed  Pocket 329 

Gopher,  Buller's  Pocket 320 

Gopher,  Cervine  Pocket 340 

Gopher,  Cherrie's  Pocket 330 

Gopher,  Chestnut-faced  Pocket  ...    315 

Gopher,  Digger  Pocket 324 

Gopher,  Flat-headed  Pocket 319 

Gopher,  Fulvous  Pocket 316 

Gopher,  Giant  Pocket 322 

Gopher,  Goldman's  Pocket  ..  .  .316,  339 
Gopher,  Harsh-coated  Pocket  ....    326 

Gopher,  Irazu  Pocket 328 

Gopher,  Juarez  Pocket 338 

Gopher,  Las  Vigas  Pocket 314 

Gopher,  Lost  Pocket 338 

Gopher,  Merriam's  Pocket 313 

Gopher,  Mountain 314 

Gopher,  Mount  Iztaccihuatl  Pocket  314 

Gopher,  Naked-tailed  Pocket 318 

Gopher,  Narrow-headed  Pocket  ...    328 

Gopher,  Neglected  Pocket 320 

Gopher,  Nelson's  Pocket 324,  339 

Gopher,  Orizaba  Pocket 337 

Gopher,  Pacuare  Pocket 330 

Gopher,  Pale  Pocket 340 

Gopher,  Perote  Pocket 313 

Gopher,  Pine  Zone  Pocket 332 

Gopher,  Plateau  Pocket 336 

Gopher,  Reddish  Brown  Pocket .  .  .   334 

Gopher,  Sand-loving  Pocket 310 

Gopher,  San  Pedro  Martir  Pocket  .  336 

Gopher,  Santa  Anita  Pocket 335 

Gopher,  Sierra  Laguna  Pocket  ....    335 

Gopher,  Sinaloa  Pocket 339 

Gopher,  Slender-nosed  Pocket  ....    319 

Gopher,  Sooty  Pocket 318 

Gopher,  Tatameles  Pocket 338 

Gopher,  Tough-skinned  Pocket..  .  .    319 

Gopher,  Tropical  Pocket 326 

Gopher,  Troublesome  Pocket 337 

Gopher,  Wandering  Pocket 337 

Gopher,  White-nosed  Pocket 322 

Gophers 138,  308,  309,  332,  408 

Gophers,  Ancient  Pocket 320 

Gophers,  Broad-headed  Pocket..  .  .    316 

Gophers,  Distinct  Pocket 325 

Gophers,  Large  Size  Pocket 326 

Gophers,  Pocket 309,  310,  332 

Gophers,  Powerful  Pocket 311 


xxxiv 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Gophers,  Straight-headed  Pocket  .  322 

Gophers,  Zygomata  Pocket 330 

Gray-backed  Harvest  Mouse 272 

Gray  Desert  Jack  Rabbit 436 

Gray-faced  Wood  Rat 297 

Gray  Opossum 7 

Gray  Pocket  Mouse 367 

Gray's  Black  Squirrel 128 

Gray's  Dolphin 59 

Grayson's  Hare 426 

Gray  Spiny  Rat 373 

Gray's  Spiny  Mouse 375 

Gray  Squirrel,  Arizona 109 

Gray  Squirrel,  California 130 

Gray  Squirrel,  Little 102 

Gray  Squirrels 93 

Gray  Whale 40 

Great  Anteater 24,  29,  30 

Great  California  Pocket  Mouse  ...  367 

Greater  Desert  Hare 423 

Great-tailed  Mouse 212 

Greenland  Whale 43 

Grizzled  Mouse 196 

Ground-hogs 90 

Ground  Porcupines 399 

Ground  Squirrels 89,  90 

Ground  Squirrels,  American 134 

Guatemalan  Meadow  Vole 306 

Guatemalan  Rice  Rat 241 

Guatemala  Squirrel 124 

Guerrero  Field  Mouse,  Thomas'  ...  213 

Guerrero  Squirrel 120 

Guinea-pig 411 

Gundlach's  Hutia 392 

Gunnison's  Prairie-dog 156 

Hairy  Hutia 390 

Haitan  Hutia 396 

Hamilton  Smith's  Deer 74 

Handsome  Kangaroo  Rat 345 

Hare,  Allied 424 

Hare,  Arizona 423 

Hare,  Ash-colored 429 

Hare,  Attwater's  Swamp 414 

Hare,  Audubon's 422 

Hare,  Bachman's  Wood 429 

Hare,  Cerros  Island 428 

Hare,  Durango 425 

Hare,  Fleet 428 

Hare,  Gabb's 426 

Hare,  Grayson's 426 


PAGE. 

Hare,  Greater  Desert 423 

Hare,  Holzner's 419 

Hare,  Lesser  Desert 423 

Hare,  Little 421 

Hare,  Lower  California 430 

Hare,  Michoacan 417 

Hare,  Nelson's 412 

Hare,  Nuttall's 425 

Hare,  Orizaba 425 

Hare,  Plains 421 

Hare,  Puebla 418 

Hare,  Russet 420 

Hare,  San  Diego 422 

Hare,  Small-footed 436 

Hare,  Swamp 415 

Hare,  Tehuantepec 418 

Hare,  True's  Swamp 415 

Hare,  Vera  Cruz 420 

Hare,  Washington 410 

Hare,  Yucatan 419 

Hares 89,  409,  410,  411 

Hares,  Arctic 410 

Hares,  Chief 411 

Harris's  Spermophile 141 

Harsh-coated  Pocket  Gopher 326 

Harvest  Mice 255 

Harvest  Mouse 89,  161 

Harvest  Mouse,  Alpine 266 

Harvest  Mouse,  Ameca 270 

Harvest  Mouse,  Big-eared 259 

Harvest  Mouse,  Brownsville 264 

Harvest  Mouse,  Calel 269 

Harvest  Mouse,  Captious 263 

Harvest  Mouse,  Chichen  Itza 265 

Harvest  Mouse,  Chiriqui 259 

Harvest  Mouse,  Cinereous 262 

Harvest  Mouse,  Cofre  de  Perote  .  .    267 

Harvest  Mouse,  Colima 267 

Harvest  Mouse,  Costa  Rica 267 

Harvest  Mouse,  Dusky 261,  272 

Harvest  Mouse,  Goldman's 268 

Harvest  Mouse,  Gray-backed 272 

Harvest  Mouse,  Hispid 270 

Harvest  Mouse,  Irazu  Volcano  ....    259 

Harvest  Mouse,  Jalapa 267 

Harvest  Mouse,  Large-eared 271 

Harvest  Mouse,  Las  Vigas 262 

Harvest  Mouse,  Long- tailed 261 

Harvest  Mouse,  Lower  California.  .   262 

Harvest  Mouse,  Mexican 264 

Harvest  Mouse,  Mountain 263 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 
Harvest  Mouse,  Mount  Popocatepetl  265 

Harvest  Mouse,  Oaxaca 270 

Harvest  Mouse,  Oposura 264 

Harvest  Mouse,  Orizaba 266 

Harvest  Mouse,  Patzcuaro 271 

Harvest  Mouse,  Peninsular 263 

Harvest  Mouse,  Rufous 268 

Harvest  Mouse,  San  Sebastian  ....    270 

Harvest  Mouse,  Slender 265 

Harvest  Mouse,  Slender-nosed  ....    268 

Harvest  Mouse,  Tlalpam 271 

Harvest  Mouse,  Todos  Santos  ....    269 

Harvest  Mouse,  Valparaiso 260 

Harvest  Mouse,  Volcan  Toluca  .  .  .    266 

Harvest  Mouse,  White-lipped 269 

Heavy  Peccary 64 

Hedge-hog  Rats 382 

Heller's  Pocket  Mouse 360 

Hippopotamus  . 60 

Hispid  Harvest  Mouse 270 

Hispid  Pocket  Mouse 360 

Hoary  Spiny  Mouse 375 

Hispid  Spiny  Rat 371 

Hoffmann's  Sloth 20,  2  r 

Hoffmann's  Squirrel 104 

Hog 60 

Hog-fish 48 

Hollow-horned  Ruminants 67,  83 

Holzner's  Hare 419 

Honduras  Spiny  Mouse 381 

Honduras  Squirrel 128 

Hoofed  Quadrupeds 60 

Horse 60 

House  Mouse 163 

House  Mouse,  Allied 180 

House  Mouse,  Jalapa 163 

House  Rat 222 

House  Rats 306 

Huachuca  Squirrel 109 

Huehuetan  Spiny  Mouse 380 

Hump-backed  Whale 41 

Hutia,  Black-tailed 391 

Hutia,  Gundlach's 392 

Hutia,  Hairy 390 

Hutia,  Haitan 396 

Hutia,  Ingraham's 394 

Hutia,  Lanceolate-spot 392 

Hutia,  Prehensile-tailed 391 

Hutia,  Short-tailed 393 

Hutia,  White-banded 394 

Hyrax 60 


HACK. 

Ice  Whale 39 

Imitator  Mouse 205 

Ingraham's  Hutia 394 

Intermediate  Pocket  Mouse 364 

Irazu  Pocket  Gopher 328 

Irazu  Volcano  Harvest  Mouse  ....    259 

Island  of  Cozumel  Mouse 181 

Island  of  Cozumel  Opossum 15 

Island  of  Tiburon  Mouse 175 

Island  Opossum 17 

Isolated  Rice  Rat 254 

Isthmian  Agouti 407 

Isthmian  Spiny  Mouse 378 

Isthmian  Wood  Rat 287 

Jabali 63 

Jackass  Rabbit,  Batty's 433 

Jack  Rabbit,  Allen's 434 

Jack  Rabbit,  Beautiful-cared 431 

Jack  Rabbit,  California 437 

Jack  Rabbit,  Desert 435 

Jack  Rabbit,  Desert   Gray 436 

Jack  Rabbit,  Donkey 435 

Jack  Rabbit,  Expinto  Santo  Island  438 

Jack  Rabbit,  Gaillard's 433 

Jack  Rabbit,  Lower  California  ....   438 

Jack  Rabbit,  Merriam's 432 

Jack  Rabbit,  San  Pedro  Martir  .  .  .   439 

Jack  Rabbit,  Wandering 434 

Jack  Rabbits 410,  411 

Jalapa  Brown  Mouse 176 

Jalapa  Field  Mouse 208 

Jalapa  Harvest  Mouse 267 

Jalapa  House  Mouse 163 

Jalapan  Mouse 192 

Jalapa  Rice  Rat 246 

Jalisco  Small-cared  Mouse 179 

Jamaica  Rice  Rat 247 

Jaral  Pocket  Mouse 365 

Jet  Mouse 1 79 

Juarez  Pocket  Gopher 338 

Jumping  Mice 89 

Juquila  Mouse 179 

Juquila  Wood  Rat 288 

Kangaroo,  Giant i 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Allied 347 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Black-nosed 348 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Black-tailed 348 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Chapman's 350 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Desert 345 


xxxvi 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Doubtful 346 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Dusky 351 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Handsome 345 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Merriam's 346 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Nimble 351 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Ord's 350 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Ornamented 344 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Palmer's 350 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Perote 344 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Phillips' 343 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Small 346 

Kangaroo  Rat,  Tiburon  Island  .  .  .    344 

Kangaroo  Rats 340,  341,  348,  352 

Kangaroo  Rats,  Five-toed 349 

Kangaroo  Rats,  Four-toed 341 

Killer 49 

Killers 49,  50 

Killer  Whale 50 

Killer  Whale,  Common 51 

Killer  Whale,  Large-toothed 57 

Killer  Whales 40,47,  50,  51 

Kindred  Mouse 202 

La  Carpintera  Field  Mouse 198 

Lanceolate-spot  Hutia 392 

La  Palma  Field  Mouse 194 

La  Parada  Spiny  Rat 369 

Large  Cotton  Rat 228 

Large-eared  Field  Mouse 210 

Large-eared  Harvest  Mouse 271 

Large-eared  Mole  Mouse 169 

Large-eared  Wood  Rat 279 

Large-sized  Pocket  Gophers 326 

Large-toothed  Killer  Whale 51 

La  Salada  Deer  Mouse   190 

Las  Vigas  Harvest  Mouse 262 

Las  Vigas  Pocket  Gopher 314 

Least  Cotton  Rat 230 

Lemmings 298 

Lesser  Desert  Hare 423 

Liebre 431 

Light-colored  Porcupine 401 

Linnaean  Opossum 15 

Lion  Hill  Squirrel 105 

Little  Desert  Pocket  Mouse 358 

Little  Gray  Squirrel 102 

Little  Hare 421 

Little  or  Two-toed  Anteater 25,  26 

Little  Spiny  Mouse 377 

Littoral  Spiny  Mouse 381 

Llamas  . .  60 


PAGE. 

Lonely  Rice  Rat 244 

Long-haired  Rice  Rat : 245 

Long-nosed  Dolphin 58 

Long-nosed  Mouse 209 

Long-nosed  Spiny  Mouse 378 

Long-spined  Porcupines 397 

Long-tailed  Harvest  Mouse 261 

Long-tailed  Rice  Rat 238 

Long-tailed  Spermophile 149 

Long-tailed  Spiny  Rat 372 

Lost  Pocket  Gopher 338 

Lower  California  Chipmunk 136 

Lower  California  Deer 78 

Lower  California  Hare 430 

Lower  California  Harvest  Mouse  . .  262 

Lower  California  Jack  Rabbit 438 

Lower  California  Mountain  Sheep .  84 

Lower  California  Rice  Rat 236 

Lower  California  Spermophile 143 

Lower  California  Wood  Rat 283 

Madoqua 79 

Mammals,  American 255 

Mammals,  Pouched i 

Manatee 35,  36,  37 

Manatees 36 

Manzanillo  Squirrel 122 

Margarita  Pocket  Mouse 363 

Maria  Madre  Island  Mouse 197 

Maria  Madre  Island  Opossum  ....  7 

Maria  Madre  Island  Rice  Rat  ....  235 

Marmot 152 

Marmots 90 

Marsh  Rice  Rat 237 

Marsupials i 

Mascota  Cotton  Rat 227 

Meadow  Mice 298 

Meadow  Mouse,  Rio  Sestin 260 

Meadow  Vole,  Coues' 303 

Meadow  Vole,  Dark 302 

Meadow  Vole,  Fulvous-bellied  ....  301 

Meadow  Vole,  Guatemalan 306 

Meadow  Vole,  Mexican 301 

Meadow  Vole,  Mount  Zempoaltepec  305 

Meadow  Vole,  Reddish 302 

Mearns'  Squirrel 133 

Merriam's  Chipmunk 137 

Merriam's  Jack  Rabbit 432 

Merriam's  Kangaroo  Rat 346 

Merriam's  Pocket  Gopher 313 

Merriam's  Pocket  Mouse 354 


INDEX    OF   COMMON    NAMES. 


.XXXVI, 


PAGE. 

Mexican  Agouti 405 

Mexican  Chipmunk 136 

Mexican  Deer 72 

Mexican  Harvest  Mouse 264 

Mexican  Meadow  Vole 301 

Mexican  Mountain  Sheep 86 

Mexican  Mouse 207 

Mexican  Murine  Opossum 6 

Mexican  Prairie-dog 156 

Mexican  Pocket  Mouse 355 

Mexican  Prong-horn 81,  82 

Mexican  Spermophile 146 

Mexican  Tree  Porcupine 401 

Mexican  Wood  Rat 282 

Mice 162 

Mice,  Deer 170 

Mice,  Field 89,  1 70 

Mice,  Harvest 255 

Mice,  Jumping 89 

Mice,  Meadow 298 

Mice,  Mole 165 

Mice,  Pocket 341,  352,  368 

Michoacan  Hare 417 

Michoacan  Squirrel 118 

Miller's  Armadillo 31,  32 

Mimic  Mouse 180 

Mole  Mice 165 

Mole  Mouse,  Black-browed 166 

Mole  Mouse,  Drab  Gray 168 

Mole  Mouse,  Large-eared 169 

Mole  Mouse,  Pale 167 

Mole  Mouse,  Ramona 167 

Mole  Mouse,  Sand-loving 168 

Mole  Mouse,  Tropical 167,  1 68 

Moles 89 

Moose 67 

J\Ioran   63 

Mountain  Gopher 314 

Mountain  Harvest  Mouse 263 

Mountain  Mouse 200 

Mountain  Sheep 83 

Mountain  Sheep,  Lower  California       84 

Mountain  Sheep,  Mexican 86 

Mountain  Squirrel 121 

Mountain  Wood  Rat 294 

Mount  Iztaccihuatl  Pocket  Gopher  314 

Mount  Malinche  Mouse 195 

Mount  Popocatepetl  Harvest  Mouse  265 

Mt.  Tancitaro  Wood  Rat 290 

Mount  Zempoaltepec  Field  Mouse.    204 
Mount  Zempoaltepec  Meadow  Vole  305 


FAGH. 

Mouse 93,161 

Mouse,  Alien 208 

Mouse,  Allen's  Spiny 376 

Mouse,  Allied 192 

Mouse,  Allied  Desert 185 

Mouse,  Allied  Field   180 

Mouse,  Allied  House 180 

Mouse,  Alpine  Harvest 266 

Mouse,  Alston's 273 

Mouse,  Ameca  Harvest 270 

Mouse,  Anthony's  Field 185 

Mouse,  Anthony's  Pocket 366 

Mouse,  Apazote 194 

Mouse,  Arizona  Field 186 

Mouse,  Ashy  Gray  Field 195 

Mouse,  Aztec 1 84 

Mouse,  Bailey's  Pocket 361 

Mouse,  Baird's  Pocket 354 

Mouse,  Banderas  Field 190 

Mouse,  Bang's  Red 275 

Mouse,  Batopilas  Pocket 365 

Mouse,  Big-eared  Harvest 259 

Mouse,  Black-browed 201 

Mouse,  Black-browed  Mole 166 

Mouse,  Black-eared  Field 178 

Mouse,  Black-eared  Pocket 356 

Mouse,  Black-footed 210 

Mouse,  Black-tailed 192 

Mouse,  Boquete 214,  274 

Mouse,  Boyle's 195 

Mouse,  Broad-nosed  Pocket 359 

Mouse,  Brownsville  Harvest 264 

Mouse,  Bryant's  Pocket 364 

Mouse,  Buff-colored  Pocket 362 

Mouse,  Calel  Harvest 269 

Mouse,  California 203 

Mouse,  Cape  St.  Lucas  Pocket  ....    363 

Mouse,  Captious  Harvest 263 

Mouse,  Catemaco  Spiny 380 

Mouse,  Cecil's 178 

Mouse,  Cerros  Island 185 

Mouse,  Cherric's  Costa  Rican 183 

Mouse,  Chichen  Itza  Harvest 265 

Mouse,  Chilpancingo 206 

Mouse,  Chiriqui  Harvest 259 

Mouse,  Chubby  ....  •   205 

Mouse,  Cinereous  Harvest 262 

Mouse,  Cofre  de  Perote  Harvest  .  .    266 

Mouse,  Colima  City 175 

Mouse,  Colima  Harvest 267 

Mouse,  Coolidge's  Field 187 


xxxviii 


INDEX   OF    COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Mouse,  Costa  Rica  Harvest 267 

Mouse,  Crested-tailed 204 

Mouse,  Curly  Spiny 380 

Mouse,  Dark- tailed  Spiny 379 

Mouse,  Deer 169 

Mouse,  Desert 191 

Mouse,  Desert  White-footed 188 

Mouse,  Drab  Gray  Mole 168 

Mouse,  Dryad 204 

Mouse,  Dusky  Harvest 261,  272 

Mouse,  Dusky  Spiny 379 

Mouse,  Dwarf 175 

Mouse,  Eastern  Desert  Pocket  ....  359 

Mouse,  Energetic 203 

Mouse,  Eve's 198 

Mouse,  Feeble 186 

Mouse,  Fluffy 211 

Mouse,  Foreign 197 

Mouse,  Franklin  Mountains 196 

Mouse,  Frisky 199 

Mouse,  Fulvous 183 

Mouse,  Gadow's 201 

Mouse,  Gentle 182 

Mouse,  Golden 169 

Mouse,  Goldman's 186 

Mouse,  Goldman's  Harvest 268 

Mouse,  Goldman's  Pocket 365 

Mouse,  Gray-backed  Harvest 272 

Mouse,  Gray  Pocket 367 

Mouse,  Gray's  Spiny 375 

Mouse,  Great  California  Pocket  ...  367 

Mouse,  Great-tailed 212 

Mouse,  Grizzled 196 

Mouse,  Harvest 89,  161 

Mouse,  Heller's  Pocket 360 

Mouse,  Hispid  Harvest 270 

Mouse,  Hispid  Pocket 360 

Mouse,  Hoary  Spiny,! 375 

Mouse,  Honduras  Spiny 381 

Mouse,  House 163 

Mouse,  Huehuetan  Spiny 380 

Mouse,  Imitator 205 

Mouse,  Intermediate  Pocket 364 

Mouse,  Irazu  Volcano  Harvest.  ...  259 

Mouse,  Island  of  Cozumel 181 

Mouse,  Island  of  Tiburon 175 

Mouse,  Isthmian  Spiny 378 

Mouse,  Jalapa  Brown 176 

Mouse,  Jalapa  Field 208 

Mouse,  Jalapa  Harvest 267 

Mouse,  Jalapa  House 163 


PAGE. 

Mouse,  Jalapan 192 

Mouse,  Jalisco  Small-eared 179 

Mouse,  Jaral  Pocket 365 

Mouse,  Jet 179 

Mouse,  Juquila 179 

Mouse,  Kindred 202 

Mouse,  La  Carpintera  Field 198 

Mouse,  La  Palma  Field 194 

Mouse,  Large-eared  Field 210 

Mouse,  Large-eared  Harvest 271 

Mouse,  Large-eared  Mole 169 

Mouse,  La  Salada  Deer 190 

Mouse,  Las  Vigas  Harvest 262 

Mouse,  Little  Desert  Pocket 358 

Mouse,  Little  Spiny 377 

Mouse,  Littoral  Spiny 381 

Mouse,  Long-nosed 209 

Mouse,  Long-nosed  Spiny 378 

Mouse,  Long-tailed  Harvest 261 

Mouse,  Lower  California  Harvest  .  262 

Mouse,  Margarita  Pocket 363 

Mouse,  Maria  Madre  Island 197 

Mouse,  Merriam's  Pocket 354 

Mouse,  Mexican    207 

Mouse,  Mexican  Harvest 264 

Mouse,  Mexican  Pocket 355 

Mouse,  Mimic 180 

Mouse,  Mountain 

Mouse,  Mountain  Harvest 

Mouse,  Mount  Malinche 

Mouse,   Mount   Popocatepetl   Har- 
vest   265 

Mouse,  Mount  Zempoaltepec  Field.  204 

Mouse,  Mule-eared 199 

Mouse,  Naked-eared 188 

Mouse,  Nelson's  Field 214 

Mouse,  Nelson's  Pocket 364 

Mouse,  Nelson's  Spiny 382 

Mouse,  Oaxaca  Field 206 

Mouse,  Oaxaca  Harvest 270 

Mouse,  Odd -tailed   202 

Mouse,  Oposura  Harvest 264 

Mouse,  Orizaba  Field 207 

Mouse,  Orizaba  Harvest 266 

Mouse,  Ozolotepec 210 

Mouse,  Pacific  Pocket 355 

Mouse,  Painted  Spiny 377 

Mouse,  Pale  Mole 167 

Mouse,  Pallid  Pocket 366 

Mouse,  Patzcuaro  Harvest 271 

Mouse,  Peninsular  Harvest 263 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


xxxix 


PAGE. 

Mouse,  Perote 193 

Mouse,  Platinar  Spiny 377 

Mouse,  Price's  Pocket 358 

Mouse,  Puerto  Angel 190 

Mouse,  Ramona  Mole 167 

Mouse,  Related  White-footed 184 

Mouse,  Rio  Grande  White-footed   .  188 

Mouse,  Rio  Sestin  Meadow 260 

Mouse,  Rock 208 

Mouse,  Rowley's  Pine 189 

Mouse,  Rufous  Harvest 268 

Mouse,  Sachem  or  Chief 203 

Mouse,  San  Clemente  Island 187 

Mouse,  San  Cristobal  Field 209 

Mouse,  Sand-loving 191 

Mouse,  Sand-loving  Mole 168 

Mouse,  San  Felipe  Field 205 

Mouse,  San  Geronimo  Island  Field.  181 

Mouse,  San  Martin  Island 183 

Mouse,  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains  189 

Mouse,  San  Quentin 200 

Mouse,  San  Quentin  Pocket 362 

Mouse,  San  Sebastian  Harvest  ....  270 
Mouse,  Short-eared  California  Pocket 

366 

Mouse,  Short -nosed  Pocket 355 

Mouse,  Shy  Field 197 

Mouse,  Sinaloa  Pocket 359 

Mouse,  Slender  Harvest 265 

Mouse,  Slender-nosed  Harvest  ....  268 

Mouse,  Slender-nosed  Pocket 358 

Mouse,  Smallest  Spiny 377 

Mouse,  Sonora  Spiny 379 

Mouse,  Sonora  White-footed  Field.  182 

Mouse,  Soncyta  Desert 198 

Moust ,  Sooty 176,211 

Mouse,  Spiny  Pocket 363 

Mouse,  Stephens'  Field 191 

Mouse,  Strange  Pocket 361 

Mouse,  Teapa 207 

Mouse,  Tehuan tepee  Field 206 

Mouse,  Texan  Field 186 

Mouse,  Thomas'  Guerrero  Field  ...  213 

Mouse,  Thurber's  Field 177 

Mouse,  Tiny 176 

Mouse,  Tlalpam  Field 196 

Mouse,  Tlalpam  Harvest 271 

Mouse,  Todos  Santos 211 

Mouse,  Todos  Santos  Harvest  ....  269 

Mouse,  Todos  Santos  Island 181 

Mouse,  Torrid  Spiny 376 


PAGE. 

Mouse,  Totontepec  Field 208 

Mouse,  Troublesome 193 

Mouse.  Tropical  Mole 167,  168 

Mouse,  Uruapan  Spiny 378 

Mouse.  Valparaiso  Harvest 260 

Mouse,  Vera  Cruz  Spiny 379 

Mouse,  Volcan  of  Irazu 274 

Mouse,  Volcan  Toluca  Harvest  .  .  .  266 

Mouse,  White-footed 169 

Mouse,  White-lipped  Harvest 269 

Mouse,  White-spot  Deer 178 

Mouse,  White-tailed 201 

Mouse,  Xometla 184 

Mouse,  Yohaltun 177 

Mouse,  Yucatan 194 

Mouse,  Zacatecas  Pocket 361 

Mouse,  Zamora 202 

Mule  Armadillo 33 

Mule  Deer 76 

Mule  Deer,  California 77 

Mule  Deer,  Chihuahua 78 

Mule  Deer,  Desert 77 

Mule-eared  Mouse 199 

Mulita 32 

Muntjac 79 

Murine  Opossum 5 

Murine  Opossum,  Mexican 6 

Musk  Deer 67 ,  403 

Musk  Oxen 83 

Muskrat 161,  306,  388 

Muskrat,  Pale 308 

Muskrats 306 

Naked-eared  Mouse 188 

Naked-tailed  Pocket  Gopher 318 

Naked-tailed  Rat 217 

Naked-tailed  Wood  Rats 277 

Narrow-headed  Pocket  Gopher..  .  .  328 

Narrow-headed  Wood  Rat 285 

Narwhal 47 

Nayarit  Squirrel 108 

Neglected  Pocket  Gopher 320 

Nelson 's  Deer 75 

Nelson's  Field  Mouse 214 

Nelson's  Hare 4' 2 

Nelson's  Pocket  Gopher 324,  339 

Nelson's  Pocket  Mouse 364 

Nelson's  Spiny  Mouse 382 

Nelson's  Squirrel .  121 

Nelson's  Wood  Rat 29* 

Nicaraguan  Spiny  Rat 387 


xl 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Nicaragua  Squirrel 127 

Nimble  Kangaroo  Rat 351 

Nine-banded  Armadillo 34 

Northern  Tenasserim 93 

Norway  Rat 164 

Nuttall's  Hare 425 

Oak  Woods  Squirrel 118 

Oaxaca  Field  Mouse 206 

Oaxaca  Harves    Mouse 270 

Oaxaca  Opossum * 

Oaxaca  Squirrel 1x7 

Ochraceous-faced  Cotton  Rat 230 

Ocotlan  Cotton  Rat 229 

Ocotlan  Rice  Rat 240 

Octodonts 382 

Odd-tailed  Mouse 202 

Opossum x 

Opossum,  Allen's 13 

Opossum,  Alston's 9 

Opossum,  Ashy 6 

Opossum,  Batty 's 18 

Opossum,  Earl  of  Derby's 9 

Opossum,  Eten 18 

Opossum,  Fulvous-bellied 8 

Opossum,  Gray 7 

Opossum,  Island 17 

Opossum,  Island  of  Cozumel 15 

Opossum,  Linnasan 15 

Opossum,  Maria  Madre  Island  ....        7 

Opossum,  Mexican  Murine 6 

Opossum,  Murine 5 

Opossum,  Oaxaca 8 

Opossum,  Orizaba 13 

Opossum,  Pale  Woolly 1 1 

Opossum,  Rat-tailed 12 

Opossum,  Richmond's 17 

Opossum,  Sinaloa 6 

Opossum  Tabasco 1 6 

Opossum,  Texas 16 

Opossum,  Water .3 

Opossum,  Yucatan 14 

Opossums i 

Oposura  Harvest  Mouse 264 

Orcas 47.50 

Ord's  Kangaroo  Rat 350 

Orizaba  Field  Mouse 207 

Orizaba  Hare 425 

Orizaba  Harvest  Mouse 266 

Orizaba  Opossum 13 

Orizaba  Pocket  Gopher 337 


PAGE. 

Orizaba  Wood  Rat 286 

Ornamented  Kangaroo  Rat 344 

Oso  Colmenero 27 

Oso  Real 29 

Otter i 

Ox 38 

Ozolotepec  Field  Mouse 210 

Paca 403 ,  408 

Paca,  Central  American   408,  409 

Pacific  Pocket  Mouse 355 

Pacuare  Pocket  Gopher 330 

Painted  Spiny  Mouse 377 

Painted  Wood  Rat 287 

Pale  Mole  Mouse 167 

Pale  Musk  Rat 308 

Pale  Pocket  Gopher 340 

Pale  Rice  Rat 238 

Pale  Woolly  Opossum i  r 

Pallid  Pocket  Mouse 366 

Palmer's  Kangaroo  Rat 350 

Panama  Rat 219 

Panama  Rice  Rat 241 

Panama  Spiny  Rat 387 

Pangolins 19 

Patzcuaro  Harvest  Mouse 271 

Peccaries 61 

Peccary,  Armeria 63 

Peccary,  Boquete 65 

Peccary,  Dwarf 62 

Peccary,  Heavy 64 

Peccary,  Savage 66 

Peccary,  Sonora 64 

Peccary,  Texan 63 

Peccary,  White-lipped 65,  66 

Peccary,  Yucatan 63 

Peninsular  Harvest  Mouse 263 

Perico  Lijero 20 

Perote  Kangaroo  Rat 344 

Perote  Mouse 1 93 

Perote  Pocket  Gopher 313 

Perote  Squirrel 117 

Perote  Wood  Rat 293 

Perrito 155 

Perrito  del  Campo 155 

Phillips'  Kangaroo  Rat 343 

Pigmy  Sperm  Whale 46 

Pigmy  Squirrel,  Alfaro's 99 

Pigmy  Squirrel,  Chiriqui 100 

Pigs 61 

Pikas 411 


INDEX   OF   COMMON    NAMES. 


xli 


PAGE. 

Pilot  or  Ca'ing  Whale 53 

Pine  Mouse,  Rowley's 189 

Pine  Zone  Pocket  Gopher 332 

Plains  Hare 421 

Plain-tailed  Spermophile 152 

Plateau  Pocket  Gopher 336 

Platinar  Spiny  Mouse 377 

Pocket  Gopher.  Blackish 335 

Pocket  Gopher,  Boquete 329 

Pocket  Gopher,  Bristled 324 

Pocket  Gopher,  Broad-footed 329 

Pocket  Gopher,  Buller's 320 

Pocket  Gopher,  Cervine 340 

Pocket  Gopher,  Cherrie's 330 

Pocket  Gopher.  Chestnut-faced  ...    315 

Pocket  Gopher,  Digger 324 

Pocket  Gopher,  Flat-headed 319 

Pocket  Gopher,  Fulvous 316 

Pocket  Gopher,  Giant 322 

Pocket  Gopher,  Goldman's  ...  .316,  339 
Pocket  Gopher,  Harsh  Coated  ....    326 

Pocket  Gopher,  Irazu 328 

Pocket  Gopher,  Juarez 338 

Pocket  Gopher,  Las  Vigas 314 

Pocket  Gopher,  Lost 338 

Pocket  Gopher,  Merriam's 313 

Pocket  Gopher,  Mount  Iztaccihuatl  314 

Pocket  Gopher,  Naked-tailed 318 

Pocket  Gopher,  Narrow-headed  ..  .    328 

Pocket  Gopher,  Neglected 320 

Pocket  Gopher,  Nelson's 324.339 

Pocket  Gopher,  Orizaba 337 

Pocket  Gopher,  Pacuare 330 

Pocket  Gopher,  Pale 340 

Pocket  Gopher,  Perote 313 

Pocket  Gopher,  Pine  Zone 332 

Pocket  Gopher,  Plateau 336 

Pocket  Gopher,  Reddish  Brown  .  .  .   334 

Pocket  Gopher,  Sand-loving 310 

Pocket  Gopher,  San  Pedro  Martir  .  336 

Pocket  Gopher,  Santa  Anita 335 

Pocket  Gopher,  Sierra  Laguna  ....   335 

Pocket  Gopher,  Sinaloa 339 

Pocket  Gopher,  Slender-nosed  ....    319 

Pocket  Gopher,  Sooty 318 

Pocket  Gopher,  Tatameles 338 

Pocket  Gopher,  Tough-skinned. ...    319 

Pocket  Gopher,  Tropical 326 

Pocket  Gopher,  Troublesome 337 

Pocket  Gopher,  Wandering 337 

Pocket  Gopher,  White-nosed 322 


PAC;K. 

Pocket  Gophers 309,  310,  332 

Pocket  Gophers,  Ancient 320 

Pocket  Gophers,  Broad -headed..  .  .  316 

Pocket-Gophers,  Distinct 325 

Pocket  Gophers,  Large  Sized 326 

Pocket  Gophers,  Powerful 311 

Pocket  Gophers,  Straight-headed   .  322 

Pocket  Gophers,  Zygomata 330 

Pocket  Mice   341,  352,  368 

Pocket  Mouse,  Anthony's 366 

Pocket  Mouse,  Bailey's 361 

Pocket  Mouse,  Baird's 354 

Pocket  Mouse,  Batopilas 365 

Pocket  Mouse,  Black-eared 356 

Pocket  Mouse,  Broad-nosed 359 

Pocket  Mouse,  Bryant's 364 

Pocket  Mouse,  Buff-colored 362 

Pocket  Mouse,  Cape  St.  Lucas  ....  363 

Pocket  Mouse,  Eastern  Desert  ....  359 

Pocket  Mouse,  Goldman's 365 

Pocket  Mouse,  Gray 367 

Pocket  Mouse,  Great  California  ...  367 

Pocket  Mouse,  Heller's 360 

Pocket  Mouse,  Hispid 360 

Pocket  Mouse,  Intermediate 364 

Pocket  Mouse,  Jaral 365 

Pocket  Mouse,  Little  Desert 358 

Pocket  Mouse,  Margarita 363 

Pocket  Mouse,  Merriam's 354 

Pocket  Mouse,  Mexican 355 

Pocket  Mouse,  Nelson's  .. 364 

Pocket  Mouse,  Pacific 355 

Pocket  Mouse,  Pallid 366 

Pocket  Mouse,  Price's 358 

Pocket  Mouse,  San  Qucntin 362 

Pocket  Mouse,  Short-eared  Califor- 
nia    366 

Pocket  Mouse,  Short -nosed 355 

Pocket  Mouse,  Sinaloa 359 

Pocket  Mouse,  Slender-nosed 358 

Pocket  Mouse,  Spiny 363 

Pocket  Mouse,  Strange 361 

Pocket  Mouse,  Zacatecas 361 

Porcupine 397 

Porcupine,  Chiriqui 40* 

Porcupine,  Light-colored 401 

Porcupine,  Mexican  Tree.  . 401 

Porcupine,  Prehensile-tailed 402 

Porcupine,  Rothschild's  Tree 401 

Porcupine,  Western 397,  399 

Porcupine,  Yucatan  Tree 402 


xlii 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Porcupines 396 

Porcupines,  American 397 

Porcupines,  Ground 399 

Porcupines,  Long-spined 397 

Porcupines,  Short-spined 399 

Porcupines,  Tree 399 

Porpoise 47 .  49 

Porpoise,  Bottle-nosed 56 

Porpoise,  Common 49 

Porpoises 43,  48 

Pouched  Mammals i 

Pouched  Rats 89,  308 

Pouched  Rats,  Spiny 368 

Powerful  Pocket  Gophers 311 

Prairie-dog 155 

Prairie-dog,  Arizona 154 

Prairie-dog,  Gunnison's 156 

Prairie-dog,  Mexican 156 

Prairie-dogs 152,  153 

Prehensile-tailed  Hutia 391 

Prehensile-tailed  Porcupine 402 

Price's  Pocket  Mouse 358 

Projecting-teeth  Squirrel 91 

Prong-buck 81 

Prong-horn   81 

Prong-horn  Antelope 81 ,  82 

Prong-horn,  Mexican 81,82 

Puebla  Hare 418 

Puerto  Angel  Mouse 190 

Querendaro  Wood  Rat 282 

Rabbit 409,411 

Rabbit,  Allen's  Jack 434 

Rabbit,  Batty 's  Jackass 433 

Rabbit,  Beautiful-cared  Jack 431 

Rabbit,  California  Jack 437 

Rabbit,  Desert  Jack 435 

Rabbit,  Donkey  Jack 435 

Rabbit,  Espirito  Santo  Island  Jack.  438 

Rabbit,  Gaillard's  Jack 433 

Rabbit,  Gray  Desert  Jack 436 

Rabbit,  Lower  Califorr.ia  Jack  ....    438 

Rabbit,  Merriam's  Jack 432 

Rabbit,  San  Pedro  Martir  Jack  .  .  .    439 

Rabbit,  Wandering  Jack 434 

Rabbit,  Western  Desert 437 

Rabbits 89,409,410,411 

Rabbits,  Jack 410,411 

Ramona  Mole  Mouse 167 

Rat 89,  161 


PA(,E. 

Rat,  Active  Rice 250 

Rat,  Active  Wood 282 

Rat,  Alfaro's  Rice 242,  255 

Rat,  Allen's  Cotton 224 

Rat,  Allen's  Wood 297 

Rat  Allied  Kangaroo 347 

Rat,  Allied  Spiny 371 

Rat,  Alpine  Cotton 231 

Rat,  Alston's  Wood 294 

Rat,  Amoles  Cotton 231 

Rat,  Apazote 221 

Rat,  Arizona  Cotton 228 

Rat,  Aztec  Rice 245 

Rat,  Bailey's  Cotton 226 

Rat,  Berlandier's  Cotton 228 

Rat,  Black 1 64 

Rat,  Black-eared  Cotton 232 

Rat,  Black-eared  Rice 243 

Rat,  Black-nosed  Kangaroo 348 

Rat,  Black  Rice 250 

Rat,  Black  Spiny 370 

Rat,  Black-tailed  Kangaroo 348 

Rat,  Black-tailed  Wood 284 

Rat,  Bogava  Rice 245 

Rat,  Bogava  Spiny 387 

Rat,  Boqueron  Cotton 225 

Rat,  Boquete  Spiny ' 372 

Rat,  Boquete  Vesper 216 

Rat,  Boruca  Cotton 224 

Rat,  Broad-nosed  Rice 243 

Rat,  Brown 161,  165 

Rat,  Buller's  Rice 239 

Rat,  Buller's  Spiny 370 

Rat,  Ceiba  Cotton 225 

Rat,  Cerros  Island  Wood   280 

Rat,  Chapman's  Kangaroo 350 

Rat,  Chapman's  Rice 238 

Rat,  Cheating  Wood 295 

Rat,  Cherrie's  Rice 253 

Rat,  Chichen  Itza  Rice 236 

Rat,  Coban  Spiny 372 

Rat,  Collared  Wood 279 

Rat,  Collector  Wood 280 

Rat,  Coues'  Rice 236 

Rat,  Cozumel  Island  Rice 241 

Rat,  Deceitful  Rice 246 

Rat,  Desert  Kangarco 345 

Rat,  Doubtful  Kangaroo 346 

Rat,  Durango  Wood   285 

Rat,  Dusky-footed  Wood 279 

Rat,  Dusky  Kangaroo 351 


INDEX   OF   COMMON    NAMES. 


xli.l 


PAGE. 

Rat,  El  General  Rice 249 

Rat.  Escondido  River  Rice 248 

Rat,  Faded  Vesper 216 

Rat,  Fulvous-bellied  Cotton 232 

Rat,  Fulvous-bellied  Wood 289 

Rat,  Fulvous  Rice 247,  248 

Rat,  Gaumer's  Spiny 371 

Rat,  Gliding  Spiny 384 

Rat,  Goldman's 288 

Rat,  Goldman's  Rice 246 

Rut,  Goldman's  Spiny 373 

Rat,  Gray-faced  Wood   297 

Rat,  Gray  Spiny 373 

Rat,  Guatemalan  Rice 241 

Rat,  Handsome  Kangaroo 345 

Rat,  Hispid  Spiny 371 

Rat,  House 222 

Rat,  Isolated  Rice 254 

Rat,  Isthmian  Wood 287 

Rat,  Jalapa  Rice 246 

Rat,  Jamaica  Rice 247 

Rat,  Juquila  Wood 288 

Rat,  La  Parada  Spiny 369 

Rat,  Large  Cotton 228 

Rat,  Large-cared  Wood 279 

Rat,  Least  Cotton   230 

Rat,  Lonely  Rice 244 

Rat,  Long-haired  Rice 245 

Rat,  Long-tailed  Rice 238 

Rat,  Long-tailed  Spiny 372 

Rat,  Lower  California  Rice 236 

Rat,  Lower  California  Wood 283 

Rat,  Maria  Madre  Island  Rice  ....    235 

Rat,  Marsh  Rice 237 

Rat,  Mascota  Cotton 227 

Rat,  Merriam's  Kangaroo 346 

Rat,  Mexican  Wood 282 

Rat,  Mountain  Wood 294 

Rat,  Mt.  Tancitaro  Wood 290 

Rat,  Naked-tailed 217 

Rat,  Narrow-headed  Wood 285 

Rat,  Nelson's  Wood 292 

Rat,  Nicaraguan  Spiny 387 

Rat,  Nimble  Kangaroo 351 

Rat ,  Norway 164 

Rat,  Ochraceous-faced  Cotton  ....    230 

Rat,  Ocotlan  Cotton   229 

Rat,  Ocotlan  Rice 240 

Rat,  Ord's  Kangaroo 350 

Rat,  Orizaba  Wood 286 

Rat,  Ornamented  Kangaroo 344 


PAOI 

Rat.  Painted  Wood 287 

Rat,  Pale  Rice 238 

Rat,  Palmer's  Kangaroo 350 

Rat,  Panama 219 

Rat,  Panama  Rice 241 

Rat,  Panama  Spiny 387 

Rat,  Perote  Kangaroo 344 

Rat,  Perote  Wood 293 

Rat,  Phillips'  Kangaroo 343 

Rat,  Querendaro  Wood 282 

Rat,  Rhoad's  Wood 284 

Rat,  Rufous  Rice 239 

Rat,  Rusty  Wood 280 

Rat,  Salvin's  Spiny 370 

Rat,  San  Felipe  Desert 286 

Rat,  San  Miguel  Spiny 388 

Rat,  Santa  Maria  Volcano  Rice  ..  .    245 

Rat,  Shining  Rice 240 

Rat,  Short-spined 385 

Rat,  Short-tailed  Spiny 373 

Rat,  Sinaloa  Wood 283 

Rat,  Slender- tailed  Wood 286 

Rat,  Small-footed  Wood 281 

Rat,  Small  Kangaroo 346 

Rat,  Small-toothed  Cotton 226 

Rat,  Spotted  Spiny 373 

Rat,  St.  Lucia  Rice 251 

Rat,  Striped-face  Rice 237 

Rat,  St.  Vincent  Rice 244 

Rat,  Suerre  Rice 254 

Rat,  Sumichrast's  Vesper 216 

Rat,  Tabascan  Rice 237 

Rat,  Talamanca  Rice 241 

Rat,  Teapa  Cotton 225 

Rat,  Teapa  Rice 244,  247 

Rat,  Tcxolo  Wood 278 

Rat,  Tiburon  Island  Kangaroo  .  .  .   344 
Rat,  Todos  Santos  Island  Wood..  .    284 

Rat,  Toltcc  Cotton 226 

Rat.  Tonala  Cotton 229 

Rat,  Tonila  Rice 242 

Rat,  Tropical  Wood 288 

Rat,  Tumbala 218 

Rat,  Tumbala  Rice 239 

Rat,  Tunkas 221 

Rat,  Tuxtla 219 

Rat,  Volcan  dc  Chiriqui  Cotton  ..  .    231 

Rat,  Wandering  Rice 243 

Rat,  Watson's 219 

Rat,  Western  Desert  Cotton 227 

Rat.  White-bellied  Rice 236 


xliv 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Rat,  White-eared  Cotton 230 

Rat,  White-throated  Wood 285 

Rat,  White-toothed  Wood 281 

Rat,  Wood 275 

Rat,  Zacatecas  Wood 290 

Rats 162 

Rats,  Aquatic 89 

Rats,  Arboreal 388 

Rats,  Cotton 89,  222 

Rats,  Five-toed  Kangaroo 349 

Rats,  Four-toed  Kangaroo 341 

Rats,  Hedge-hog 382 

Rats,  House 306 

Rats,  Kangaroo 340,  341,  348,  352 

Rats,  Naked-tailed  Wood 277 

Rats,  Pouched   89,  308,  309 

Rats,  Rice 89,  232,  233 

Rats,  Spiny 382,384,385 

Rats,  Spiny  Pouched 368 

Rats,  Tree 382 

Rats,  Vesper 214 

Rats.  Wood 275,  276 

Rat-tailed  Opossum 12 

Razor-backs 42 

Reddish  Brown  Pocket  Gopher  . .  .    334 

Reddish  Meadow  Vole 302 

Red  Mouse,  Bangs' 275 

Red  Squirrel 132 

Red  Squirrels 132 

Related  White-footed  Mouse 184 

Rhinoceros 60 

Rhoad's  Wood  Rat 284 

Rice  Rat,  Active 250 

Rice  Rat,  Alfaro's 242,  255 

Rice  Rat,  Aztec 245 

Rice  Rat,  Black 250 

Rice  Rat,  Black-eared 243 

Rice  Rat,  Bogava 245 

Rice  Rat,  Broad-nosed 243 

Rice  Rat,  Buller's 239 

Rice  Rat,  Chapman's 238 

Rice  Rat,  Cherrie's 253 

Rice  Rat,  Chichen  Itza 236 

Rice  Rat,  Coues' 236 

Rice  Rat,  Cozumel  Island 241 

Rice  Rat,  Deceitful 246 

Rice  Rat,  El  General 249 

Rice  Rat,  Escondido  River 248 

Rice  Rat,  Fulvous 247,  248 

Rice  Rat,  Goldman's 246 

Rice  Rat,  Guatemalan 241 


PAGE. 

Rice  Rat,  Isolated 254 

Rice  Rat,  Jalapa 246 

Rice  Rat,  Jamaica 247 

Rice  Rat,  Lonely 244 

Rice  Rat,  Long-haired 245 

Rice  Rat,  Long-tailed 238 

Rice  Rat,  Lower  California 236 

Rice  Rat,  Maria  Madre  Island  ....  235 

Rice  Rat,  Marsh 237 

Rice  Rat,  Ocotlan 240 

Rice  Rat,  Pale 238 

Rice  Rat,  Panama 241 

Rice  Rat,  Rufous 239 

Rice  Rat,  Santa  Maria  Volcano  ...  245 

Rice  Rat,  Shining 240 

Rice  Rat,  St.  Lucia 251 

Rice  Rat,  Striped-face 237 

Rice  Rat,  St.  Vincent 244 

Rice  Rat,  Suerre 254 

Rice  Rat,  Tabascan 237 

Rice  Rat,  Talamanca 241 

Rice  Rat,  Teapa 244,  247 

Rice  Rat,  Tonila 242 

Rice  Rat,  Tumbala 239 

Rice  Rat,  Wandering 243 

Rice  Rat,  White-bellied 236 

Rice  Rats   89,  232,  233 

Richmond's  Opossum 17 

Richmond's  Squirrel 105 

Right  Whale,  Arctic 39 

Ring-tailed  Spermophile 151 

Rio  Grande  White-footed  Mouse  . .  1 88 

Rio  Managua  Squirrel 129 

Rio  Sestin  Meadow  Mouse 260 

Rock  Mouse 208 

Rock  Spermophile 142,  150 

Rodent 403 

Rodents 89,  159,  403,  410 

Rodents,  American   58,  133 

Rorquals 42 

Rothschild's  Deer 72 

Rothschild's  Tree  Porcupine 401 

Round-tailed  Spermophile 144 

Rowley's  Pine  Mouse 189 

Ruatan  Island  Agouti 405 

Rufous  Harvest  Mouse 268 

Rufous  Rice  Rat 239 

Ruminant 403 

Ruminants,  Hollow-horned   67,  83 

Ruminants,  Solid -horned 67 

Ruminants,  True 67 


INDEX    OF    COMMON   NAMES. 


xtv 


PAGE. 

Russet  Hare 420 

Rusty  Wood  Rat 280 

Sachem  or  Chief  Mouse 203 

Saddle-back  Anteater 28 

Salvin's  Spiny  Rat 370 

San  Clemente  Island  Mouse 187 

San  Cristobal  Field  Mouse 209 

San  Diego  Hare 422 

Sand-loving  Mole  Mouse 1 68 

Sand-loving  Mouse 191 

Sand-loving  Pocket  Gopher 310 

San  Felipe  Desert  Rat 286 

San  Felipe  Field  Mouse 205 

San  Geronimo  Island  Field  Mouse.    181 

San  Martin  Island  Mouse 183 

San  Miguel  Spiny  Rat 388 

San  Pedro  Martir  Jack  Rabbit.  .  .  .  439 
San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains  Mouse  1 89 
San  Pedro  Martir  Pocket  Gopher  .  336 

San  Quentin  Mouse 200 

San  Quentin  Pocket  Mouse 362 

San  Sebastian  Harvest  Mouse 270 

Santa  Anita  Pocket  Gopher 335 

Santa  Maria  Volcano  Rice  Rat  ...    245 

Sartori's  Brocket 80 

Savage  Peccary 66 

Scammon's  Black-fish 54 

Sea-cow,  Stellcr's 36 

Sea-lions 50 

Sea  Pigs 48 

Seals,  Fur 50 

Sharp-toothed  Dolphin 57,  58 

Sheep 60,  83 

Sheep,  Mountain 83 

Shining  Rice  Rat 240 

Short-eared  California  Pocket  Mouse 

366 

Short-finned  Black-fish 53 

Short-nosed  Pocket  Mouse 355 

Short-spined  Porcupines 399 

Short-spined  Rat 385 

Short-tailed  Hutia 393 

Short-tailed  Spiny  Rat 373 

Shy  Field  Mouse 197 

Sierra  Laguna  Pocket  Gopher 335 

Sierra  Madre  Spermophile 147 

Sinaloa  Opossum 6 

Sinaloa  Pocket  Gopher 339 

Sinaloa  Pocket  Mouse 359 

Sinaloa  Squirrel 122 


PACE. 

Sinaloa  White-tailed  Deer 78 

Sinaloa  Wood  Rat 283 

Sirenians 36 

Skunks,  Spotted 341 

Slender  Harvest  Mouse 265 

Slender-no  ed  Harvest  Mouse  ....  268 

Slender-nosed  Pocket  Gopher 319 

Slender-nosed  Pocket  Mouse 358 

Slender-tailed  Wood  Rat 286 

Sloth,  Chestnut-headed 22 

Sloth,  Dusky 24 

Sloth,  Hoffmann's 20.  2 1 

Sloths 19 

Small-eared  Mouse,  Jalisco 179 

Smallest  Spiny  Mouse 377 

Small-footed  Hare 436 

Small-footed  Wood  Rat 281 

Small  Kangaroo   Rat 346 

Small-spotted  Spermophile    146 

Small-toothed  Cotton  Rat 226 

Small-toothed  Spermophile 146 

Solid-horned  Ruminants 67 

Sonora  Peccary 64 

Sonoran  Beaver 159,  161 

Sonora  Spermophile 144 

Sonora  Spiny  Mouse 379 

Sonora  White-footed  Field  Mouse  .  182 

Sonoyta  Desert  Mouse 198 

Sooty  Mouse 1 76,  211 

Sooty  Pocket  Gopher 318 

Spermophile,  Black-headed 150 

Spermophile,  Bushy-tailed 149 

Spermophile,  Fisher's 150 

Spermophile,  Goldman's 151 

Spermophile,  Harris's 141 

Spermophile,  Long-tailed 149 

Spermophile,  Lower  California  ....  143 

Spermophile,  Mexican 146 

Spermophile,  Perote 145 

Spermophile,  Plain-tailed 152 

Spermophile ,  Ring-tailed 151 

Spermophile,  Rock 14*.  »5« 

Spermophile,  Round-tailed 144 

Spermophile,  Sierra  Madre 147 

Spermophile,  Small-spotted 146 

Spermophile,  Small-toothed 146 

Spermophile,  Sonoran 144 

Spermophile,  Spotted 145 

Spcrmophile,  Trader 143 

Spermophile,  White-tailed 142 

Spermophiles 138 


i 


xlvi 


INDEX   OF    COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Sperm  Whale 43,  44,  45 

SpiTin  Whale,  Pigmy 46 

Sperm  Whales 38,  43,  44 

Spiny  Mouse,  Allen's 376 

Spiny  Mouse,  Catemaco 380 

Spiny  Mouse,  Curly 380 

Spiny  Mouse,  Dark-tailed 379 

Spiny  Mouse,  Dusky 379 

Spiny  Mouse,  Gray's  . 375 

Spiny  Mouse,  Hoary 375 

Spiny  Mouse,  Honduras 381 

Spiny  Mouse,  Huehuetan 380 

Spiny  Mouse,  Isthmian 378 

Spiny  Mouse,  Little 377 

Spiny  Mouse,  Littoral 381 

Spiny  Mouse,  Long-nosed 378 

Spiny  Mouse   Nelson's 382 

Spiny  Mouse,  Painted 377 

Spiny  Mouse,  Platinar 377 

Spiny  Mouse,  Smallest 377 

Spiny  Mouse,  Sonora 379 

Spiny  Mouse,  Torrid 376 

Spiny  Mouse,  Uruapan 378 

Spiny  Mouse,  Vera  Cruz 379 

Spiny  Pocket  Mouse 363 

Spiny  Pouched  Rats 368 

Spiny  Rat,  Allied 371 

Spiny  Rat,  Black 370 

Spiny  Rat,  Bogava 387 

Spiny  Rat,  Boquete 372 

Spiny  Rat,  Buller's 370 

Spiny  Rat,  Coban 372 

Spiny  Rat,  Gaumer's 371 

Spiny  Rat,  Gliding 382 

Spiny  Rat,  Gray 373 

Spiny  Rat,  Goldman's 373 

Spiny  Rat,  Hispid 371 

Spiny  Rat,  La  Parada 369 

Spiny  Rat,  Long-tailed 372 

Spiny  Rat,  Nicaraguan 387 

Spiny  Rat,  Panama 387 

Spiny  Rat,  Salvin's 370 

Spiny  Rat,  San  Miguel 388 

Spiny  Rat,  Short-tailed 373 

Spiny  Rat,  Spotted 373 

Spiny  Rats 382,  384,  385 

Spotted  Agouti 405 

Spotted  Skunks 341 

Spotted  Spermophile 145 

Spotted  Spiny  Rat 373 

Squirrel 89 


PAGE. 

Squirrel,  Acapulco 124 

Squirrel,  Alfaro's  Pigmy 99 

Squirrel,  Allen's 108 

Squirrel,  Apache 110 

Squirrel,  Apazote 102 

Squirrel,  Arizona  Gray 109 

Squirrel,  Banded-back 127 

Squirrel,  Black-backed   107 

Squirrel,  Brown's 100 

Squirrel,  California  Gray 130 

Squirrel,  Chiapas 125 

Squirrel,  Chiriqui 104 

Squirrel,  Chiriqui  Pigmy 100 

Squirrel,  Colima 120 

Squirrel,  Colima  Mountain 119 

Squirrel,  Collie's 121 

Squirrel  (Common ,  of  Europe)  ....  132 

Squirrel,  Deppe's 101 

Squirrel,  Durango 112 

Squirrel,  Escondido  River 128 

Squirrel,  Fire-bellied 1 16 

Squirrel,  Golden-bellied 115 

Squirrel,  Goldman's 130 

Squirrel,  Gray's  Black 128 

Squirrel,  Guatemala 124 

Squirrel,  Guerrero i  20 

Squirrel,  Hoffmann's 104 

Squirrel,  Honduras 128 

Squirrel,  Huachuca 109 

Squirrel,  Lion  Hill 105 

Squirrel,  Little  Gray 102 

Squirrel,  Manzanillo 122 

Squirrel,  Mearns'   133 

Squirrel,  Michoacan 1 18 

Squirrel,  Mountain 121 

Squirrel,  Nayarit 108 

Squirrel,  Nelson's 121 

Squirrel,  Nicaragua 127 

Squirrel,  Oak  Woods 1 18 

Squirrel,  Oaxaca 117 

Squirrel,  Perote 117 

Squirrel,  Projecting-teeth 91 

Squirrel,  Red 132 

Squirrel,  Richmond's 105 

Squirrel,  Rio  Managua 129 

Squirrel,  Sinaloa 122 

Squirrel,  Swarthy 126 

Squirrel,  Tehviantepec 123 

Squirrel,  Texas  Fox i  10 

Squirrel,  Thomas' 126 

Squirrel.  Toluca 107 


INDEX   OF    COMMON   NAMES. 


xlvii 


PAGE. 

Squirrel,  True's 123 

Squirrel,  Variegated 129 

Squirrel,  Yucatan    125 

Squirrels 89,  90,  93 

Squirrels,  American 93 

Squirrels,  American  Ground 134 

Squirrels,  Flying 89 

Squirrels,  Gray 93 

Squirrels,  Ground 89,  90 

Squirrels,  Red 132 

Squirrels,  Tree 90,  92,  93,  133 

Steller's  Sea-Cow   35,  36 

Stephen's  Field  Mouse 191 

St.  Lucia  Rice  Rat 251 

Straight-headed  Pocket  Gophers  ..    322 

Strange  Pocket  Mouse 361 

Striped-face  Rice  Rat 237 

St.  Vincent  Rice  Rat 244 

Sucrre  Rice  Rat 254 

Sumichrast's  Vesper  Rat   216 

Swamp  Hare 415 

Swamp  Hare,  Attwater's 414 

Swamp  Hare,  True's 415 

Swarthy  Squirrel 126 

Swine 60 

Tabascan  Rice  Rat 237 

Tabasco  Opossum   16 

Talamanca  Rice  Rat 241 

Tapir,  Baird's 87 

Tapir,  Dow's 88 

Tapirs 60,  86,  87 

Tatameles  Pocket  Gopher 338 

Teapa  Cotton  Rat 225 

Teapa  Mouse 207 

Teapa  Rice  Rat 244,  247 

Tehuantepec  Field  Mouse 206 

Tehuantepec  Hare 4 1 S 

Tehuantepec  Squirrel   123 

Tcjon 27 

Tt-nasserin,  Northern 93 

Tenatzali  Taje 86 

Texan  Deer 70 

Texan  Field  Mouse 186 

Texan  Peccary 63 

Texas  Fox  Squirrel 1 10 

Texas  Opossum 16 

Texolo  Wood  Rat   278 

Thomas'  Deer 74 

Thomas'  Guerrero  Field  Mouse  ...    213 
Thomas'  Squirrel 126 


PA<;K. 

Three- toed  Anteater 27,  28 

Thurber's  Field  Mouse 177 

Tiburon  Island  Kangaroo  Rat  ....  344 

Tiny  Mouse 176 

Tlacuazin  de  Agua 3 

Tliicimzin  Ruton 5 

Tlalpam  Field  Mouse 196 

Tlalpam  Harvest  Mouse 271 

Todos  Santos  Harvest  Mouse 269 

Todos  Santos  Island  Mouse 181 

Todos  Santos  Island  Wood  Rat .  .  .  284 

Todos  Santos  Mouse 211 

Toltec  Cotton  Rat 226 

Toluca  Squirrel 107 

Tonala  Cotton  Rat 229 

Tonila  Rice  Rat 242 

Toothed  Cetacea 43 

Torrid  Spiny  Mouse 376 

Totontepec  Field  Mouse 208 

Tough-skinned  Pocket  Gopher  ....  319 

Trader  Spermophile 1 43 

Tree  Porcupine,  Mexican 401 

Tree  Porcupine,  Rothschild's 401 

Tree  Porcupine,  Yucatan 402 

Tree  Porcupines 399 

Tree  Rats  382 

Tree  Squirrels 90,92.93.  133 

Tropical  Mole  Mouse 167,  1 68 

Tropical  Pocket  Gopher 326 

Tropical  Wood  Rat 288 

Troublesome  Mouse 193 

Troublesome  Pocket  Gopher 337 

True  Ruminants 67 

Tme's  Deer 73 

Time's  Squirrel 123 

T rue's  Swamp  Hare 415 

True  Ungulates 60 

TuLnsia .'326.  372 

Tumbula  Rat .  218 

Tumbula  Rice  Rat .  239 

Tunkas  Brocket 

Tunkas  Rat 211 

Tuxtla  Rat 210 

Two-toothed  Whale    47 

Two-toothed  Whales  .......  » 7 

Ungulates 60.  6 1 

Ungulates,  True f'O 

Uruapan  Spiny  Mouse  .  .    378 

Vacca  de  A%ua M 

Valparaiso  Harve.'t  Mouse 260 


xlviti 


INDEX   OF   COMMON   NAMES. 


PAGE. 

Variegated  Squirrel 129 

Venado 70 

Vera  Cruz  Hare 420 

Vera  Cruz  Spiny  Mouse 379 

Vesper  Rat,  Boquete 216 

Vesper  Rat,  Faded 216 

Vesper  Rat,  Sumichrast's 216 

Vesper  Rats   214 

Volcan  de  Chiriqui  Cotton  Rat  ...  231 

Volcan  of  Irazu  Mouse 274 

Volcan  Toluca  Harvest  Mouse  ....  266 

Vole,  Coues'  Meadow 303 

Vole,  Dark  Meadow 302 

Vole,  Fulvous-bellied  Meadow  ....  301 

Vole,  Guatemalan  Meadow 306 

Vole,  Mexican  Meadow 301 

Vole,  Mount  Zempoaltepec  Meadow  305 

Vole,  Reddish  Meadow 302 

Voles   162,  298 

Walrus 36 

Wandering  Jack  Rabbit 434 

Wandering  Pocket  Gopher 337 

Wandering  Rice  Rat 243 

Wapiti 67 

Warree 66 

Washington  Hare 410 

Water  Opossum 3 

Watson's  Rat 219 

Western  Desert  Cotton  Rat 227 

Western  Desert  Rabbit 437 

Western  Porcupine   397 

Whale,  Arctic  Right 39 

Whalebone  Whale 43 

Whalebone  Whales 38,  43,  49 

Whale,  Baleen   40 

Whale,  Cachalot 45 

Whale,  Ca'ing 47 

Whale,  Common  Killer 51 

Whale,  Cope's 42 

Whale,  Davidson's 42 

Whale,  Fighting 41 

Whale,  Gray 40 

Whale,  Greenland   43 

Whale,  Hump-backed 41 

Whale,  Killer 50 

Whale,  Large-toothed  Killer 51 

Whale,  Pigmy  Sperm   46 

Whale,  Pilot  or  Ca'ing 53 

Whale,  Sperm 43,44,45 

Whale,  Two-toothed 47 


PAGE. 

Whale,  Whalebone 43-49 

Whale,  Yellow-bellied 38,  43 

Whales 38 

Whales,  Baleen 38,  39 

Whales,  Finback 42 

Whales,  Killer 40,  47,  50,  51 

Whales,  Sperm 38,  43,  44 

Whales,  Two-toothed 47 

Whales,  Whalebone 38,  43 

White-banded  Hutia 394 

White-bellied  Rice  Rat 236 

White-eared  Cotton  Rat 230 

White-footed  Field  Mouse,  Sonora  182 

White-footed  Mouse 169 

White-footed  Mouse,  Desert 188 

White-footed  Mouse,  Related 184 

White-footed  Mouse,  Rio  Grande  .  188 

White-lipped  Harvest  Mouse 269 

White-lipped  Peccary 65,  66 

White-nosed  Pocket  Gopher 322 

White-spot  Deer  Mouse 178 

White-tailed  Deer 68 

White-tailed  Deer,  Sinaloa 78 

White-tailed  Mouse 201 

White-tailed  Spermophile 142 

White-throated  Wood  Rat 285 

White-toothed  Wood  Rat 281 

Woodchucks 90 

Wood  Hare,  Bachman's 429 

Wood  Rat 275 

Wood  Rat,  Active 282 

Wood  Rat,  Allen's 297 

Wood  Rat,  Alston's 294 

Wood  Rat,  Black-tailed 284 

Wood  Rat,  Ceros  Island 280 

Wood  Rat,  Cheating 205 

Wood  Rat,  Collared 279 

Wood  Rat,  Collector 280 

Wood  Rat,  Durango 285 

Wood  Rat,  Dusky-footed 279 

Wood  Rat,  Fulvous-bellied   289 

Wood  Rat,  Gray-faced 297 

Wood  Rat,  Isthmian 287 

Wood  Rat,  Juquila 288 

Wood  Rat,  Large-eared   279 

Wood  Rat,  Lower  California 283 

Wood  Rat,  Mexican 282 

Wood  Rat,  Mountain   294 

Wood  Rat,  Mount  Tancitaro 290 

Wood  Rat,  Narrow-headed   285 

Wood  Rat,  Nelson's 292 


INDEX   OF   COMMON    NAMES. I 


xlix 


PAI;K. 

Wood  Rat,  Orizaba 286 

Wood  Rat,  Painted 287 

Wood  Rat,  Perote 293 

Wood  Rat,  Querendaro 282 

Wood  Rat,  Rhoad's 284 

Wood  Rat,  Rusty  280 

Wood  Rat,  Sinaloa   283 

Wood  Rat,  Slender-tailed 286 

Wood  Rat,  Small-footed 281 

Wood  Rat,  Texolo 278 

Wood  Rat,  Tod os  Santos  Island  .  .  284 

Wood  Rat,  Tropical 288 

Wood  Rat,  White-throated 285 

Wood  Rat,  White-toothed 281 

Wood  Rat,  Zacatecas 290 

Wood  Rats 275,  276 

Wood  Rats,  Naked-tailed 277 

Woolly  Opossum,  Pale 10 


Xometla  Mouse 


PAGE. 
.    184 


Yapock 3 

Yellow-bellied  Whale 38,  43 

Yohaltun  Mouse 177 

Yucatan  Deer 74 

Yucatan  Hare 419 

Yucatan  Mouse 194 

Yucatan  Opossum 14 

Yucatan  Peccary 63 

Yucatan  Squirrel 135 

Yucatan  Tree  Porcupine 402 

Zacatecas  Pocket  Mouse 361 

Zacatecas  Wood  Rat 290 

Zamora  Mouse 202 

Zarro  de  Agua 3 

Zygomata  Pocket  Gophers 330 


. . 


'<?  **: 


i' 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 

590  5FI  C001 

FIELDIANA.  ZOOLOGYJCHGO 
41  1904 


i.llllllll  Illl      — 
30112009379709 


